The Experts below are selected from a list of 135 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Hillard Kaplan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Fertility Theory Theory of intergenerational wealth flows
    International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2015
    Co-Authors: Kristin Snopkowski, Hillard Kaplan
    Abstract:

    Caldwell's Theory of wealth flows explains Fertility decline as a rational decision by parents based on the direction of intergenerational transfers. In high-Fertility contexts, this Theory proposes that children produce more than they consume and therefore provide net wealth to parents. In contrast, in low-Fertility contexts, parents invest more in children, resulting in children being a net economic cost. Empirical tests of this hypothesis have not found evidence to show that children are net providers to parents in high-Fertility contexts. A weaker prediction of the model, that when children are more expensive, parents desire fewer of them, has been supported.

  • Fertility Theory caldwell s Theory of intergenerational wealth flows
    International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hillard Kaplan, John Bock
    Abstract:

    John Caldwell's wealth flows Theory proposes a direct link between family structure and Fertility. In ‘primitive’ and ‘traditional’ societies with net upward wealth flows, the economically rational decision is to have as many surviving children as possible (within the constraints imposed by biology), because each additional child adds positively to a parent's wealth, security in old age, and social and political well- being. In ‘modern’ industrial societies with net downward wealth flows, the economically rational decision is to have no children or the minimum number allowed by a psychological disposition that derives pleasure from children and parenting. The transition from ‘traditional’ to ‘modern’ Fertility and family structure occurs when a critical mass of individuals adopt the new values, and respond with low Fertility. The attainment of mass education in a country should therefore precipitate and predict the Fertility transition. The most serious challenge to this Theory has come from evolutionary biologists. The argument that prior to modernization, upward wealth flows characterized human family structures is inherently antithetical to Theory in evolutionary biology. There is no direct quantitative evidence of net-upward wealth flows in any traditional high-Fertility society. The wealth flows Theory of Fertility transition is a major contribution to demography. The Theory helped to lay the groundwork for theories of the family to become a major perspective within the field of demography, and broadened the scope of demography by directing attention to culture.

  • Fertility Theory embodied capital Theory of life history evolution
    International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2001
    Co-Authors: Hillard Kaplan, John Bock
    Abstract:

    The embodied-capital Theory generalizes existing life history Theory by treating the processes of growth, development, and maintenance as investments in stocks of somatic or embodied capital. The Theory provides a means of understanding relationships between economic behavior, social behavior, and demographic traits such as Fertility and survival. The approach sheds light on the long-term evolution of human life histories (including slow development, long life span, and menopause) and social structure (including high levels of parental investment and intergenerational transfers). It also provides an explanation of the demographic transition to low Fertility that has accompanied modernization. This article reviews data from traditional small-scale societies and modern nations bearing on the Theory, and addresses the changing roles of physiological, psychological, and cultural mechanisms that underlie Fertility behavior in traditional and modern contexts.

I. Rasul - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • household bargaining over Fertility Theory and evidence from malaysia
    Journal of Development Economics, 2008
    Co-Authors: I. Rasul
    Abstract:

    We develop and test a model of household bargaining over Fertility when transfers between spouses are possible. The model makes precise how the Fertility preferences of each spouse translate into Fertility outcomes. We show this depends on whether or not spouses can commit to their future actions within marriage. If couples bargain with commitment, Fertility outcomes take account of both spouses' Fertility preferences and do not depend on the threat point in marital bargaining. If couples bargain without commitment, the influence of each spouse's Fertility preference on Fertility outcomes depends on the relevant threat point in marital bargaining, and the distribution of bargaining power. We test the models using household data from the Malaysia Family Life Survey. This data set contains information on each spouse's desired Fertility level, as well as Fertility outcomes. We exploit differences in threat points in marital bargaining across ethnic groups to help identify the underlying bargaining model. The evidence suggests couples bargain without commitment.

  • Household bargaining over Fertility: Theory and evidence from Malaysia
    J DEV ECON, 2008
    Co-Authors: I. Rasul
    Abstract:

    We develop and test a model of household bargaining over Fertility when transfers between spouses are possible. The model makes precise how the Fertility preferences of each spouse translate into Fertility outcomes. We show this depends on whether or not spouses can commit to their future actions within marriage. If couples bargain with commitment, Fertility outcomes take account of both spouses' Fertility preferences and do not depend on the threat point in marital bargaining. If couples bargain without commitment, the influence of each spouse's Fertility preference on Fertility outcomes depends on the relevant threat point in marital bargaining, and the distribution of bargaining power. We test the models using household data from the Malaysia Family Life Survey. This data set contains information on each spouse's desired Fertility level, as well as Fertility outcomes. We exploit differences in threat points in marital bargaining across ethnic groups to help identify the underlying bargaining model. The evidence suggests couples bargain without commitment. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Yossef Tobol - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The evolution of secularization: cultural transmission, religion and Fertility—Theory, simulations and evidence
    Journal of Population Economics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Teresa García-muñoz, Shoshana Neuman, Yossef Tobol
    Abstract:

    This study presents an evolutionary process of secularization assuming that cultural/social/religious norms (in particular the ‘religious taste for children’) are transmitted from one generation to the next via two venues: (i) direct socialization—across generations, by parents; and (ii) oblique socialization—within generations, by the cultural environment. The paper integrates a theoretical model, simulations and an empirical estimation, that lead to the following main findings: (i) direct religious socialization efforts of one generation have a negative effect on secularization within the next generation; (ii) oblique socialization by the community has a parabolic effect on secularization; and (iii) the two types of socialization are complementary in ‘producing’ religiosity in the next generation.

  • The evolution of secularization: cultural transmission, religion and Fertility—Theory, simulations and evidence
    Journal of Population Economics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Teresa García-muñoz, Shoshana Neuman, Yossef Tobol
    Abstract:

    This study presents an evolutionary process of secularization that integrates a theoretical model, simulations, and an empirical estimation that employs data from 32 countries (included in the International Social Survey Program: Religion II – ISSP, 1998). Following Bisin and Verdier (2000, 2001a), it is assumed that cultural/social norms are transmitted from one generation to the next one via two venues: (i) direct socialization – across generations, by parents; and (ii) oblique socialization – within generations, by the community and cultural environment. This paper focuses on the transmission of religious norms and in particular on the 'religious taste for children'. The theoretical framework describes the setting and the process leading to secularization of the population; the simulations give more insight into the process; and 'secularization regressions' estimate the effects of the various explanatory variables on secularization (that is measured by rare mass-attendance and by rare-prayer), lending support to corollaries derived from the Theory and simulations. The main conclusions/findings are that (i) direct religious socialization efforts of one generation have a negative effect on secularization within the next generation; (ii) oblique socialization by the community has a parabolic effect on secularization; and (iii) the two types of socialization are complements in 'producing' religiosity of the next generation.

  • the evolution of secularization cultural transmission religion and Fertility Theory simulations and evidence
    Papers on Economics of Religion, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ronen Barel, Shoshana Neuman, Teresa Garciamunoz, Yossef Tobol
    Abstract:

    This study presents an evolutionary process of secularization that integrates a theoretical model, simulations, and an empirical estimation that employs data from 32 countries (included in the International Social Survey Program: Religion II – ISSP, 1998). Following Bisin and Verdier (2000, 2001a), it is assumed that cultural/social norms are transmitted from one generation to the next one via two venues: (i) direct socialization – across generations, by parents; and (ii) oblique socialization – within generations, by the community and cultural environment. This paper focuses on the transmission of religious norms and in particular on the 'religious taste for children'. The theoretical framework describes the setting and the process leading to secularization of the population; the simulations give more insight into the process; and 'secularization regressions' estimate the effects of the various explanatory variables on secularization (that is measured by rare mass-attendance and by rare-prayer), lending support to corollaries derived from the Theory and simulations. The main conclusions/findings are that (i) direct religious socialization efforts of one generation have a negative effect on secularization within the next generation; (ii) oblique socialization by the community has a parabolic effect on secularization; and (iii) the two types of socialization are complements in 'producing' religiosity of the next generation.

John Bock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Fertility Theory caldwell s Theory of intergenerational wealth flows
    International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001
    Co-Authors: Hillard Kaplan, John Bock
    Abstract:

    John Caldwell's wealth flows Theory proposes a direct link between family structure and Fertility. In ‘primitive’ and ‘traditional’ societies with net upward wealth flows, the economically rational decision is to have as many surviving children as possible (within the constraints imposed by biology), because each additional child adds positively to a parent's wealth, security in old age, and social and political well- being. In ‘modern’ industrial societies with net downward wealth flows, the economically rational decision is to have no children or the minimum number allowed by a psychological disposition that derives pleasure from children and parenting. The transition from ‘traditional’ to ‘modern’ Fertility and family structure occurs when a critical mass of individuals adopt the new values, and respond with low Fertility. The attainment of mass education in a country should therefore precipitate and predict the Fertility transition. The most serious challenge to this Theory has come from evolutionary biologists. The argument that prior to modernization, upward wealth flows characterized human family structures is inherently antithetical to Theory in evolutionary biology. There is no direct quantitative evidence of net-upward wealth flows in any traditional high-Fertility society. The wealth flows Theory of Fertility transition is a major contribution to demography. The Theory helped to lay the groundwork for theories of the family to become a major perspective within the field of demography, and broadened the scope of demography by directing attention to culture.

  • Fertility Theory embodied capital Theory of life history evolution
    International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition), 2001
    Co-Authors: Hillard Kaplan, John Bock
    Abstract:

    The embodied-capital Theory generalizes existing life history Theory by treating the processes of growth, development, and maintenance as investments in stocks of somatic or embodied capital. The Theory provides a means of understanding relationships between economic behavior, social behavior, and demographic traits such as Fertility and survival. The approach sheds light on the long-term evolution of human life histories (including slow development, long life span, and menopause) and social structure (including high levels of parental investment and intergenerational transfers). It also provides an explanation of the demographic transition to low Fertility that has accompanied modernization. This article reviews data from traditional small-scale societies and modern nations bearing on the Theory, and addresses the changing roles of physiological, psychological, and cultural mechanisms that underlie Fertility behavior in traditional and modern contexts.

Shoshana Neuman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The evolution of secularization: cultural transmission, religion and Fertility—Theory, simulations and evidence
    Journal of Population Economics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Teresa García-muñoz, Shoshana Neuman, Yossef Tobol
    Abstract:

    This study presents an evolutionary process of secularization assuming that cultural/social/religious norms (in particular the ‘religious taste for children’) are transmitted from one generation to the next via two venues: (i) direct socialization—across generations, by parents; and (ii) oblique socialization—within generations, by the cultural environment. The paper integrates a theoretical model, simulations and an empirical estimation, that lead to the following main findings: (i) direct religious socialization efforts of one generation have a negative effect on secularization within the next generation; (ii) oblique socialization by the community has a parabolic effect on secularization; and (iii) the two types of socialization are complementary in ‘producing’ religiosity in the next generation.

  • The evolution of secularization: cultural transmission, religion and Fertility—Theory, simulations and evidence
    Journal of Population Economics, 2013
    Co-Authors: Teresa García-muñoz, Shoshana Neuman, Yossef Tobol
    Abstract:

    This study presents an evolutionary process of secularization that integrates a theoretical model, simulations, and an empirical estimation that employs data from 32 countries (included in the International Social Survey Program: Religion II – ISSP, 1998). Following Bisin and Verdier (2000, 2001a), it is assumed that cultural/social norms are transmitted from one generation to the next one via two venues: (i) direct socialization – across generations, by parents; and (ii) oblique socialization – within generations, by the community and cultural environment. This paper focuses on the transmission of religious norms and in particular on the 'religious taste for children'. The theoretical framework describes the setting and the process leading to secularization of the population; the simulations give more insight into the process; and 'secularization regressions' estimate the effects of the various explanatory variables on secularization (that is measured by rare mass-attendance and by rare-prayer), lending support to corollaries derived from the Theory and simulations. The main conclusions/findings are that (i) direct religious socialization efforts of one generation have a negative effect on secularization within the next generation; (ii) oblique socialization by the community has a parabolic effect on secularization; and (iii) the two types of socialization are complements in 'producing' religiosity of the next generation.

  • the evolution of secularization cultural transmission religion and Fertility Theory simulations and evidence
    Papers on Economics of Religion, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ronen Barel, Shoshana Neuman, Teresa Garciamunoz, Yossef Tobol
    Abstract:

    This study presents an evolutionary process of secularization that integrates a theoretical model, simulations, and an empirical estimation that employs data from 32 countries (included in the International Social Survey Program: Religion II – ISSP, 1998). Following Bisin and Verdier (2000, 2001a), it is assumed that cultural/social norms are transmitted from one generation to the next one via two venues: (i) direct socialization – across generations, by parents; and (ii) oblique socialization – within generations, by the community and cultural environment. This paper focuses on the transmission of religious norms and in particular on the 'religious taste for children'. The theoretical framework describes the setting and the process leading to secularization of the population; the simulations give more insight into the process; and 'secularization regressions' estimate the effects of the various explanatory variables on secularization (that is measured by rare mass-attendance and by rare-prayer), lending support to corollaries derived from the Theory and simulations. The main conclusions/findings are that (i) direct religious socialization efforts of one generation have a negative effect on secularization within the next generation; (ii) oblique socialization by the community has a parabolic effect on secularization; and (iii) the two types of socialization are complements in 'producing' religiosity of the next generation.