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A. R. Azura - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds
Polymer Testing, 2015Co-Authors: Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, A. R. AzuraAbstract:Abstract The effect of Alkanolamide (ALK) loading on properties on three different types of carbon black (CB)-filled rubbers (SMR-L, ENR-25, and SBR) was investigated. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK gave cure enhancement, better Filler dispersion and greater rubber–Filler Interaction. ALK also enhanced modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength, especially up to 5.0 phr of loading in SMR-L and SBR compounds, and at 1.0 phr in ENR-25 compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that each optimum ALK loading exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to better rubber - Filler Interaction.
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the comparison of alkanolamide and silane coupling agent on the properties of silica filled natural rubber smr l compounds
Polymer Testing, 2014Co-Authors: Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, A. R. AzuraAbstract:Abstract Alkanolamide (ALK) and Aminopropyltriethoxy Silane (APTES) were incorporated separately into silica-filled SMR-L compounds at 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that compounds with both ALK and APTES exhibited cure enhancement, better Filler dispersion and greater rubber-Filler Interaction. Both additives also produced modulus and tensile enhancements in the silica-filled SMR-L compounds, especially up to a 5.0 phr loading. At a similar loading, ALK exhibited higher reinforcing efficiency of silica than APTES.
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Study of Fatigue Life and Filler Interaction of Paper Sludge Filled Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) and Maleated Natural Rubber (MNR) Composites
Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 2006Co-Authors: Hanafi Ismail, Arjulizan Rusli, A. R. AzuraAbstract:An investigation on the effect of epoxidation and maleated natural rubber (MNR) on fatigue and rubber-Filler Interaction properties of paper sludge filled natural rubber composites was elucidated. Paper sludge loading was varied from 0 to 40 phr and conventional vulcanisation system was used while compounding was carried out on a laboratory sized two roll mill. Two different types of natural rubber, SMR L and ENR 50 having 0 and 50 mole% of epoxidation were used in order to investigate the effect of epoxidation on the composites. Results indicate that, at a fixed Filler loading, ENR 50 vulcanizates exhibit higher fatigue life than SMR L vulcanizates especially at Filler loading below 20 phr which might be associated with better rubber-Filler Interaction. In the case of composites with the addition of maleated natural rubber (MNR), a higher fatigue life was observed due to presence of physical and/or chemical linkages, which increases the interfacial adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of fatigue fracture surfaces and rubber-Filler Interaction study supported the observed result on fatigue life.
Indra Surya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds
Polymer Testing, 2015Co-Authors: Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, A. R. AzuraAbstract:Abstract The effect of Alkanolamide (ALK) loading on properties on three different types of carbon black (CB)-filled rubbers (SMR-L, ENR-25, and SBR) was investigated. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK gave cure enhancement, better Filler dispersion and greater rubber–Filler Interaction. ALK also enhanced modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength, especially up to 5.0 phr of loading in SMR-L and SBR compounds, and at 1.0 phr in ENR-25 compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that each optimum ALK loading exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to better rubber - Filler Interaction.
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the comparison of alkanolamide and silane coupling agent on the properties of silica filled natural rubber smr l compounds
Polymer Testing, 2014Co-Authors: Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, A. R. AzuraAbstract:Abstract Alkanolamide (ALK) and Aminopropyltriethoxy Silane (APTES) were incorporated separately into silica-filled SMR-L compounds at 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that compounds with both ALK and APTES exhibited cure enhancement, better Filler dispersion and greater rubber-Filler Interaction. Both additives also produced modulus and tensile enhancements in the silica-filled SMR-L compounds, especially up to a 5.0 phr loading. At a similar loading, ALK exhibited higher reinforcing efficiency of silica than APTES.
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EFFECT OF EPOXIDIZED NATURAL RUBBER AS A COMPATIBILIZER IN SILICA-FILLED STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUND
Jurnal Teknik Kimia USU, 2014Co-Authors: Indra SuryaAbstract:By using a semi-efficient vulcanization system, the effect of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) as a compatibilizer in silica-filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) compound was carried out. The ENR was incorporated into the silica-filled SBR compound at 5.0 and 10.0 phr. An investigation was carried out to examine the effect of ENR on cure characteristics and tensile properties of the silica-filled SBR compound. It was found that ENR gave enhanced cure rate to the silica-filled SBR compound. ENR also exhibited a higher torque difference, tensile modulus, and tensile strength up to 10.0 phr. The study of rubber - Filler Interaction proved that the addition of ENR to the silica-filled SBR system improved the rubber - Filler Interaction.
Yunfa Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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polymer Filler Interaction of fumed silica filled polydimethylsiloxane investigated by bound rubber
Composites Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Yinglei Yue, Hui Zhang, Zhong Zhang, Yunfa ChenAbstract:Abstract In this work the polymer–Filler Interaction between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fumed silica was discussed and a double-layer interfacial structure was established. Then excess energy and bound rubber were adopted to characterize the polymer–Filler Interaction. Bound rubber (BR) was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of a series of extracted solids containing fumed silica particles and unextractable PDMS chains. Experimental results showed that the amount of bound rubber was slightly affected by Filler’s dispersion but greatly affected by Filler’s concentration, specific surface area and surface chemistry. It was also found that, due to the formation of constrained chains, bridging chains and occluded rubber, the amount of bound rubber could only roughly weigh the total polymer–Filler Interaction.
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Polymer–Filler Interaction of fumed silica filled polydimethylsiloxane investigated by bound rubber
Composites Science and Technology, 2013Co-Authors: Yinglei Yue, Hui Zhang, Zhong Zhang, Yunfa ChenAbstract:Abstract In this work the polymer–Filler Interaction between polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and fumed silica was discussed and a double-layer interfacial structure was established. Then excess energy and bound rubber were adopted to characterize the polymer–Filler Interaction. Bound rubber (BR) was measured by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of a series of extracted solids containing fumed silica particles and unextractable PDMS chains. Experimental results showed that the amount of bound rubber was slightly affected by Filler’s dispersion but greatly affected by Filler’s concentration, specific surface area and surface chemistry. It was also found that, due to the formation of constrained chains, bridging chains and occluded rubber, the amount of bound rubber could only roughly weigh the total polymer–Filler Interaction.
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Rheological behaviors of fumed silica filled polydimethylsiloxane suspensions
Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 2013Co-Authors: Yinglei Yue, Hui Zhang, Yunfa Chen, Chong Zhang, Zhang Donghai, Xin Chen, Zhong ZhangAbstract:Rheological behaviors of fumed silica filled hydroxylated polydimethylsiloxane suspensions were investigated in both static and dynamic shear modes. Both viscosity and modulus increase with Filler's concentration and specific surface area, however, they decrease with the improved dispersion and proper surface modification. In addition to the effective volume effect of Filler's excluded volume and polymer-Filler Interaction, the polymer-mediated Filler-Filler Interaction contributes significantly. Such an Interaction was classified according to the particle distance, and the concept of "inter-particle excess energy" was proposed. A combination of effective volume effect and inter-particle excess energy can be used to interpret the rheological behaviors of the nanocomposites. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Kannika Hatthapanit - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of curing system on reinforcing efficiency of silane coupling agent
Polymer Testing, 2004Co-Authors: Pongdhorn Saeoui, Uthai Thepsuwan, Kannika HatthapanitAbstract:Abstract Silane coupling agent has long been used to enhance degree of reinforcement of silica. The mechanical properties of silica-filled vulcanizates are greatly improved in the presence of silane coupling agent, mainly due to an increase in rubber–Filler Interaction. Recently, various types of silane coupling agent have been developed and commercialized. In the present study, two types of silane coupling agent, i.e. bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfane (Si-69) and 3-thiocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane (Si-264) were selected for comparison of their reinforcing action in various curing systems: conventional vulcanization (CV), semi-efficient vulcanization (semi-EV) and efficient vulcanization (EV). The results reveal that the addition of silane coupling agents not only improves compound processability, but also enhances the mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates. The effect of silane type on processability is found to be independent of the curing system. Compared with Si-69, Si-264 can react with the silanol groups on the silica surface more readily, due to its less bulky structure and lower viscosity. In other words, Si-264 can reduce the Filler–Filler Interaction to a greater extent than Si-69, leading to better compound processability. The effect of silane type on the vulcanizate properties, on the other hand, depends greatly on the curing system. For CV and semi-EV systems, Si-264 imparts greater degree of reinforcement than Si-69. This might be attributed to the combined effects of better rubber–Filler Interaction, better Filler dispersion and higher state of cure when Si-69 is replaced with Si-264. However, for the EV system, contrary results are obtained, i.e. Si-69 provides better reinforcement than Si-264. Explanation is given to the effect of sulfur contribution of Si-69 which is dominant only in the EV system.
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Material Properties Effect of curing system on reinforcing efficiency of silane coupling agent
2004Co-Authors: Uthai Thepsuwan, Kannika HatthapanitAbstract:Silane coupling agent has long been used to enhance degree of reinforcement of silica. The mechanical properties of silica-filled vulcanizates are greatly improved in the presence of silane coupling agent, mainly due to an increase in rubber–Filler Interaction. Recently, various types of silane coupling agent have been developed and commercialized. In the present study, two types of silane coupling agent, i.e. bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfane (Si-69) and 3thiocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane (Si-264) were selected for comparison of their reinforcing action in various curing systems: conventional vulcanization (CV), semi-efficient vulcanization (semi-EV) and efficient vulcanization (EV). The results reveal that the addition of silane coupling agents not only improves compound processability, but also enhances the mechanical properties of the rubber vulcanizates. The effect of silane type on processability is found to be independent of the curing system. Compared with Si-69, Si-264 can react with the silanol groups on the silica surface more readily, due to its less bulky structure and lower viscosity. In other words, Si-264 can reduce the Filler–Filler Interaction to a greater extent than Si-69, leading to better compound processability. The effect of silane type on the vulcanizate properties, on the other hand, depends greatly on the curing system. For CV and semi-EV systems, Si-264 imparts greater degree of reinforcement than Si-69. This might be attributed to the combined effects of better rubber–Filler Interaction, better Filler dispersion and higher state of cure when Si-69 is replaced with Si-264. However, for the EV system, contrary results are obtained, i.e. Si-69 provides better reinforcement than Si-264. Explanation is given to the effect of sulfur contribution of Si-69 which is dominant only in the EV system. 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Hanafi Ismail - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Detailed investigation of the reinforcing effect of halloysite nanotubes-filled epoxidized natural rubber
Polymer Bulletin, 2020Co-Authors: Nabil Hayeemasae, Hanafi Ismail, Kamaruddin Waesateh, Sitisaiyidah Saiwari, Nadras OthmanAbstract:The properties of rubber composite depend on the compatibility between rubber and Filler. This is specifically of concern when preparing composites with very different polarities of the rubber matrix and the Filler. Natural rubber (NR) and halloysite nanotubes (HNT) are one of the examples of the incompatible system. Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) was used as the main matrix, with halloysite nanotubes (HNT) as a Filler, in order to obtain composites with improved performance. ENR was prepared in house using performic acid with a controlled reaction time to obtain samples with mole epoxide levels from 10 to 40 mol%. Varying the mole epoxide levels was expected to optimize the formulation for this rubber composite. The compounds obtained were then investigated for the rubber–Filler Interactions of the ENR and HNT. By increasing the mole percentage of epoxide, the scorch and cure times were decreased while the maximum torque and torque differences increased. The ENR at 40 mol% epoxide exhibited least Filler–Filler Interaction as shown from the Payne effect together with the supporting result from FTIR spectrum. However, this ENR compound did not yield the optimum tensile strength due to the constraint on the rubber–Filler Interaction. This study revealed that the use of ENR with a suitable mole percent of epoxide can dramatically reduce the Filler–Filler Interaction and hence enhance the dispersion of HNT, which was seen from SEM micrographs, and resulted in enhancement of the mechanical and dynamical properties of the composites.
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The Effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane (AMEO) as a Coupling Agent on Curing and Mechanical Properties of Natural Rubber/Palm Kernel Shell Powder Composites☆
Procedia Chemistry, 2016Co-Authors: Shuhairiah Daud, Hanafi Ismail, Azhar Abu BakarAbstract:This research is conducted using palm kernel shell powder (PKS) as Filler in natural rubber The effect of 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane as coupling agent on composites were studied at different palm kernel shell loading i.e, 0 5, 10, 15 and 20 phr The palm kernel shell was crushed and sieved to an average particle size of 5.53 μm The palm kernel shell filled natural rubber composites were prepared using laboratory size two roll mill The curing characteristics such as scorch time, cure time and maximum torque were obtained from rheometer The palm kernel shell powder filled natural rubber composites were cured at 150oC using hot press according to their cure time Curing characteristics, tensile properties, rubber-Filler Interaction and morphological properties of palm kernel shell powder filled natural rubber were studied Scorch time and cure time show reduction but tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus at 100% (M100) and modulus at 300% (M300) increased with the presence of 3-aminopropyltrimethyloxysilane Rubber-Filler Interaction studies showed that rubber Filler Interaction in natural rubber filled with palm kernel shell powder improved with incorporation of 3-aminopropyltrimethyoxysilane.
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The effect of alkanolamide loading on properties of carbon black-filled natural rubber (SMR-L), epoxidised natural rubber (ENR), and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds
Polymer Testing, 2015Co-Authors: Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, A. R. AzuraAbstract:Abstract The effect of Alkanolamide (ALK) loading on properties on three different types of carbon black (CB)-filled rubbers (SMR-L, ENR-25, and SBR) was investigated. The ALK loadings were 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that ALK gave cure enhancement, better Filler dispersion and greater rubber–Filler Interaction. ALK also enhanced modulus, hardness, resilience and tensile strength, especially up to 5.0 phr of loading in SMR-L and SBR compounds, and at 1.0 phr in ENR-25 compound. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) proved that each optimum ALK loading exhibited the greatest matrix tearing line and surface roughness due to better rubber - Filler Interaction.
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the comparison of alkanolamide and silane coupling agent on the properties of silica filled natural rubber smr l compounds
Polymer Testing, 2014Co-Authors: Indra Surya, Hanafi Ismail, A. R. AzuraAbstract:Abstract Alkanolamide (ALK) and Aminopropyltriethoxy Silane (APTES) were incorporated separately into silica-filled SMR-L compounds at 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 7.0 phr. It was found that compounds with both ALK and APTES exhibited cure enhancement, better Filler dispersion and greater rubber-Filler Interaction. Both additives also produced modulus and tensile enhancements in the silica-filled SMR-L compounds, especially up to a 5.0 phr loading. At a similar loading, ALK exhibited higher reinforcing efficiency of silica than APTES.
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The Effect of Bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) Tetrasulphide (Si-69) as a Coupling Agent on Properties of Natural Rubber/Kenaf Fibre Composites
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 2011Co-Authors: Hanafi Ismail, Norjulia Ahmad Mahir, Zulkifli AhmadAbstract:Kenaf fiber-filled natural rubber composites with and without Bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulphide as a coupling agent at different kenaf loading i.e., 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 phr were prepared. The natural rubber composites were cured at 150°C according to their cure time. Curing characteristics, tensile properties, rubber-Filler Interaction and morphological properties of the kenaf fiber-filled natural rubber composites were studied. Scorch time and cure time decreased but tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus increased with the presence of Si-69 in the composites. Rubber-Filler Interaction studies showed that the NR-kenaf Interaction was better for NR composites with Si-69.