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Baukje De Roos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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flavan 3 ol enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender specific way a randomized controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2013Co-Authors: Elena Cienfuegosjovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Luisa M. Ostertag, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
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Flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender‐specific way—a randomized‐controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2012Co-Authors: Luisa M. Ostertag, Elena Cienfuegos-jovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
Luisa M. Ostertag - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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flavan 3 ol enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender specific way a randomized controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2013Co-Authors: Elena Cienfuegosjovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Luisa M. Ostertag, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
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Flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender‐specific way—a randomized‐controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2012Co-Authors: Luisa M. Ostertag, Elena Cienfuegos-jovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
Alan Crozier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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green tea flavan 3 ols colonic degradation and urinary excretion of catabolites by humans
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Suri Roowi, Michael E J Lean, William Mullen, Christine A Edwards, Angelique Stalmach, Alan CrozierAbstract:Following the ingestion of green tea, substantial quantities of Flavan-3-Ols pass from the small to the large intestine (Stalmach et al. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, 53, S44-S53; Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900194). To investigate the fate of the Flavan-3-Ols entering the large intestine, where they are subjected to the action of the colonic microflora, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate were incubated in vitro with fecal slurries and the production of phenolic acid catabolites was determined by GC-MS. In addition, urinary excretion of phenolic catabolites was investigated over a 24 h period after ingestion of either green tea or water by healthy volunteers with a functioning colon. The green tea was also fed to ileostomists, and 0-24 h urinary excretion of phenolic acid catabolites was monitored. Pathways are proposed for the degradation of green tea Flavan-3-Ols in the colon and further catabolism of phenolic compounds passing into the circulatory system from the large intestine, prior to urinary excretion in quantities corresponding to ca. 40% of intake compared with ca. 8% absorption of Flavan-3-Ol methyl, glucuronide, and sulfate metabolites in the small intestine. The data obtained point to the importance of the colonic microflora in the overall bioavailability and potential bioactivity of dietary flavonoids.
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absorption metabolism and excretion of choladi green tea flavan 3 ols by humans
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2009Co-Authors: Angelique Stalmach, Mauro Serafini, Stephanie Troufflard, Alan CrozierAbstract:Ten healthy human subjects consumed 500 mL of Choladi green tea, containing 648 mumol of Flavan-3-Ols after which plasma and urine were collected over a 24 h period and analysed by HPLC-MS. Plasma contained a total of ten metabolites, in the form of O-methylated, sulphated and glucuronide conjugates of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin, with 29-126 nM peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) occurring 1.6-2.3 h after ingestion, indicative of absorption in the small intestine. Plasma also contained unmetabolised (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate with respective C(max) values of 55 and 25 nM. Urine excreted 0-24 h after consumption of green tea contained 15 metabolites of (epi)catechin and (epi)gallocatechin, but (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate and (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate were not detected. Overall Flavan-3-Ol metabolite excretion was equivalent to 8.1% of intake, however, urinary (epi)gallocatechin metabolites corresponded to 11.4% of (epi)gallocatechin ingestion while (epi)catechin metabolites were detected in amounts equivalent to 28.5% of (epi)catechin intake. These findings imply that (epi)catechins are highly bioavailable, being absorbed and excreted to a much greater extent than most other flavonoids. It is also evident that Flavan-3-Ol metabolites are rapidly turned over in the circulatory system and as a consequence C(max) values are not an accurate quantitative indicator of the extent to which absorption occurs.
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Milk decreases urinary excretion but not plasma pharmacokinetics of cocoa Flavan-3-Ol metabolites in humans
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009Co-Authors: William Mullen, Jennifer L Donovan, Michael E J Lean, Gina Borges, Christine A Edwards, Mauro Serafini, Alan CrozierAbstract:Background: Cocoa drinks containing Flavan-3-Ols are associated with many health benefits, and conflicting evidence exists as to whether milk adversely affects the bioavailability of Flavan-3-Ols. Objective: The objective was to determine the effect of milk on the bioavailability of cocoa Flavan-3-Ol metabolites. Design: Nine human volunteers followed a low-flavonoid diet for 2 d before drinking 250 mL of a cocoa beverage, made with water or milk, that contained 45 mu mol (-)-epicatechin and (-)-catechin. Plasma and urine samples were collected for 24 h, and Flavan-3-Ol metabolites were analyzed by HPLC with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. Results: Milk affected neither gastric emptying nor the transit time through the small intestine. Two Flavan-3-Ol metabolites were detected in plasma and 4 in urine. Milk had only minor effects on the plasma pharmacokinetics of an (epi) catechin-O-sulfate and had no effect on an O-methyl-(epi) catechin-O-sulfate. However, milk significantly lowered the excretion of 4 urinary Flavan-3-Ol metabolites from 18.3% to 10.5% of the ingested dose (P=0.016). Studies that showed protective effects of cocoa and those that showed no effect of milk on bioavailability used products that have a much higher flavan 3-ol content than does the commercial cocoa used in the present study. Conclusions: Most studies of the protective effects of cocoa have used drinks with a very high Flavan-3-Ol content. Whether similar protective effects are associated with the consumption of many commercial chocolate and cocoa products containing substantially lower amounts of Flavan-3-Ols, especially when absorption at lower doses is obstructed by milk, remains to be determined.
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Bioavailability of Polyphenon E Flavan-3-Ols in Humans with an Ileostomy
The Journal of nutrition, 2008Co-Authors: Cyril Auger, William Mullen, Alan CrozierAbstract:To investigate the degree of absorption of Flavan-3-Ols in the small intestine, human subjects with an ileostomy ingested 200 mg of Polyphenon E, a green tea extract, after which ileal fluid and urine, collected over a 24-h period, were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometric detection. The data obtained indicated that although approximately 40% of Flavan-3-Ol intake is recovered in ileal fluid, substantial quantities are absorbed in the small intestine. Moreover, 14 urinary metabolites, comprising sulfates, glucuronide, and methylated derivatives, were identified and quantified. All were metabolites of (epi)catechin or (epi)gallocatechin, representing 47 +/- 2% and 26 +/- 9%, respectively, of the ingested parent compound. These high recoveries indicate that these Flavan-3-Ols absorbed in the small intestine are much more bioavailable than most dietary flavonoids. No 3-O-galloylated Flavan-3-Ols or their metabolites were detected in urine. The absence of urinary Flavan-3-Ol metabolites after ingestion of 200 mg of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate indicates that there is no removal of the 3-O-galloyl group in vivo, and hence, this does not account for the high urinary recovery of (epi)gallocatechin metabolites after ingestion of Polyphenon E. Increasing the intake of Polyphenon E, by feeding doses of 200, 500, and 1500 mg, led to increased urinary excretion of (epi)catechin metabolites but not metabolites of (epi)gallocatechin. Coingestion of 200 mg of Polyphenon E with bread, cheese, or glucose did not significantly modify the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. It does not necessarily follow, however, that the same would occur when Flavan-3-Ols are ingested with more complex food matrices.
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the absorption metabolism and excretion of flavan 3 ols and procyanidins following the ingestion of a grape seed extract by rats
British Journal of Nutrition, 2005Co-Authors: Catherine Tsang, William Mullen, Alan Crozier, Cyril Auger, Aurelie Bornet, Jeanmax Rouanet, Pierre-louis TeissedreAbstract:Rats were fed a grape seed extract (GSE) containing (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin and dimers, trimers, tetramers and polymeric procyanidins. Liver, kidney, brain and gastrointestinal (GI) tract together with plasma, urine and faeces were collected over a 24 h period and their Flavan-3-Ol content was analysed by HPLC with tandem mass spectrometry and diode array detection. Small amounts of the GSE Flavan-3-Ols moved out of the stomach and into the duodenum/jejunum, and to a greater extent the ileum 1 h after ingestion, and into the caecum after 2 h with relatively small amounts being detected in the colon after 3 h. The GI tract contained the parent GSE Flavan-3-Ols and procyanidins with only trace amounts of metabolites and there were no indications that proanthocyanidins were depolymerised in the GI tract releasing monomeric Flavan-3-Ols. Plasma contained exclusively catechin glucuronides and methylated glucuronide metabolites which were also detected in the liver and kidneys. These metabolites were also present in urine together with sulphated metabolites and low amounts of the procyanidin dimers B 1 , B 2 , B 3 and B 4 as well as the trimer C 2 and an unknown GSE trimer. The amounts of (+)-catechin and (−)-epicatechin metabolites excreted in urine relative to the quantity of the monomers ingested were 27 and 36 %, respectively, after 24 h. This is similar to the levels of urinary excretion reported to occur by other investigators after feeding (−)-epicatechin to rats and provides further, albeit indirect, evidence that the procyanidin oligomers in the GSE were not depolymerised to monomers to any extent after ingestion. No convincing analytical data were obtained for the presence of Flavan-3-Ol metabolites in the brain.
Paul A Kroon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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flavan 3 ol enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender specific way a randomized controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2013Co-Authors: Elena Cienfuegosjovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Luisa M. Ostertag, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
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Flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender‐specific way—a randomized‐controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2012Co-Authors: Luisa M. Ostertag, Elena Cienfuegos-jovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
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procyanidin effects on oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells strongly depend on flavan 3 ol degree of polymerization
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2008Co-Authors: Roberto Pierini, Paul A Kroon, Sylvain Guyot, Kamal Ivory, I T Johnson, Nigel J BelshawAbstract:: Epidemiological studies have shown that the risk of developing oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OA) is inversely correlated to consumption of fruits and vegetables. Flavan-3-Ols are the most abundant subclass of flavonoids in these types of foods. Three apple-derived procyanidin fractions with different average degrees of polymerization (aDP) were characterized and the effects of these fractions and of pure Flavan-3-Ol monomers ((-)-epicatechin and (+)-catechin) and dimers (B1, B2) on two OA cell lines were investigated. Flavan-3-Ol monomers and dimers had no effect on the two cell lines, while apple-derived Flavan-3-Ol oligomers and polymers induced a time-dependent reduction of cell viability. The reduction in the cell viability was due to the induction of caspase-mediated apoptosis and an arrest of the cell cycle in G0/G1. The magnitude of the reduction in cell viability and induction of apoptosis after exposure to Flavan-3-Ol oligomeric/polymeric fractions positively correlated with their aDP. These results indicate that only Flavan-3-Ol oligomers and polymers, but not monomers and dimers, have an effect on the proliferation of OA cells in vitro. As tested Flavan-3-Ol concentrations are achievable through diet, this study suggests that apple-derived PA may possess chemotherapeutic effects against OA.
Graham W Horgan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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flavan 3 ol enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender specific way a randomized controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2013Co-Authors: Elena Cienfuegosjovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Luisa M. Ostertag, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.
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Flavan‐3‐ol‐enriched dark chocolate and white chocolate improve acute measures of platelet function in a gender‐specific way—a randomized‐controlled human intervention trial
Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 2012Co-Authors: Luisa M. Ostertag, Elena Cienfuegos-jovellanos, Sharon Wood, Graham W Horgan, Garry G. Duthie, Paul A Kroon, Shikha Saha, Baukje De RoosAbstract:cope We examined whether Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate, compared with standard dark and white chocolate, beneficially affects platelet function in healthy subjects, and whether this relates to Flavan-3-Ol bioavailability. Methods and results A total of 42 healthy subjects received an acute dose of Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark, standard dark or white chocolate, in random order. Blood and urine samples were obtained just before and 2 and 6 h after consumption for measurements of platelet function, and bioavailability and excretion of Flavan-3-Ols. Flavan-3-Ol-enriched dark chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation and P-selectin expression in men (all p ≤ 0.020), decreased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced platelet aggregation and increased thrombin receptor-activating peptide-induced fibrinogen binding in women (both p ≤ 0.041), and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time in men and women (p ≤ 0.042). White chocolate significantly decreased adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet P-selectin expression (p = 0.002) and increased collagen/epinephrine-induced ex vivo bleeding time (p = 0.042) in men only. Differences in efficacy by which Flavan-3-Ols affect platelet function were only partially explained by concentrations of Flavan-3-Ols and their metabolites in plasma or urine. Conclusion Flavan-3-Ols in dark chocolate, but also compounds in white chocolate, can improve platelet function, dependent on gender, and may thus beneficially affect atherogenesis.