The Experts below are selected from a list of 18 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
John W Tyler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing transferable residues from intermittent exposure to Flea control Collars containing the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2007Co-Authors: Janice E Chambers, Scott J Boone, Keith M Davis, John E Moran, John W TylerAbstract:Children can be exposed to pesticides from numerous residential sources such as carpet, house dust, toys and clothing from treated homes, and Flea control remedies on pets. In the present studies, 48 pet dogs (24 in each of two studies) of different breeds and weights were treated with over-the-counter Flea Collars containing chlorpyrifos (CP), an organophosphorus insecticide. Transferable insecticide residues were quantified on cotton gloves used to rub the dogs for 5 min and on cotton tee shirts worn by a child (Study 2 only). First morning urine samples were also obtained from adults and children in both studies for metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) quantification. Blood samples were obtained from treated dogs in Study 1 and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity was monitored. Transferable residues on gloves for all compounds were highest near the neck of the dogs and were lowest in areas most distant from the neck. Rubbing samples (over the collar) at two weeks post-collar application contained 447±57 μg CP/glove while samples from the fur of the back contained 8±2 μg CP/glove. In Study 2, cotton tee shirts worn by children at 15 days post-collar application for 4 h showed CP levels of 134±66 ng/g shirt. There were significant differences between adults and children in the levels of urinary metabolites with children generally having higher urinary levels of metabolites than adults (grand mean±SE; 11.6±1.1 and 7.9±0.74 ng/mg creatinine for children and adults, respectively, compared to 9.4±0.8 and 6.9±0.5 ng/mg creatinine before collar placement). Therefore, there was little evidence that the use of this Flea collar contributed to enhanced CP exposure of either children or adults.
Michael K Rust - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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review of insecticide resistance in cat Fleas siphonaptera pulicidae
Journal of Medical Entomology, 1998Co-Authors: Robert L Bossard, Nancy C Hinkle, Michael K RustAbstract:Insecticide resistance often is blamed for failures of insecticides to control cat Fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). Yet the genetics and adaptive advantage of resistance traits remain unexamined. Lethal doses of insecticides that kill 50% of the population fluctuate 7-fold within a cat Flea strain. Many reports of Flea resistance may be attributable to variable mortality from effects of solvents, substrates, humidities, temperatures, colonization, and ages of Fleas. Resistance ratios (ratios of lethal doses of a resistant to a susceptible strain) are < 690-fold in Fleas; lower than many other arthropods. This, plus strain variability, hinders resistance detection. Relationships between resistance levels, control failures, and health threats are unclear. Insensitive acetylcholinesterase, knockdown recovery, glutathione transferase conjugation, and mixed function oxidase/cytochrome P450 are demonstrated resistance mechanisms in cat Fleas. Ecological genetics of resistance in cat Fleas probably involves Flea transfer among hosts, host movements, refugia, founder effects, and mortality from abiotic factors. Understanding cat Flea resistance requires population monitoring before, during, and after insecticide treatments using conventional and rapid molecular bioassays. Sustained insecticide release devices such as Flea Collars and long-lived insecticide residues for premises possibly contribute to the development of resistance. New systemic and topical insecticides, especially when given prophylactically, may act similarly. Eliminating insecticides prevents insecticide resistance but necessitates application of biorational tactics incorporating mechanical, environmental, and cultural controls. Using high temperatures, low humidities, host grooming and such tactics as decreasing doses, increasing action thresholds, rotating insecticides, and leaving spatial and temporal refugia may suppress cat Flea resistance.
Scott J Boone - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing transferable residues from intermittent exposure to Flea control Collars containing the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2007Co-Authors: Janice E Chambers, Scott J Boone, Keith M Davis, John E Moran, John W TylerAbstract:Children can be exposed to pesticides from numerous residential sources such as carpet, house dust, toys and clothing from treated homes, and Flea control remedies on pets. In the present studies, 48 pet dogs (24 in each of two studies) of different breeds and weights were treated with over-the-counter Flea Collars containing chlorpyrifos (CP), an organophosphorus insecticide. Transferable insecticide residues were quantified on cotton gloves used to rub the dogs for 5 min and on cotton tee shirts worn by a child (Study 2 only). First morning urine samples were also obtained from adults and children in both studies for metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) quantification. Blood samples were obtained from treated dogs in Study 1 and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity was monitored. Transferable residues on gloves for all compounds were highest near the neck of the dogs and were lowest in areas most distant from the neck. Rubbing samples (over the collar) at two weeks post-collar application contained 447±57 μg CP/glove while samples from the fur of the back contained 8±2 μg CP/glove. In Study 2, cotton tee shirts worn by children at 15 days post-collar application for 4 h showed CP levels of 134±66 ng/g shirt. There were significant differences between adults and children in the levels of urinary metabolites with children generally having higher urinary levels of metabolites than adults (grand mean±SE; 11.6±1.1 and 7.9±0.74 ng/mg creatinine for children and adults, respectively, compared to 9.4±0.8 and 6.9±0.5 ng/mg creatinine before collar placement). Therefore, there was little evidence that the use of this Flea collar contributed to enhanced CP exposure of either children or adults.
Robert L Bossard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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review of insecticide resistance in cat Fleas siphonaptera pulicidae
Journal of Medical Entomology, 1998Co-Authors: Robert L Bossard, Nancy C Hinkle, Michael K RustAbstract:Insecticide resistance often is blamed for failures of insecticides to control cat Fleas, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouche). Yet the genetics and adaptive advantage of resistance traits remain unexamined. Lethal doses of insecticides that kill 50% of the population fluctuate 7-fold within a cat Flea strain. Many reports of Flea resistance may be attributable to variable mortality from effects of solvents, substrates, humidities, temperatures, colonization, and ages of Fleas. Resistance ratios (ratios of lethal doses of a resistant to a susceptible strain) are < 690-fold in Fleas; lower than many other arthropods. This, plus strain variability, hinders resistance detection. Relationships between resistance levels, control failures, and health threats are unclear. Insensitive acetylcholinesterase, knockdown recovery, glutathione transferase conjugation, and mixed function oxidase/cytochrome P450 are demonstrated resistance mechanisms in cat Fleas. Ecological genetics of resistance in cat Fleas probably involves Flea transfer among hosts, host movements, refugia, founder effects, and mortality from abiotic factors. Understanding cat Flea resistance requires population monitoring before, during, and after insecticide treatments using conventional and rapid molecular bioassays. Sustained insecticide release devices such as Flea Collars and long-lived insecticide residues for premises possibly contribute to the development of resistance. New systemic and topical insecticides, especially when given prophylactically, may act similarly. Eliminating insecticides prevents insecticide resistance but necessitates application of biorational tactics incorporating mechanical, environmental, and cultural controls. Using high temperatures, low humidities, host grooming and such tactics as decreasing doses, increasing action thresholds, rotating insecticides, and leaving spatial and temporal refugia may suppress cat Flea resistance.
Janice E Chambers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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assessing transferable residues from intermittent exposure to Flea control Collars containing the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2007Co-Authors: Janice E Chambers, Scott J Boone, Keith M Davis, John E Moran, John W TylerAbstract:Children can be exposed to pesticides from numerous residential sources such as carpet, house dust, toys and clothing from treated homes, and Flea control remedies on pets. In the present studies, 48 pet dogs (24 in each of two studies) of different breeds and weights were treated with over-the-counter Flea Collars containing chlorpyrifos (CP), an organophosphorus insecticide. Transferable insecticide residues were quantified on cotton gloves used to rub the dogs for 5 min and on cotton tee shirts worn by a child (Study 2 only). First morning urine samples were also obtained from adults and children in both studies for metabolite (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) quantification. Blood samples were obtained from treated dogs in Study 1 and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activity was monitored. Transferable residues on gloves for all compounds were highest near the neck of the dogs and were lowest in areas most distant from the neck. Rubbing samples (over the collar) at two weeks post-collar application contained 447±57 μg CP/glove while samples from the fur of the back contained 8±2 μg CP/glove. In Study 2, cotton tee shirts worn by children at 15 days post-collar application for 4 h showed CP levels of 134±66 ng/g shirt. There were significant differences between adults and children in the levels of urinary metabolites with children generally having higher urinary levels of metabolites than adults (grand mean±SE; 11.6±1.1 and 7.9±0.74 ng/mg creatinine for children and adults, respectively, compared to 9.4±0.8 and 6.9±0.5 ng/mg creatinine before collar placement). Therefore, there was little evidence that the use of this Flea collar contributed to enhanced CP exposure of either children or adults.