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Richard Lynn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Flynn Effect in khartoum the sudanese capital 2004 2016
    Intelligence, 2018
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Richard Lynn, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa, David Becker, Tahani Abdulrahman Muhammed Blahmar, Habab Abdlahiy Osman, Sultan Mohammed Hakami
    Abstract:

    Abstract Three recent studies have summarized evidence for Negative Flynn Effects (Dutton et al., 2016; Flynn & Shayer, 2018; Woodley of Menie, Penaherrera-Aguirre, Fernandes, and Figueredo, 2017), that is secular deceases in IQ scores. To develop this important line of research, as many instances of this Effect must be reported and understood as possible. Dutton, Bakhiet, Ziada, Essa, and Blahmar (2017) reported, in Intelligence, a Negative Flynn Effect in Khartoum, where education was voluntary for some cohorts. This study reports an increase in IQ, as assessed by the Colored Progressive Matrices, in Khartoum between 2004 and 2016. The increase in IQ amounted to 8 to 13 points, based on assessments of children between the ages of 6 and 9. Thus, the original negative Flynn Effect reflected schooling not being compulsory for some of the earlier sample.

  • A Flynn Effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, 2004–2016
    Intelligence, 2018
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Richard Lynn, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa, David Becker, Tahani Abdulrahman Muhammed Blahmar, Habab Abdlahiy Osman, Mohammed Hakami
    Abstract:

    Abstract Three recent studies have summarized evidence for Negative Flynn Effects (Dutton et al., 2016; Flynn & Shayer, 2018; Woodley of Menie, Penaherrera-Aguirre, Fernandes, and Figueredo, 2017), that is secular deceases in IQ scores. To develop this important line of research, as many instances of this Effect must be reported and understood as possible. Dutton, Bakhiet, Ziada, Essa, and Blahmar (2017) reported, in Intelligence, a Negative Flynn Effect in Khartoum, where education was voluntary for some cohorts. This study reports an increase in IQ, as assessed by the Colored Progressive Matrices, in Khartoum between 2004 and 2016. The increase in IQ amounted to 8 to 13 points, based on assessments of children between the ages of 6 and 9. Thus, the original negative Flynn Effect reflected schooling not being compulsory for some of the earlier sample.

  • The negative Flynn Effect: A systematic literature review
    Intelligence, 2016
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Dimitri Van Der Linden, Richard Lynn
    Abstract:

    The Flynn Effect (rising performance on intelligence tests in the general population over time) is now an established phenomenon in many developed and less developed countries. Recently, evidence has begun to amass that the Flynn Effect has gone into reverse; the so-called ‘Negative Flynn Effect.’ In this study, we present a systematic literature review, conducted in order to discover in precisely how many countries this reverse phenomenon has been uncovered. Using strict criteria regarding quality of the sample and the study, we found nine studies reporting negative Flynn Effects in seven countries. We also discuss several possible explanations for the negative Flynn Effect as an attempt to understand its most probable causes.

  • A Strong Flynn Effect in South Korea during the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
    Mankind Quarterly, 2016
    Co-Authors: Richard Lynn, Yoon-mi Hur, Soon-taeg Hwang, Kwang B. Park, Ji-hae Kim
    Abstract:

    Results from the standardization of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-4 (WAIS-IV) in South Korea show that when using British norms, average IQs are higher in Korea than in Britain among younger age groups, decline with age, and are lower than those in Britain among older age groups. These age differences are attributed to a strong Flynn Effect in South Korea with IQs increasing at a rate of approximately 8.4 IQ points a decade from early 1940s to late 1980s birth cohorts. The increases were smallest for the Verbal Comprehension IQ and largest for the Processing Speed IQ. Key Words: WAIS-IV; Intelligence, Flynn Effect, South Korea, UK

  • A Flynn Effect among deaf boys in Saudi Arabia
    Intelligence, 2014
    Co-Authors: Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Serry Mohammed Roshdy Barakat, Richard Lynn
    Abstract:

    Abstract The Flynn Effect was investigated among deaf boys in Saudi Arabia over 14 years from 1999 to 2013. The Colored Progressive Matrices Test was standardized for use with Saudi deaf boys in 1999 for three age groups from 10.3 to 11.8 years and was administered in 2013 to 100 deaf boys of the same three age groups. There was an increase of .306 IQ points a year. The rate of increase was greater for younger boys at .35 IQ points a year than for older boys at 0.27 IQ points.

Jakob Pietschnig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • is ability based emotional intelligence impervious to the Flynn Effect a cross temporal meta analysis 2001 2015
    Intelligence, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Georg Gittler
    Abstract:

    Abstract Generational IQ test score changes (i.e., the Flynn Effect) have been shown to affect most measures of cognitive ability, although certain domains appear to be impervious. Because IQ test score changes have been found to differ between domains, evidence for specific domains is warranted to explain the nature, meaning, and causes of the Flynn Effect. In the present cross-temporal meta-analysis, we investigated potential test score changes over time for ability emotional intelligence as assessed with a widely-used measure (i.e., the MSCEIT V2.0) based on data from 160 samples ( N  = 16,738) from English-speaking countries over a time-span of 15 years (2001–2015). We found no evidence for substantial generational test score changes in overall or branch (i.e., subscale) ability emotional IQ scores. Consistent with our expectations, test performance was substantially higher for women in most measures. Contrary to our expectations though, average performance of our participants was considerably lower than the performance of normative samples on all scales, thus raising concerns about the appropriateness of the current norms. In all, we argue that ability emotional IQ as measured with the MSCEIT V2.0 is largely unaffected by typical causes that have been proposed as responsible for the Flynn Effect. This may be due to the close association of this construct with psychometric g (associations of MSCEIT V2.0 scores with cognitive task performance were modest in our data) on one hand and personality traits on the other hand, both of which have been shown not to be associated with test score gains.

  • Is ability-based emotional intelligence impervious to the Flynn Effect? A cross-temporal meta-analysis (2001–2015)
    Intelligence, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Georg Gittler
    Abstract:

    Abstract Generational IQ test score changes (i.e., the Flynn Effect) have been shown to affect most measures of cognitive ability, although certain domains appear to be impervious. Because IQ test score changes have been found to differ between domains, evidence for specific domains is warranted to explain the nature, meaning, and causes of the Flynn Effect. In the present cross-temporal meta-analysis, we investigated potential test score changes over time for ability emotional intelligence as assessed with a widely-used measure (i.e., the MSCEIT V2.0) based on data from 160 samples ( N  = 16,738) from English-speaking countries over a time-span of 15 years (2001–2015). We found no evidence for substantial generational test score changes in overall or branch (i.e., subscale) ability emotional IQ scores. Consistent with our expectations, test performance was substantially higher for women in most measures. Contrary to our expectations though, average performance of our participants was considerably lower than the performance of normative samples on all scales, thus raising concerns about the appropriateness of the current norms. In all, we argue that ability emotional IQ as measured with the MSCEIT V2.0 is largely unaffected by typical causes that have been proposed as responsible for the Flynn Effect. This may be due to the close association of this construct with psychometric g (associations of MSCEIT V2.0 scores with cognitive task performance were modest in our data) on one hand and personality traits on the other hand, both of which have been shown not to be associated with test score gains.

  • one century of global iq gains a formal meta analysis of the Flynn Effect 1909 2013
    Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Martin Voracek, Jakob Pietschnig
    Abstract:

    The Flynn Effect (rising intelligence test performance in the general population over time and generations) varies enigmatically across countries and intelligence domains; its substantive meaning and causes remain elusive. This first formal meta-analysis on the topic reveals worldwide IQ gains across more than one century (1909-2013), based on 271 independent samples, totaling almost four million participants, from 31 countries. Key findings include that IQ gains vary according to domain (estimated 0.41, 0.30, 0.28, and 0.21 IQ points annually for fluid, spatial, fullscale, and crystallized IQ test performance, respectively), are stronger for adults than children, and have decreased in more recent decades. Altogether, these findings narrow down proposed theories and candidate factors presumably accounting for the Flynn Effect. Factors associated with life history speed seem mainly responsible for the Flynn Effect’s general trajectory, whereas favorable social-multiplier Effects and Effects related to economic prosperity appear to be responsible for observed differences of the Flynn Effect across intelligence domains.

  • One Century of Global IQ Gains: A Formal Meta-Analysis of the Flynn Effect (1909–2013)
    Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Martin Voracek
    Abstract:

    The Flynn Effect (rising intelligence test performance in the general population over time and generations) varies enigmatically across countries and intelligence domains; its substantive meaning a...

  • one century of global iq gains a formal meta analysis of the Flynn Effect 1909 2013
    Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Martin Voracek, Jakob Pietschnig
    Abstract:

    The Flynn Effect (rising intelligence test performance in the general population over time and generations) varies enigmatically across countries and intelligence domains; its substantive meaning a...

Edward Dutton - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Flynn Effect in kuwait 1985 1998
    Personality and Individual Differences, 2019
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Abdulkarim Alhossein, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa
    Abstract:

    Abstract An analysis of Kuwaiti children's IQs, published by the Kuwaiti Ministry of Education , is translated, corrected, and presented in English for the first time. It is shown that among large representative samples of Kuwaiti children aged between 6 and 14, there was a Flynn Effect on a similarities-type test between 1985 and 1998 of 5.3 points per decade. It is argued that as this occurred in a context of increasingly conservative Islamic influence over the Kuwaiti education system, it is likely explicable in the same way that Western Flynn Effects are. The remarkably small Flynn Effect among the cohort aged 7 is cautiously explained in terms of the Effect of the First Gulf War.

  • A Flynn Effect in Kuwait, 1985–1998
    Personality and Individual Differences, 2019
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Abdulkarim Alhossein, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa
    Abstract:

    Abstract An analysis of Kuwaiti children's IQs, published by the Kuwaiti Ministry of Education , is translated, corrected, and presented in English for the first time. It is shown that among large representative samples of Kuwaiti children aged between 6 and 14, there was a Flynn Effect on a similarities-type test between 1985 and 1998 of 5.3 points per decade. It is argued that as this occurred in a context of increasingly conservative Islamic influence over the Kuwaiti education system, it is likely explicable in the same way that Western Flynn Effects are. The remarkably small Flynn Effect among the cohort aged 7 is cautiously explained in terms of the Effect of the First Gulf War.

  • a Flynn Effect in khartoum the sudanese capital 2004 2016
    Intelligence, 2018
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Richard Lynn, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa, David Becker, Tahani Abdulrahman Muhammed Blahmar, Habab Abdlahiy Osman, Sultan Mohammed Hakami
    Abstract:

    Abstract Three recent studies have summarized evidence for Negative Flynn Effects (Dutton et al., 2016; Flynn & Shayer, 2018; Woodley of Menie, Penaherrera-Aguirre, Fernandes, and Figueredo, 2017), that is secular deceases in IQ scores. To develop this important line of research, as many instances of this Effect must be reported and understood as possible. Dutton, Bakhiet, Ziada, Essa, and Blahmar (2017) reported, in Intelligence, a Negative Flynn Effect in Khartoum, where education was voluntary for some cohorts. This study reports an increase in IQ, as assessed by the Colored Progressive Matrices, in Khartoum between 2004 and 2016. The increase in IQ amounted to 8 to 13 points, based on assessments of children between the ages of 6 and 9. Thus, the original negative Flynn Effect reflected schooling not being compulsory for some of the earlier sample.

  • A Flynn Effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, 2004–2016
    Intelligence, 2018
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Richard Lynn, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa, David Becker, Tahani Abdulrahman Muhammed Blahmar, Habab Abdlahiy Osman, Mohammed Hakami
    Abstract:

    Abstract Three recent studies have summarized evidence for Negative Flynn Effects (Dutton et al., 2016; Flynn & Shayer, 2018; Woodley of Menie, Penaherrera-Aguirre, Fernandes, and Figueredo, 2017), that is secular deceases in IQ scores. To develop this important line of research, as many instances of this Effect must be reported and understood as possible. Dutton, Bakhiet, Ziada, Essa, and Blahmar (2017) reported, in Intelligence, a Negative Flynn Effect in Khartoum, where education was voluntary for some cohorts. This study reports an increase in IQ, as assessed by the Colored Progressive Matrices, in Khartoum between 2004 and 2016. The increase in IQ amounted to 8 to 13 points, based on assessments of children between the ages of 6 and 9. Thus, the original negative Flynn Effect reflected schooling not being compulsory for some of the earlier sample.

  • A Negative Flynn Effect in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital
    Intelligence, 2017
    Co-Authors: Edward Dutton, Salaheldin Farah Attallah Bakhiet, Yossry Ahmed Sayed Essa, Khaled Elsayed Ziada, Tahani Abdulrahman Muhammed Blahmar
    Abstract:

    Abstract We compare the results of the Standard Progressive Matrices on two samples from Khartoum, one from 1999 (N 6877) and the other from 2010 (N 5659), both aged between 9 and 25. We show that in 7 out of 12 age groups there has been a significant Negative Flynn Effect over this period. Among those aged 9 to 18 - directly comparable as they are population samples - we found a significant aggregate loss of 2.13 IQ points between 1999 and 2010 comparing these two groups. The sample, in part, is elite and we note that a cessation of the Flynn Effect has also been reported in an elite Brazilian sample; another developing country. We examine a number of factors which may be behind our finding, in particular changes in the Sudanese education system, changes in the Khartoum population, and dysgenic fertility in Sudan.

Georg Gittler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • is ability based emotional intelligence impervious to the Flynn Effect a cross temporal meta analysis 2001 2015
    Intelligence, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Georg Gittler
    Abstract:

    Abstract Generational IQ test score changes (i.e., the Flynn Effect) have been shown to affect most measures of cognitive ability, although certain domains appear to be impervious. Because IQ test score changes have been found to differ between domains, evidence for specific domains is warranted to explain the nature, meaning, and causes of the Flynn Effect. In the present cross-temporal meta-analysis, we investigated potential test score changes over time for ability emotional intelligence as assessed with a widely-used measure (i.e., the MSCEIT V2.0) based on data from 160 samples ( N  = 16,738) from English-speaking countries over a time-span of 15 years (2001–2015). We found no evidence for substantial generational test score changes in overall or branch (i.e., subscale) ability emotional IQ scores. Consistent with our expectations, test performance was substantially higher for women in most measures. Contrary to our expectations though, average performance of our participants was considerably lower than the performance of normative samples on all scales, thus raising concerns about the appropriateness of the current norms. In all, we argue that ability emotional IQ as measured with the MSCEIT V2.0 is largely unaffected by typical causes that have been proposed as responsible for the Flynn Effect. This may be due to the close association of this construct with psychometric g (associations of MSCEIT V2.0 scores with cognitive task performance were modest in our data) on one hand and personality traits on the other hand, both of which have been shown not to be associated with test score gains.

  • Is ability-based emotional intelligence impervious to the Flynn Effect? A cross-temporal meta-analysis (2001–2015)
    Intelligence, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Georg Gittler
    Abstract:

    Abstract Generational IQ test score changes (i.e., the Flynn Effect) have been shown to affect most measures of cognitive ability, although certain domains appear to be impervious. Because IQ test score changes have been found to differ between domains, evidence for specific domains is warranted to explain the nature, meaning, and causes of the Flynn Effect. In the present cross-temporal meta-analysis, we investigated potential test score changes over time for ability emotional intelligence as assessed with a widely-used measure (i.e., the MSCEIT V2.0) based on data from 160 samples ( N  = 16,738) from English-speaking countries over a time-span of 15 years (2001–2015). We found no evidence for substantial generational test score changes in overall or branch (i.e., subscale) ability emotional IQ scores. Consistent with our expectations, test performance was substantially higher for women in most measures. Contrary to our expectations though, average performance of our participants was considerably lower than the performance of normative samples on all scales, thus raising concerns about the appropriateness of the current norms. In all, we argue that ability emotional IQ as measured with the MSCEIT V2.0 is largely unaffected by typical causes that have been proposed as responsible for the Flynn Effect. This may be due to the close association of this construct with psychometric g (associations of MSCEIT V2.0 scores with cognitive task performance were modest in our data) on one hand and personality traits on the other hand, both of which have been shown not to be associated with test score gains.

  • A reversal of the Flynn Effect for spatial perception in German-speaking countries: Evidence from a cross-temporal IRT-based meta-analysis (1977–2014)
    Intelligence, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jakob Pietschnig, Georg Gittler
    Abstract:

    Abstract Generational IQ changes (the Flynn Effect) have been shown to be predominantly positive but differentiated according to IQ domains and countries. However, evidence from recent studies points towards a decrease of the Flynn Effect globally or even a reversal in some countries. In the present meta-analysis, we show an inverse u-shaped trajectory of IQ test performance changes in a large number of samples ( k  = 96; N  = 13,172) on a well-known test for spatial perception (the three-dimensional cubes test, 3DC) in German-speaking countries over 38 years (1977–2014). Assessment of both item response theory-based measures as well as more standard measures of classical test theory showed initial increases and a subsequent decrease of performance when controlling for age, sample type (general population vs. mixed samples vs. university students) and sex. Our results suggest saturation and diminishing returns of IQ increasing factors (e.g., life history speed) whilst negative associations of IQ changes with psychometric g may have led to the observed IQ score decrease in more recent years.

Merrill Hiscock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The Flynn Effect: A Meta-analysis
    Psychological bulletin, 2014
    Co-Authors: Lisa H. Trahan, Karla K. Stuebing, Jack M. Fletcher, Merrill Hiscock
    Abstract:

    The Flynn Effect refers to the observed rise in IQ scores over time, which results in norms obsolescence. Although the Flynn Effect is widely accepted, most efforts to estimate it have relied upon "scorecard" approaches that make estimates of its magnitude and error of measurement controversial and prevent determination of factors that moderate the Flynn Effect across different IQ tests. We conducted a meta-analysis to determine the magnitude of the Flynn Effect with a higher degree of precision, to determine the error of measurement, and to assess the impact of several moderator variables on the mean Effect size. Across 285 studies (N = 14,031) since 1951 with administrations of 2 intelligence tests with different normative bases, the meta-analytic mean was 2.31, 95% CI [1.99, 2.64], standard score points per decade. The mean Effect size for 53 comparisons (N = 3,951, excluding 3 atypical studies that inflate the estimates) involving modern (since 1972) Stanford-Binet and Wechsler IQ tests (2.93, 95% CI [2.3, 3.5], IQ points per decade) was comparable to previous estimates of about 3 points per decade but was not consistent with the hypothesis that the Flynn Effect is diminishing. For modern tests, study sample (larger increases for validation research samples vs. test standardization samples) and order of administration explained unique variance in the Flynn Effect, but age and ability level were not significant moderators. These results supported previous estimates of the Flynn Effect and its robustness across different age groups, measures, samples, and levels of performance.

  • Age-related change in Wechsler IQ norms after adjustment for the Flynn Effect: Estimates from three computational models
    Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Kristina A. Agbayani, Merrill Hiscock
    Abstract:

    A previous study found that the Flynn Effect accounts for 85% of the normative difference between 20- and 70-year-olds on subtests of the Wechsler intelligence tests. Adjusting scores for the Flynn Effect substantially reduces normative age-group differences, but the appropriate amount of adjustment is uncertain. The present study replicates previous findings and employs two other methods of adjusting for the Flynn Effect. Averaged across models, results indicate that the Flynn Effect accounts for 76% of normative age-group differences on Wechsler IQ subtests. Flynn-Effect adjustment reduces the normative age-related decline in IQ from 4.3 to 1.1 IQ points per decade.

  • The Flynn Effect in Neuropsychological Assessment
    Applied neuropsychology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mercedes Dickinson, Merrill Hiscock
    Abstract:

    The Flynn Effect refers to the rise in IQ throughout the 20th century. This study examined whether the Flynn Effect has also elevated performance on neuropsychological tests. A search of published norms revealed five tests with appropriate normative data available for comparison. These tests were the Trail-Making Test (TMT), Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT), Boston Naming Test, Finger Tapping, and Grooved Pegboard. Results indicated a strong Flynn Effect for Parts A and B of the TMT and a probable Flynn Effect for the oral SDMT. No Flynn Effect was evident for the other tests. Implications for clinical assessment are discussed.

  • Age-related IQ decline is reduced markedly after adjustment for the Flynn Effect
    Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Mercedes D. Dickinson, Merrill Hiscock
    Abstract:

    Twenty-year-olds outperform 70-year-olds by as much as 2.3 standard deviations (35 IQ points) on subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS). We show that most of the difference can be attributed to an intergenerational rise in IQ known as the Flynn Effect. Normative data from different versions of the WAIS enabled us to estimate the degree to which the Flynn Effect, rather than age-related decline, contributes to differences between 20- and 70-year-olds. The Flynn Effect accounted for 38-67% of the apparent age-related decline on 6 of the 11 subtests. On the other 5 subtests, all of which are categorized as verbal, the Flynn Effect was larger than the age-group difference. For these verbal subtests, the Flynn Effect masked a modest increase in ability as individuals grow older. Overall, the Flynn Effect accounted for at least 85% of the disparity between 20- and 70-year-olds.

  • The Flynn Effect and its relevance to neuropsychology
    Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology, 2007
    Co-Authors: Merrill Hiscock
    Abstract:

    Evidence from several nations indicates that performance on mental ability tests is rising from one generation to the next, and that this "Flynn Effect" has been operative for more than a century. No satisfactory explanation has been found. Nevertheless, the phenomenon has important implications for clinical utilization of IQ tests. This article summarizes the empirical basis of the Flynn Effect, arguments about the nature of the skill that is increasing, and proposed explanations for the cause of the increase. Ramifications for clinical neuropsychology are discussed, and some of the broader implications for psychology and society are noted.