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Sylviane Valdois - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The role of visual Processing Speed in reading Speed development.
PLoS ONE, 2013Co-Authors: Muriel Lobier, Matthieu Dubois, Sylviane ValdoisAbstract:A steady increase in reading Speed is the hallmark of normal reading acquisition. However, little is known of the influence of visual attention capacity on children's reading Speed. The number of distinct visual elements that can be simultaneously processed at a glance (dubbed the visual attention span), predicts single-word reading Speed in both normal reading and dyslexic children. However, the exact processes that account for the relationship between the visual attention span and reading Speed remain to be specified. We used the Theory of Visual Attention to estimate visual Processing Speed and visual short-term memory capacity from a multiple letter report task in eight and nine year old children. The visual attention span and text reading Speed were also assessed. Results showed that visual Processing Speed and visual short term memory capacity predicted the visual attention span. Furthermore, visual Processing Speed predicted reading Speed, but visual short term memory capacity did not. Finally, the visual attention span mediated the effect of visual Processing Speed on reading Speed. These results suggest that visual attention capacity could constrain reading Speed in elementary school children.
Eka Roivainen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender differences in Processing Speed: A review of recent research
Learning and Individual Differences, 2011Co-Authors: Eka RoivainenAbstract:Abstract A review of recent large-scale studies on gender differences in Processing Speed and on the cognitive factors assumed to affect Processing Speed was performed. It was found that females have an advantage in Processing Speed tasks involving digits and alphabets as well as in rapid naming tasks while males are faster on reaction time tests and finger tapping. Females also outperform males in reading and writing skills. However, no significant gender differences were found in general, crystallized (verbal) or fluid (nonverbal) intelligence, nor in the more narrow skills measured by individual subtests of common IQ tests, nor in short-term memory or inspection time. It is concluded that gender differences in reading and writing fluency may have a significant effect on gender differences in Processing Speed tasks. Following Lynn and Mikk (2009), it is suggested that female superiority in reading and writing skills may be partly based on their deeper engagement in language related activities at school and at home. Male superiority in reaction time and finger tapping tests is most likely based on other factors. The results of the study support the theory of several Speed abilities as opposed to a general Processing Speed ability.
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Gender differences in Processing Speed: A review of recent research
Learning and Individual Differences, 2011Co-Authors: Eka RoivainenAbstract:A review of recent large-scale studies on gender differences in Processing Speed and on the cognitive factors assumed to affect Processing Speed was performed. It was found that females have an advantage in Processing Speed tasks involving digits and alphabets as well as in rapid naming tasks while males are faster on reaction time tests and finger tapping. Females also outperform males in reading and writing skills. However, no significant gender differences were found in general, crystallized (verbal) or fluid (nonverbal) intelligence, nor in the more narrow skills measured by individual subtests of common IQ tests, nor in short-term memory or inspection time. It is concluded that gender differences in reading and writing fluency may have a significant effect on gender differences in Processing Speed tasks. Following Lynn and Mikk (2009), it is suggested that female superiority in reading and writing skills may be partly based on their deeper engagement in language related activities at school and at home. Male superiority in reaction time and finger tapping tests is most likely based on other factors. The results of the study support the theory of several Speed abilities as opposed to a general Processing Speed ability. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
John Deluca - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Differentiating simple versus complex Processing Speed: influence on new learning and memory performance.
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2020Co-Authors: Nancy D. Chiaravalloti, Christopher Christodoulou, Heath A. Demaree, John DelucaAbstract:The current study was designed to examine how the construct of human information Processing Speed is conceptualized and measured, while also examining the influence of information Processing Speed on higher cognitive processes (i.e., learning). A mixed medical sample of 92 subjects participated in this study. Subjects underwent a broad-based neuropsychological evaluation, including measures of verbal and visuospatial new learning, spatial and verbal working memory, simple reaction time, choice reaction time, and information Processing Speed. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation resulted in a three-factor solution, comprised of: (1) simple Speed/reaction time, (2) complex information Processing and new learning, and (3) working memory. Notably, this factor solution identified 2 distinct forms of Processing Speed – simple and complex information Processing Speeds. In contrast to the abundance of literature grouping these two constructs together under one term (i.e., Processing Speed), ...
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Altered Effective Connectivity during a Processing Speed Task in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2016Co-Authors: Ekaterina Dobryakova, John Deluca, Silvana L. Costa, Glenn R. Wylie, Helen M. GenovaAbstract:Objectives: Processing Speed impairment is the most prevalent cognitive deficit in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the neural mechanisms associated with Processing Speed remain under debate. The current investigation provides a dynamic representation of the functioning of the brain network involved in Processing Speed by examining effective connectivity pattern during a Processing Speed task in healthy adults and in MS individuals with and without Processing Speed impairment. Methods: Group assignment (Processing Speed impaired vs . intact) was based on participants’ performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities test (Parmenter, Testa, Schretlen, Weinstock-Guttman, & Benedict, 2010 ). First, brain regions involved in the Processing Speed task were determined in healthy participants. Time series from these functional regions of interest of each group of participants were then subjected to the effective connectivity analysis (Independent Multiple-Sample Greedy Equivalence Search and Linear, Non-Gaussian Orientation, Fixed Structure algorithms) that showed causal influences of one region on another during task performance. Results: The connectivity pattern of the Processing Speed impaired group was significantly different from the connectivity pattern of the Processing Speed intact group and of the healthy control group. Differences in the strength of common connections were also observed. Conclusions: Effective connectivity results reveal that MS individuals with Processing Speed impairment not only have connections that differ from healthy participants and MS individuals without Processing Speed impairment, but also have increased strengths of connections. ( JINS , 2016, 22 , 216–224)
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the relationship between executive functioning Processing Speed and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2013Co-Authors: Helen M. Genova, John Deluca, Nancy D. Chiaravalloti, Glenn R. WylieAbstract:The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between performance on executive tasks and white matter integrity, assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). A second aim was to examine how Processing Speed affects the relationship between executive functioning and fractional anisotropy (FA). This relationship was examined in two executive tasks that rely heavily on Processing Speed: the Color–Word Interference Test and the Trail Making Test (Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System). It was hypothesized that reduced FA is related to poor performance on executive tasks in MS, but that this relationship would be affected by the statistical correction of Processing Speed from the executive tasks. A total of 15 healthy controls and 25 persons with MS participated. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between executive functioning and FA, both before and after Processing Speed was removed from the executive scores. Before Processing Speed...
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Information Processing Speed in Clinical Populations
2013Co-Authors: John Deluca, Jessica H. KalmarAbstract:A.R. O'Brien, D.S. Tulsky, The History of Processing Speed and Relationship to Intelligence. T.A. Martin, S.S. Bush, Assessment Tools and Research Methods for Human Information Processing Speed. H.A. Demaree, T.W. Frazier, C.E. Johnson, Information Processing Speed: Measurement Issues and its Relationships with Other Neuropsychological Constructs. D. Posthuma, E. de Gues, The Genetics of Information Processing Speed in Humans. R.V. Kail, Speed of Processing in Childhood and Adolescence: Nature, Consequences, and Implications for Understanding Atypical Development. D. Dickinson, J.M. Gold, Processing Speed and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test in Schizophrenia. J.H. Kalmar, N.D. Chiaravalloti, Multiple Sclerosis. G.J. Kinsella, Traumatic Brain Injury and Processing Speed. R.K. Mahurin, Frontal-subcortical Determinants of Processing Speed in Parkinson's Disease. T.A. Salthouse, D.J. Madden, Information Processing Speed and Aging. K. Ball, D.E. Vance, Everyday Life Applications and Rehabilitation of Processing Speed Deficits: Aging as a Model for Clinical Populations. J. DeLuca, Information Processing Speed: How Fast, How Slow and How Come?
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Processing Speed versus working memory: contributions to an information-Processing task in multiple sclerosis.
Applied Neuropsychology, 2012Co-Authors: Helen M. Genova, Jeannie Lengenfelder, Nancy D. Chiaravalloti, Nancy B. Moore, John DelucaAbstract:Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) often experience cognitive impairments in information Processing. However, the relative contributions of Processing Speed abilities and working memory abilities to information-Processing tasks are not yet fully understood. The current study examined the extent to which Processing Speed and/or working memory abilities contributed to an information-Processing task, the Keeping Track Task (KTT). Forty-nine individuals with MS were given tests to assess Processing Speed and working memory, as well as the KTT. Regression analyses indicated that in the MS group, Processing Speed abilities accounted for the majority of the explained variance in KTT performance. The findings suggest that Processing Speed plays a significant role on KTT performance in MS. Implications for cognitive rehabilitation treatments aimed at improving Processing Speed abilities in MS are discussed.
Glenn R. Wylie - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Altered Effective Connectivity during a Processing Speed Task in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis.
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2016Co-Authors: Ekaterina Dobryakova, John Deluca, Silvana L. Costa, Glenn R. Wylie, Helen M. GenovaAbstract:Objectives: Processing Speed impairment is the most prevalent cognitive deficit in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the neural mechanisms associated with Processing Speed remain under debate. The current investigation provides a dynamic representation of the functioning of the brain network involved in Processing Speed by examining effective connectivity pattern during a Processing Speed task in healthy adults and in MS individuals with and without Processing Speed impairment. Methods: Group assignment (Processing Speed impaired vs . intact) was based on participants’ performance on the Symbol Digit Modalities test (Parmenter, Testa, Schretlen, Weinstock-Guttman, & Benedict, 2010 ). First, brain regions involved in the Processing Speed task were determined in healthy participants. Time series from these functional regions of interest of each group of participants were then subjected to the effective connectivity analysis (Independent Multiple-Sample Greedy Equivalence Search and Linear, Non-Gaussian Orientation, Fixed Structure algorithms) that showed causal influences of one region on another during task performance. Results: The connectivity pattern of the Processing Speed impaired group was significantly different from the connectivity pattern of the Processing Speed intact group and of the healthy control group. Differences in the strength of common connections were also observed. Conclusions: Effective connectivity results reveal that MS individuals with Processing Speed impairment not only have connections that differ from healthy participants and MS individuals without Processing Speed impairment, but also have increased strengths of connections. ( JINS , 2016, 22 , 216–224)
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the relationship between executive functioning Processing Speed and white matter integrity in multiple sclerosis
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2013Co-Authors: Helen M. Genova, John Deluca, Nancy D. Chiaravalloti, Glenn R. WylieAbstract:The primary purpose of the current study was to examine the relationship between performance on executive tasks and white matter integrity, assessed by diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in multiple sclerosis (MS). A second aim was to examine how Processing Speed affects the relationship between executive functioning and fractional anisotropy (FA). This relationship was examined in two executive tasks that rely heavily on Processing Speed: the Color–Word Interference Test and the Trail Making Test (Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System). It was hypothesized that reduced FA is related to poor performance on executive tasks in MS, but that this relationship would be affected by the statistical correction of Processing Speed from the executive tasks. A total of 15 healthy controls and 25 persons with MS participated. Regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between executive functioning and FA, both before and after Processing Speed was removed from the executive scores. Before Processing Speed...
Sharon G Lynch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the impact of multiple sclerosis on patients performance on the stroop test Processing Speed versus interference
Journal of The International Neuropsychological Society, 2009Co-Authors: Douglas R Denney, Sharon G LynchAbstract:Deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients’ performance on the Stroop Test have been attributed to problems with Processing Speed and selective attention. Data for 248 MS patients and 178 controls on all three trials of the Stroop were combined using various scoring formulas proposed for assessing Processing Speed, color difficulty, and interference. The greatest differences between patients and controls involved Processing Speed. Formulas purporting to measure interference yielded highly inconsistent results: Significant differences between groups were found on two of the most common measures but were in opposite directions. This contradiction stems from the failure of both measures to effectively control for Processing Speed when assessing interference. Three alternative measures, using relative, ratio, and residualized scores, offer much better indices of interference. When assessed with these alternative measures, interference increased with age, but no differences between patients and controls were found. Difficulties that MS patients have with the Stroop Test are confined to Processing Speed. ( JINS , 2009, 15 , 451–458.)
