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Menachem Elimelech - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • superhydrophilic thin film composite Forward Osmosis membranes for organic fouling control fouling behavior and antifouling mechanisms
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Alberto Tiraferri, Yan Kang, Emmanuel P. Giannelis, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    This study investigates the fouling behavior and fouling resistance of superhydrophilic thin-film composite Forward Osmosis membranes functionalized with surface-tailored nanoparticles. Fouling experiments in both Forward Osmosis and reverse Osmosis modes are performed with three model organic foulants: alginate, bovine serum albumin, and Suwannee river natural organic matter. A solution comprising monovalent and divalent salts is employed to simulate the solution chemistry of typical wastewater effluents. Reduced fouling is consistently observed for the superhydrophilic membranes compared to control thin-film composite polyamide membranes, in both reverse and Forward Osmosis modes. The fouling resistance and cleaning efficiency of the functionalized membranes is particularly outstanding in Forward Osmosis mode where the driving force for water flux is an osmotic pressure difference. To understand the mechanism of fouling, the intermolecular interactions between the foulants and the membrane surface are a...

  • reverse draw solute permeation in Forward Osmosis modeling and experiments
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2010
    Co-Authors: William A Phillip, Jui Shan Yong, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    Osmotically driven membrane processes are an emerging set of technologies that show promise in water and wastewater treatment, desalination, and power generation. The effective operation of these systems requires that the reverse flux of draw solute from the draw solution into the feed solution be minimized. A model was developed that describes the reverse permeation of draw solution across an asymmetric membrane in Forward Osmosis operation. Experiments were carried out to validate the model predictions with a highly soluble salt (NaCl) as a draw solution and a cellulose acetate membrane designed for Forward Osmosis. Using independently determined membrane transport coefficients, strong agreement between the model predictions and experimental results was observed. Further analysis shows that the reverse flux selectivity, the ratio of the Forward water flux to the reverse solute flux, is a key parameter in the design of osmotically driven membrane processes. The model predictions and experiments demonstra...

  • high performance thin film composite Forward Osmosis membrane
    Environmental Science & Technology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Ngai Yin Yip, Alberto Tiraferri, William A Phillip, Jessica D Schiffman, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    Recent studies show that osmotically driven membrane processes may be a viable technology for desalination, water and wastewater treatment, and power generation. However, the absence of a membrane designed for such processes is a significant obstacle hindering further advancements of this technology. This work presents the development of a high performance thin-film composite membrane for Forward Osmosis applications. The membrane consists of a selective polyamide active layer formed by interfacial polymerization on top of a polysulfone support layer fabricated by phase separation onto a thin (40 μm) polyester nonwoven fabric. By careful selection of the polysulfone casting solution (i.e., polymer concentration and solvent composition) and tailoring the casting process, we produced a support layer with a mix of finger-like and sponge-like morphologies that give significantly enhanced membrane performance. The structure and performance of the new thin-film composite Forward Osmosis membrane are compared wi...

  • performance evaluation of sucrose concentration using Forward Osmosis
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2009
    Co-Authors: Esperanza M Garciacastello, Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    Concentrating sugar solutions is a common process used in the production of many food products for either dewatering a high value product or concentrating waste streams prior to disposal. Thermal and pressure-driven dewatering methods are widely used, but they are prohibitively energy intensive and hence, expensive. Osmotically driven membrane processes, like Forward Osmosis, may be a viable and sustainable alternative to these current technologies. Using NaCl as a surrogate draw solution, this investigation shows that Forward Osmosis processes can lead to sucrose concentration factors that far exceed current pressure-driven membrane technologies, such as reverse Osmosis. For instance, a concentration factor of 5.7 was achieved by Forward Osmosis with a starting sucrose concentration of 0.29 M, compared to reported concentration factors of up to 2.5 with reverse Osmosis. Water fluxes were found to be lower than those commonly obtained in reverse Osmosis, which is a consequence of the significantly higher concentration factors in conjunction with internal concentration polarization. The latter is a common problem in Forward Osmosis processes that utilize current generation anisotropic polymeric membranes. Further advances in Forward Osmosis membrane technology would yield higher water fluxes and concentration factors.

  • Energy requirements of ammonia-carbon dioxide Forward Osmosis desalination
    Desalination, 2007
    Co-Authors: Robert L. Mcginnis, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    The energy requirements of ammonia-carbon dioxide Forward Osmosis (FO) desalination are predicted by the use of chemical process modeling software (HYSYS). The FO process is modeled using single or multiple distillation columns to separate draw solution solutes from the product water for solute recycling within the FO system. Thermal and electrical energy requirements of the process are calculated, as well as a combined term for equivalent electrical work. The results of the simulations are compared to the energy requirements of current desalination technologies. Energy savings of FO compared to current technologies, on an equivalent work basis, are projected to range from 72% to 85%. Forward Osmosis desalination is in an early stage of its development, and several areas of future work promise opportunities to improve its energy utilization and cost. © 2007.

Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Beer dealcoholization by Forward Osmosis diafiltration
    Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 2020
    Co-Authors: Alan Ambrosi, Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon, Mateus B. Motke, Érica A. Souza-silva, Cláudia Alcaraz Zini, Nilo Sérgio Medeiros Cardozo, Isabel Cristina Tessaro
    Abstract:

    Abstract Membrane separation processes used for beer dealcoholization have as main advantage the operation at mild temperatures when compared to traditional thermal technologies. Such alternatives to thermal treatment preserve the organoleptic quality of the foods that are being processed. This work assesses the use of Forward Osmosis to dealcoholize a commercial beer containing 5 vol% of alcohol. In this process, water and ethanol are removed from the beer simultaneously, and diafiltration is used to rehydrate the beer, reducing its alcohol content. We assess this study by characterizing the chemical profile of the beer before and after the FO diafiltration process. It was possible to obtain a low alcohol beer containing 0.5 vol%, but physical-chemical properties were impaired. The turbidity and salinity increased by 44% and 70%, respectively, while color decreased 7%. We also noticed the loss of flavor compounds. Results indicate that Forward Osmosis can be an alternative to reduce the ethanol content of aqueous solutions such as beverages and fermentation broths.

  • pH Sensitivity of Ion Exchange through a Thin Film Composite Membrane in Forward Osmosis
    Environmental Science and Technology Letters, 2015
    Co-Authors: Jason T. Arena, Malgorzata Chwatko, Holly A. Robillard, Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon
    Abstract:

    The uneven permeation of cations and anions through Forward Osmosis membranes offers a new technical challenge in the development of Forward Osmosis processes. Cation exchange in polyamide thin film composite membranes is caused by carboxylic acid functional groups within the structure of these membranes’ selective layers. These functional groups will gain or lose a proton depending on the external solution pH. The deprotonation of a polyamide at alkaline pHs results in a net negative charge, allowing for the exchange of cations between feed and draw solutions having monovalent cations. In this study, the importance of solution pH in influencing cation transport across a commercial thin film composite Forward Osmosis membrane was examined. It was found that cation transport across this membrane varies significantly with changes in pH and occurred fastest at alkaline pH.

  • a new commercial thin film composite membrane for Forward Osmosis
    Desalination, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon
    Abstract:

    Abstract New membranes for Forward Osmosis (FO) have been made by numerous academic groups around the world. Few of these designs, however, have made it to full-scale production. For two decades, the only FO membrane made on a full-scale production line was a cellulose acetate membrane from Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI). Only recently have other companies designed new membranes and produced them on a large scale, but those membranes are still largely unavailable to academic researchers. In this study, we report on a newly launched Forward Osmosis membrane from HTI. This thin film composite (TFC) membrane is a departure from their cellulose acetate platform and is among if not the first TFC membrane to be made on a 40-inch line. The TFC membrane tested, which is their first generation TFC membrane, exhibited high water permeance and good mechanical strength relative to other membranes discussed in the academic literature. Under FO tests, the membrane achieved high water flux of 46.4 and 22.9 L m− 2 h− 1 with a modest salt flux of 24.9 and 6.4 g m− 2 h− 1 using 1 M sodium chloride against deionized water in pressure retarded Osmosis (PRO) and FO modes, respectively.

  • Solute and water transport in Forward Osmosis using polydopamine modified thin film composite membranes
    Desalination, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jason T. Arena, Seetha S. Manickam, Kevin K. Reimund, Benny D. Freeman, Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon
    Abstract:

    Forward Osmosis is a rapidly emerging technology that has potential to enable low cost water treatment and desalination. Previous investigations have found that reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes were unsuitable for Forward Osmosis in part due to their hydrophobic support layers, which inhibit wetting. Poor wetting hinders water and solute transport in the support layer, dramatically increasing the severity of internal concentration polarization. In this study, RO membrane support layers were modified with polydopamine (PDA) to increase their hydrophilicity and promote wetting. The results indicate that the modified RO membranes exhibited a four to six fold increase in Forward Osmosis (FO) water flux under test conditions relative to unmodified membranes. Additional tests were performed under model desalination conditions using an ammonia-carbon dioxide draw solution with a sodium chloride feed. The sodium and chloride rejections were measured independently and in some instances substantial differences were observed. Additionally sodium and chloride rejections were lower than anticipated with a peak rejection of 90%. The substantial difference between sodium and chloride rejections was attributed to a cationic exchange effect between the draw and feed solutions. © 2014 Elsevier B.V.

  • A new commercial thin film composite membrane for Forward Osmosis
    Desalination, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jian Ren, Jeffrey R. Mccutcheon
    Abstract:

    New membranes for Forward Osmosis (FO) have been made by numerous academic groups around the world. Few of these designs, however, have made it to full-scale production. For two decades, the only FO membrane made on a full-scale production line was a cellulose acetate membrane from Hydration Technology Innovations (HTI). Only recently have other companies designed new membranes and produced them on a large scale, but those membranes are still largely unavailable to academic researchers. In this study, we report on a newly launched Forward Osmosis membrane from HTI. This thin film composite (TFC) membrane is a departure from their cellulose acetate platform and is among if not the first TFC membrane to be made on a 40-inch line. The TFC membrane tested, which is their first generation TFC membrane, exhibited high water permeance and good mechanical strength relative to other membranes discussed in the academic literature. Under FO tests, the membrane achieved high water flux of 46.4 and 22.9Lm-2h-1 with a modest salt flux of 24.9 and 6.4gm-2h-1 using 1M sodium chloride against deionized water in pressure retarded Osmosis (PRO) and FO modes, respectively. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.

Tzahi Y. Cath - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Forward Osmosis principles applications and recent developments
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2006
    Co-Authors: Tzahi Y. Cath, Amy E. Childress, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    Osmosis is a physical phenomenon that has been extensively studied by scientists in various disciplines of science and engineering. Early researchers studied the mechanism of Osmosis through natural materials, and from the 1960s, special attention has been given to Osmosis through synthetic materials. Following the progress in membrane science in the last few decades, especially for reverse Osmosis applications, the interests in engineered applications of Osmosis has been spurred. Osmosis, or as it is currently referred to as Forward Osmosis, has new applications in separation processes for wastewater treatment, food processing, and seawater/brackish water desalination. Other unique areas of Forward Osmosis research include pressure-retarded Osmosis for generation of electricity from saline and fresh water and implantable osmotic pumps for controlled drug release. This paper provides the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of Forward Osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations.

  • Forward Osmosis: Principles, applications, and recent developments
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2006
    Co-Authors: Tzahi Y. Cath, Amy E. Childress, Menachem Elimelech
    Abstract:

    Osmosis is a physical phenomenon that has been extensively studied by scientists in various disciplines of science and engineering. Early researchers studied the mechanism of Osmosis through natural materials, and from the 1960s, special attention has been given to Osmosis through synthetic materials. Following the progress in membrane science in the last few decades, especially for reverse Osmosis applications, the interests in engineered applications of Osmosis has been spurred. Osmosis, or as it is currently referred to as Forward Osmosis, has new applications in separation processes for wastewater treatment, food processing, and seawater/brackish water desalination. Other unique areas of Forward Osmosis research include pressure-retarded Osmosis for generation of electricity from saline and fresh water and implantable osmotic pumps for controlled drug release. This paper provides the state-of-the-art of the physical principles and applications of Forward Osmosis as well as their strengths and limitations. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Taishung Chung - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • sustainable water recovery from oily wastewater via Forward Osmosis membrane distillation fo md
    Water Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Sui Zhang, Peng Wang, Xiuzhu Fu, Taishung Chung
    Abstract:

    Abstract This study proposed and investigated a hybrid Forward Osmosis – membrane distillation (FO-MD) system for sustainable water recovery from oily wastewater by employing lab-fabricated FO and MD hollow fiber membranes. Stable oil-in-water emulsions of different concentrations with small droplet sizes (

  • double skinned Forward Osmosis membranes for reducing internal concentration polarization within the porous sublayer
    Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2010
    Co-Authors: Kai Yu Wang, Taishung Chung
    Abstract:

    A scheme to fabricate Forward Osmosis membranes comprising a highly porous sublayer sandwiched between two selective skin layers via phase inversion was proposed. One severe deficiency of existing composite and asymmetric membranes used in Forward Osmosis is the presence of unfavorable internal concentration polarization within the porous support layer that hinders both (i) separation (salt flux) and (ii) the performance (water flux). The double skin layers of the tailored membrane may mitigate the internal concentration polarization by preventing the salt and other solutes in the draw solution from penetrating into the membrane porous support. The prototype double-skinned cellulose acetate membrane displayed a water flux of 48.2 L·m−2·h−1 and lower reverse salt transport of 6.5 g·m−2·h−1 using 5.0 M MgCl2 as the draw solution in a Forward Osmosis process performed at 22 °C. This can be attributed to the effective salt rejection by the double skin layers and the low water transport resistance within the p...

  • polybenzimidazole pbi nanofiltration hollow fiber membranes applied in Forward Osmosis process
    Journal of Membrane Science, 2007
    Co-Authors: Kai Yu Wang, Taishung Chung
    Abstract:

    Abstract For the first time, the potential of polybenzimidazole (PBI) nanofiltration membrane as a Forward Osmosis membrane has been investigated. PBI was chosen mainly because of its unique nanofiltration characteristics, robust mechanical strength and excellent chemical stability. The MgCl 2 solutions with different concentrations and other different salt solutions were employed as draw solutions to test the water permeation flux through the PBI membrane during Forward Osmosis. High water permeation flux and excellent salt selectivity were achieved by using the PBI nanofiltration membrane which has a narrow pore size distribution. Effects of membrane morphology, operation conditions and flowing patterns of two feed streams within the membrane module on water transport performance have been investigated. It may conclude that PBI nanofiltration membrane is a promising candidate as a Forward Osmosis (FO) membrane.

Nidal Hilal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • an integrated fertilizer driven Forward Osmosis renewables powered membrane distillation system for brackish water desalination a combined experimental and theoretical approach
    Desalination, 2019
    Co-Authors: Wafa Suwaileh, Daniel R Jones, Daniel Johnson, Nidal Hilal
    Abstract:

    Abstract Utilization of an integrated Forward Osmosis-solar powered membrane distillation system can provide a promising method for brackish water desalination. In this study, the brackish water feed and fertilizer draw solutions were operated in a Forward Osmosis process to generate irrigation water for agriculture. Forward Osmosis was also selected as membrane distillation pre-treatment to avoid fouling and wetting of the membrane distillation membrane. Subsequently, the diluted draw solutions were treated in the membrane distillation system to recover the initial osmotic pressure and to obtain a final distillate permeate. The experimental results revealed that the modified Forward Osmosis membrane exhibited slightly better performance in terms of maximum water flux, minimum reverse solute flux and high water recovery of 53.5%. In the membrane distillation process, an optimum water flux of about 5.7 L/m2. hr and high rejection rate of about 99.55% were achieved at an optimum temperature of 60 °C. Modelling was applied to investigate the feasibility of using a solar collector to power the membrane distillation system and hence limit energy costs. By using renewable energy, we calculate that the energy consumption of the hybrid system could be reduced by 67%. Membrane distillation-solar powered system can achieve optimum energy consumption recoded as 1.1 kWh. We concluded that the diluted fertilizer draw solution can be used as an irrigation water after further dilution by an available water source. By using Forward Osmosis prior to membrane distillation process, the membrane distillation membrane showed less fouling and wetting leading to excellent rejection rate and acceptable distillate permeate. The energy consumption of the Forward Osmosis-solar powered membrane distillation system was lower than that for reverse Osmosis stand-alone system. The findings of this work could be used to develop guidelines for the optimal design of industrial Forward Osmosis-membrane distillation system.