The Experts below are selected from a list of 10983 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Leon Barron - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biomonitoring of pesticides pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in a Freshwater Invertebrate to estimate toxic or effect pressure
Environment International, 2019Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Nicolas R. Bury, Samuel T Bury, Sophie E Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:Multiple classes of environmental contaminants have been found in aquatic environments, globally. Understanding internalised concentrations in the organism could further improve the risk assessment process. The present study is concerned with the determination of several contaminant classes (107 compounds) in Gammarus pulex collected from 15 sites covering 5 river catchments across Suffolk, UK. Quantitative method performance was acceptable for 67 compounds including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, illicit drugs and drugs of abuse. A total of 56 compounds were detectable and ranged from
risk assessment for pharmaceuticals in the environment. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.] -
uptake biotransformation and elimination of selected pharmaceuticals in a Freshwater Invertebrate measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Chemosphere, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:Methods were developed to assess uptake and elimination kinetics in Gammarus pulex of nine pharmaceuticals (sulfamethazine, carbamazepine, diazepam, temazepam, trimethoprim, warfarin, metoprolol, nifedipine and propranolol) using targeted LC-MS/MS to determine bioconcentration factors (BCFs) using a 96 h toxicokinetic exposure and depuration period. The derived BCFs for these pharmaceuticals did not trigger any regulatory thresholds and ranged from 0 to 73 L kg−1 (sulfamethazine showed no bioconcentration). Metabolism of chemicals can affect accurate BCF determination through parameterisation of the kinetic models. The added selectivity of LC-MS/MS allowed us to develop confirmatory methods to monitor the biotransformation of propranolol, carbamazepine and diazepam in G. pulex. Varying concentrations of the biotransformed products; 4-hydroxypropranolol sulphate, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam were measured following exposure of the precursor compounds. For diazepam, the biotransformation product nordiazepam was present at higher concentrations than the parent compound at 94 ng g−1 dw. Overall, the results indicate that pharmaceutical accumulation is low in these Freshwater amphipods, which can potentially be explained by the rapid biotransformation and excretion.
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Assessing the reliability of uptake and elimination kinetics modelling approaches for estimating bioconcentration factors in the Freshwater Invertebrate, Gammarus pulex
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Gillian Mceneff, Lucy C. Stott, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:This study considers whether the current standard toxicokinetic methods are an accurate and applicable assessment of xenobiotic exposure in an aquatic Freshwater Invertebrate. An in vivo exposure examined the uptake and elimination kinetics for eight pharmaceutical compounds in the amphipod crustacean, Gammarus pulex by measuring their concentrations in both biological material and in the exposure medium over a 96 h period. Selected pharmaceuticals included two anti-inflammatories (diclofenac and ibuprofen), two beta-blockers (propranolol and metoprolol), an anti-depressant (imipramine), an anti-histamine (ranitidine) and two beta-agonists (formoterol and terbutaline). Kinetic bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the selected pharmaceuticals were derived from a first-order one-compartment model using either the simultaneous or sequential modelling methods. Using the simultaneous method for parameter estimation, BCF values ranged from 12 to 212. In contrast, the sequential method for parameter estimation resulted in bioconcentration factors ranging from 19 to 4533. Observed toxicokinetic plots showed statistically significant lack-of-fits and further interrogation of the models revealed a decreasing trend in the uptake rate constant over time for rantidine, diclofenac, imipramine, metoprolol, formoterol and terbutaline. Previous published toxicokinetic data for 14 organic micro-pollutants were also assessed and similar trends were identified to those observed in this study. The decreasing trend of the uptake rate constant over time highlights the need to interpret modelled data more comprehensively to ensure uncertainties associated with uptake and elimination parameters for determining bioconcentration factors are minimised.
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pharmaceuticals in the Freshwater Invertebrate gammarus pulex determined using pulverised liquid extraction solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Science of The Total Environment, 2015Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Gillian L Mceneff, Rebecca J Brown, Leon BarronAbstract:The development, characterisation and application of a new analytical method for multi-residue PPCP determination in the Freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex are presented. Analysis was performed using pulverised liquid extraction (PuLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Qualitative method performance offered excellent limits of detection at <20 ng g(-1) for 18 out of 29 compounds. For quantitative application, linearity and precision were considered acceptable for 10 compounds across the ng-μg g(-1) range (R2≥0.99; ≤20% relative standard deviation respectively). The method was applied to the analysis of G. pulex and river water sourced from six tributaries of the River Thames. Carbamazepine, diazepam, nimesulide, trimethoprim and warfarin were determined in G. pulex samples at low ng g(-1) (dry weight) concentrations across these sites. Temazepam and diclofenac were also detected, but were not quantifiable. Six pharmaceuticals were quantified in surface waters across the eight sites at concentrations ranging from 3 to 344 ng L(-1). The possibility for confirmatory detection and subsequent quantification of pharmaceutical residues in benthic organisms such as G. pulex will enable further understanding on the susceptibility and ecological effects of PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
Anja M Carlsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the barents sea svalbard franz josef land and novaya zemlya
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Stephen J Coulson, Peter Convey, K Aakra, Leif Aarvik, Maria Luisa Avilajimenez, A B Babenko, Elisabeth M Biersma, Sven Bostrom, John E Brittain, Anja M CarlssonAbstract:Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are generally considered to be species poor, fragile and often isolated. Nonetheless, their intricate complexity, especially that of the Invertebrate component, is beginning to emerge. Attention has become focused on the Arctic both due to the importance of this rapidly changing region for the Earth and also the inherent interest of an extreme and unique environment. The three archipelagoes considered here, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, delineate the Barents Sea to the west, north and east. This is a region of convergence for Palearctic and Nearctic faunas re-colonising the Arctic following the retreat of the ice after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Despite the harsh Arctic environment and the short period since deglaciation, the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea are inhabited by diverse Invertebrate communities. But there is an obvious imbalance in our knowledge of many taxa of each archipelago, and in our knowledge of many taxa. Research effort in Svalbard is increasing rapidly while there are still few reports, particularly in the western literature, from Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Nevertheless, there appears to be a surprising degree of dissimilarity between the Invertebrate faunas, possibly reflecting colonization history. We provide a baseline synthesis of the terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate fauna of the Barents Sea archipelagoes, highlight the taxa present, the characteristic elements of fauna and the complexity of their biogeography. In doing so, we provide a background from which to assess responses to environmental change for a region under increasing international attention from scientific, industrial and political communities as well as non-governmental organizations and the general public.
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The terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Steve J. Coulson, Peter Convey, K Aakra, Leif Aarvik, Elisabeth M Biersma, Sven Bostrom, John E Brittain, M. L. Avila-jimenez, A. Babenko, Anja M CarlssonAbstract:Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are generally considered to be species poor, fragile and often isolated. Nonetheless, their intricate complexity, especially that of the Invertebrate component, is beginning to emerge. Attention has become focused on the Arctic both due to the importance of this rapidly changing region for the Earth and also the inherent interest of an extreme and unique environment. The three archipelagoes considered here, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, delineate the Barents Sea to the west, north and east. This is a region of convergence for Palearctic and Nearctic faunas re-colonising the Arctic following the retreat of the ice after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Despite the harsh Arctic environment and the short period since deglaciation, the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea are inhabited by diverse Invertebrate communities. But there is an obvious imbalance in our knowledge of many taxa of each archipelago, and in our knowledge of many taxa. Research effort in Svalbard is increasing rapidly while there are still few reports, particularly in the western literature, from Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Nevertheless, there appears to be a surprising degree of dissimilarity between the Invertebrate faunas, possibly reflecting colonization history. We provide a baseline synthesis of the terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate fauna of the Barents Sea archipelagoes, highlight the taxa present, the characteristic elements of fauna and the complexity of their biogeography. In doing so, we provide a background from which to assess responses to environmental change for a region under increasing international attention from scientific, industrial and political communities as well as non-governmental organizations and the general public.
Peter Convey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sub antarctic Freshwater Invertebrate thermal tolerances an assessment of critical thermal limits and behavioral responses
Insects, 2020Co-Authors: Javier Rendollcarcamo, Peter Convey, Tamara Contador, J KennedyAbstract:Physiological thermal limits of organisms are linked to their geographic distribution. The assessment of such limits can provide valuable insights when monitoring for environmental thermal alterations. Using the dynamic critical thermal method (CTM), we assessed the upper (CTmax) and lower (CTmin) thermal limits of three Freshwater macroInvertebrate taxa with restricted low elevation distribution (20 m a.s.l.) and three taxa restricted to upper elevations (480 and 700 m a.s.l.) in the Magellanic sub-Antarctic ecoregion of southern Chile. In general terms, macroInvertebrates restricted to lower altitudinal ranges possess a broader thermal tolerance than those restricted to higher elevations. Upper and lower thermal limits are significantly different between taxa throughout the altitudinal gradient. Data presented here suggest that Freshwater macroInvertebrates restricted to upper altitudinal ranges may be useful indicators of thermal alteration in their habitats, due to their relatively low tolerance to increasing temperatures and the ease with which behavioral responses can be detected.
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the terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the barents sea svalbard franz josef land and novaya zemlya
Soil Biology & Biochemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Stephen J Coulson, Peter Convey, K Aakra, Leif Aarvik, Maria Luisa Avilajimenez, A B Babenko, Elisabeth M Biersma, Sven Bostrom, John E Brittain, Anja M CarlssonAbstract:Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are generally considered to be species poor, fragile and often isolated. Nonetheless, their intricate complexity, especially that of the Invertebrate component, is beginning to emerge. Attention has become focused on the Arctic both due to the importance of this rapidly changing region for the Earth and also the inherent interest of an extreme and unique environment. The three archipelagoes considered here, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, delineate the Barents Sea to the west, north and east. This is a region of convergence for Palearctic and Nearctic faunas re-colonising the Arctic following the retreat of the ice after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Despite the harsh Arctic environment and the short period since deglaciation, the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea are inhabited by diverse Invertebrate communities. But there is an obvious imbalance in our knowledge of many taxa of each archipelago, and in our knowledge of many taxa. Research effort in Svalbard is increasing rapidly while there are still few reports, particularly in the western literature, from Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Nevertheless, there appears to be a surprising degree of dissimilarity between the Invertebrate faunas, possibly reflecting colonization history. We provide a baseline synthesis of the terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate fauna of the Barents Sea archipelagoes, highlight the taxa present, the characteristic elements of fauna and the complexity of their biogeography. In doing so, we provide a background from which to assess responses to environmental change for a region under increasing international attention from scientific, industrial and political communities as well as non-governmental organizations and the general public.
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The terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate biodiversity of the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya
Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014Co-Authors: Steve J. Coulson, Peter Convey, K Aakra, Leif Aarvik, Elisabeth M Biersma, Sven Bostrom, John E Brittain, M. L. Avila-jimenez, A. Babenko, Anja M CarlssonAbstract:Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are generally considered to be species poor, fragile and often isolated. Nonetheless, their intricate complexity, especially that of the Invertebrate component, is beginning to emerge. Attention has become focused on the Arctic both due to the importance of this rapidly changing region for the Earth and also the inherent interest of an extreme and unique environment. The three archipelagoes considered here, Svalbard, Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya, delineate the Barents Sea to the west, north and east. This is a region of convergence for Palearctic and Nearctic faunas re-colonising the Arctic following the retreat of the ice after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Despite the harsh Arctic environment and the short period since deglaciation, the archipelagoes of the Barents Sea are inhabited by diverse Invertebrate communities. But there is an obvious imbalance in our knowledge of many taxa of each archipelago, and in our knowledge of many taxa. Research effort in Svalbard is increasing rapidly while there are still few reports, particularly in the western literature, from Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya. Nevertheless, there appears to be a surprising degree of dissimilarity between the Invertebrate faunas, possibly reflecting colonization history. We provide a baseline synthesis of the terrestrial and Freshwater Invertebrate fauna of the Barents Sea archipelagoes, highlight the taxa present, the characteristic elements of fauna and the complexity of their biogeography. In doing so, we provide a background from which to assess responses to environmental change for a region under increasing international attention from scientific, industrial and political communities as well as non-governmental organizations and the general public.
Thomas H. Miller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biomonitoring of pesticides pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in a Freshwater Invertebrate to estimate toxic or effect pressure
Environment International, 2019Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Nicolas R. Bury, Samuel T Bury, Sophie E Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:Multiple classes of environmental contaminants have been found in aquatic environments, globally. Understanding internalised concentrations in the organism could further improve the risk assessment process. The present study is concerned with the determination of several contaminant classes (107 compounds) in Gammarus pulex collected from 15 sites covering 5 river catchments across Suffolk, UK. Quantitative method performance was acceptable for 67 compounds including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, illicit drugs and drugs of abuse. A total of 56 compounds were detectable and ranged from
risk assessment for pharmaceuticals in the environment. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.] -
uptake biotransformation and elimination of selected pharmaceuticals in a Freshwater Invertebrate measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Chemosphere, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:Methods were developed to assess uptake and elimination kinetics in Gammarus pulex of nine pharmaceuticals (sulfamethazine, carbamazepine, diazepam, temazepam, trimethoprim, warfarin, metoprolol, nifedipine and propranolol) using targeted LC-MS/MS to determine bioconcentration factors (BCFs) using a 96 h toxicokinetic exposure and depuration period. The derived BCFs for these pharmaceuticals did not trigger any regulatory thresholds and ranged from 0 to 73 L kg−1 (sulfamethazine showed no bioconcentration). Metabolism of chemicals can affect accurate BCF determination through parameterisation of the kinetic models. The added selectivity of LC-MS/MS allowed us to develop confirmatory methods to monitor the biotransformation of propranolol, carbamazepine and diazepam in G. pulex. Varying concentrations of the biotransformed products; 4-hydroxypropranolol sulphate, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam were measured following exposure of the precursor compounds. For diazepam, the biotransformation product nordiazepam was present at higher concentrations than the parent compound at 94 ng g−1 dw. Overall, the results indicate that pharmaceutical accumulation is low in these Freshwater amphipods, which can potentially be explained by the rapid biotransformation and excretion.
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Assessing the reliability of uptake and elimination kinetics modelling approaches for estimating bioconcentration factors in the Freshwater Invertebrate, Gammarus pulex
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Gillian Mceneff, Lucy C. Stott, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:This study considers whether the current standard toxicokinetic methods are an accurate and applicable assessment of xenobiotic exposure in an aquatic Freshwater Invertebrate. An in vivo exposure examined the uptake and elimination kinetics for eight pharmaceutical compounds in the amphipod crustacean, Gammarus pulex by measuring their concentrations in both biological material and in the exposure medium over a 96 h period. Selected pharmaceuticals included two anti-inflammatories (diclofenac and ibuprofen), two beta-blockers (propranolol and metoprolol), an anti-depressant (imipramine), an anti-histamine (ranitidine) and two beta-agonists (formoterol and terbutaline). Kinetic bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the selected pharmaceuticals were derived from a first-order one-compartment model using either the simultaneous or sequential modelling methods. Using the simultaneous method for parameter estimation, BCF values ranged from 12 to 212. In contrast, the sequential method for parameter estimation resulted in bioconcentration factors ranging from 19 to 4533. Observed toxicokinetic plots showed statistically significant lack-of-fits and further interrogation of the models revealed a decreasing trend in the uptake rate constant over time for rantidine, diclofenac, imipramine, metoprolol, formoterol and terbutaline. Previous published toxicokinetic data for 14 organic micro-pollutants were also assessed and similar trends were identified to those observed in this study. The decreasing trend of the uptake rate constant over time highlights the need to interpret modelled data more comprehensively to ensure uncertainties associated with uptake and elimination parameters for determining bioconcentration factors are minimised.
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pharmaceuticals in the Freshwater Invertebrate gammarus pulex determined using pulverised liquid extraction solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Science of The Total Environment, 2015Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Gillian L Mceneff, Rebecca J Brown, Leon BarronAbstract:The development, characterisation and application of a new analytical method for multi-residue PPCP determination in the Freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex are presented. Analysis was performed using pulverised liquid extraction (PuLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Qualitative method performance offered excellent limits of detection at <20 ng g(-1) for 18 out of 29 compounds. For quantitative application, linearity and precision were considered acceptable for 10 compounds across the ng-μg g(-1) range (R2≥0.99; ≤20% relative standard deviation respectively). The method was applied to the analysis of G. pulex and river water sourced from six tributaries of the River Thames. Carbamazepine, diazepam, nimesulide, trimethoprim and warfarin were determined in G. pulex samples at low ng g(-1) (dry weight) concentrations across these sites. Temazepam and diclofenac were also detected, but were not quantifiable. Six pharmaceuticals were quantified in surface waters across the eight sites at concentrations ranging from 3 to 344 ng L(-1). The possibility for confirmatory detection and subsequent quantification of pharmaceutical residues in benthic organisms such as G. pulex will enable further understanding on the susceptibility and ecological effects of PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
Nicolas R. Bury - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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biomonitoring of pesticides pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in a Freshwater Invertebrate to estimate toxic or effect pressure
Environment International, 2019Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Nicolas R. Bury, Samuel T Bury, Sophie E Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:Multiple classes of environmental contaminants have been found in aquatic environments, globally. Understanding internalised concentrations in the organism could further improve the risk assessment process. The present study is concerned with the determination of several contaminant classes (107 compounds) in Gammarus pulex collected from 15 sites covering 5 river catchments across Suffolk, UK. Quantitative method performance was acceptable for 67 compounds including pharmaceuticals, pesticides, illicit drugs and drugs of abuse. A total of 56 compounds were detectable and ranged from
risk assessment for pharmaceuticals in the environment. [Abstract copyright: Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.] -
uptake biotransformation and elimination of selected pharmaceuticals in a Freshwater Invertebrate measured using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Chemosphere, 2017Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:Methods were developed to assess uptake and elimination kinetics in Gammarus pulex of nine pharmaceuticals (sulfamethazine, carbamazepine, diazepam, temazepam, trimethoprim, warfarin, metoprolol, nifedipine and propranolol) using targeted LC-MS/MS to determine bioconcentration factors (BCFs) using a 96 h toxicokinetic exposure and depuration period. The derived BCFs for these pharmaceuticals did not trigger any regulatory thresholds and ranged from 0 to 73 L kg−1 (sulfamethazine showed no bioconcentration). Metabolism of chemicals can affect accurate BCF determination through parameterisation of the kinetic models. The added selectivity of LC-MS/MS allowed us to develop confirmatory methods to monitor the biotransformation of propranolol, carbamazepine and diazepam in G. pulex. Varying concentrations of the biotransformed products; 4-hydroxypropranolol sulphate, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, nordiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam were measured following exposure of the precursor compounds. For diazepam, the biotransformation product nordiazepam was present at higher concentrations than the parent compound at 94 ng g−1 dw. Overall, the results indicate that pharmaceutical accumulation is low in these Freshwater amphipods, which can potentially be explained by the rapid biotransformation and excretion.
-
Assessing the reliability of uptake and elimination kinetics modelling approaches for estimating bioconcentration factors in the Freshwater Invertebrate, Gammarus pulex
Science of The Total Environment, 2016Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Gillian Mceneff, Lucy C. Stott, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Leon BarronAbstract:This study considers whether the current standard toxicokinetic methods are an accurate and applicable assessment of xenobiotic exposure in an aquatic Freshwater Invertebrate. An in vivo exposure examined the uptake and elimination kinetics for eight pharmaceutical compounds in the amphipod crustacean, Gammarus pulex by measuring their concentrations in both biological material and in the exposure medium over a 96 h period. Selected pharmaceuticals included two anti-inflammatories (diclofenac and ibuprofen), two beta-blockers (propranolol and metoprolol), an anti-depressant (imipramine), an anti-histamine (ranitidine) and two beta-agonists (formoterol and terbutaline). Kinetic bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for the selected pharmaceuticals were derived from a first-order one-compartment model using either the simultaneous or sequential modelling methods. Using the simultaneous method for parameter estimation, BCF values ranged from 12 to 212. In contrast, the sequential method for parameter estimation resulted in bioconcentration factors ranging from 19 to 4533. Observed toxicokinetic plots showed statistically significant lack-of-fits and further interrogation of the models revealed a decreasing trend in the uptake rate constant over time for rantidine, diclofenac, imipramine, metoprolol, formoterol and terbutaline. Previous published toxicokinetic data for 14 organic micro-pollutants were also assessed and similar trends were identified to those observed in this study. The decreasing trend of the uptake rate constant over time highlights the need to interpret modelled data more comprehensively to ensure uncertainties associated with uptake and elimination parameters for determining bioconcentration factors are minimised.
-
pharmaceuticals in the Freshwater Invertebrate gammarus pulex determined using pulverised liquid extraction solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Science of The Total Environment, 2015Co-Authors: Thomas H. Miller, Stewart F. Owen, Nicolas R. Bury, Gillian L Mceneff, Rebecca J Brown, Leon BarronAbstract:The development, characterisation and application of a new analytical method for multi-residue PPCP determination in the Freshwater amphipod, Gammarus pulex are presented. Analysis was performed using pulverised liquid extraction (PuLE), solid phase extraction (SPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Qualitative method performance offered excellent limits of detection at <20 ng g(-1) for 18 out of 29 compounds. For quantitative application, linearity and precision were considered acceptable for 10 compounds across the ng-μg g(-1) range (R2≥0.99; ≤20% relative standard deviation respectively). The method was applied to the analysis of G. pulex and river water sourced from six tributaries of the River Thames. Carbamazepine, diazepam, nimesulide, trimethoprim and warfarin were determined in G. pulex samples at low ng g(-1) (dry weight) concentrations across these sites. Temazepam and diclofenac were also detected, but were not quantifiable. Six pharmaceuticals were quantified in surface waters across the eight sites at concentrations ranging from 3 to 344 ng L(-1). The possibility for confirmatory detection and subsequent quantification of pharmaceutical residues in benthic organisms such as G. pulex will enable further understanding on the susceptibility and ecological effects of PPCPs in the aquatic environment.
