The Experts below are selected from a list of 40515 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Shiro Kohshima - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fluctuations of population density in bornean orangutans pongo pygmaeus morio related to fruit availability in the danum valley sabah malaysia a 10 year record including two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruitings
Primates, 2017Co-Authors: Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, Henry Bernard, Titol Peter Malim, Shiro KohshimaAbstract:We investigated the population density of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and fruit availability for 10 years (2005–2014), in primary lowland dipterocarp forests in the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. During the research period, two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruiting events of different scales occurred in the study area. The orangutan population density, estimated every 2 months by the marked nest count method, changed between 0.3 and 4.4 ind/km2 and the mean population density was 1.3 ind/km2 ± SE 0.1 (n = 56). The population density increased markedly during mast and peak Fruiting periods. A significant positive correlation was observed between the population density and fruit availability in the study period (Spearman, R = 0.3, P < 0.01, n = 56). During non-Fruiting periods, however, no significant correlation was observed between them. These results suggest that the spatial difference in fruit availability during mast and peak Fruiting periods was larger than during non-Fruiting periods, and many orangutans temporarily moved to the study site from the surrounding areas seeking fruit.
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fluctuations of population density in bornean orangutans pongo pygmaeus morio related to fruit availability in the danum valley sabah malaysia a 10 year record including two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruitings
Primates, 2017Co-Authors: Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, Henry Bernard, Titol Peter Malim, Shiro KohshimaAbstract:We investigated the population density of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and fruit availability for 10 years (2005–2014), in primary lowland dipterocarp forests in the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. During the research period, two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruiting events of different scales occurred in the study area. The orangutan population density, estimated every 2 months by the marked nest count method, changed between 0.3 and 4.4 ind/km2 and the mean population density was 1.3 ind/km2 ± SE 0.1 (n = 56). The population density increased markedly during mast and peak Fruiting periods. A significant positive correlation was observed between the population density and fruit availability in the study period (Spearman, R = 0.3, P < 0.01, n = 56). During non-Fruiting periods, however, no significant correlation was observed between them. These results suggest that the spatial difference in fruit availability during mast and peak Fruiting periods was larger than during non-Fruiting periods, and many orangutans temporarily moved to the study site from the surrounding areas seeking fruit.
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feeding ecology of bornean orangutans pongo pygmaeus morio in danum valley sabah malaysia a 3 year record including two mast Fruitings
American Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, Henry Bernard, Titol Peter Malim, Shiro KohshimaAbstract:We observed the diet and activity of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the primary lowland dipterocarp forests of Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia, during 2005–2007, including two mast Fruitings. We collected 1,785 hr of focal data on 26 orangutans. We identified 1,466 samples of their food plants and conducted a fallen fruit census to monitor fruit availability in the study area. Their activity budget was 47.2% feeding, 34.4% resting, and 16.9% traveling. Fruits accounted for the largest part (60.9%) of feeding time, especially during mast Fruiting periods (64.0–100%), although the percentages of leaves (22.2%) and bark (12.3%) were higher than those reported for P. abelii and P. pygmaeus wurmbii. Although 119 genera and 160 plant species were consumed by focal animals, only 9 genera accounted for more than 3% of feeding time (total: 67.8% for 9 genera). In particular, the focal orangutans fed intensively on Ficus and Spatholobus during most of the study period, especially in periods of fruit shortage. The percentage of fruit feeding changed markedly from 11.7 to 100% across different months of the year, and was positively correlated with the amount of fallen fruit. When fruit feeding and availability decreased, orangutans fed primarily on leaves of Spatholobus and Ficus, and the bark of Spatholobus and dipterocarp. The percentage of time devoted to feeding during mast Fruitings, when the orangutans foraged almost exclusively on fruits, was lower than during seasons when the orangutan diet included leaves and bark as well as fruits. Resting increased as feeding decreased in the late stage of each Fruiting season, suggesting that the orangutans adopted an energy-minimizing strategy to survive the periods of fruit shortage by using energy stored during the fruit season. Am. J. Primatol. 72:820–840, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Yuchih Liang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative anti inflammatory characterization of wild Fruiting body liquid state fermentation and solid state culture of taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007Co-Authors: Hongjen Liang, Chienho Chen, Chinghua Su, Chunting Huang, Lingfang Hung, Yuchih Liang, Wenbin ZhongAbstract:Abstract Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild Fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild Fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 microglia was treated with various kinds of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to evaluate the iNOS expression. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that among the various kinds of extracts from wild Fruiting bodies, methanol extracts were the most potent inhibitors of iNOS expression. Secondly, the potency of methanol extracts could be ranked as follows: extracts of wild Fruiting body > solid-state culture > liquid-state fermentation. To clarify the mechanisms involved, methanol extracts from Fruiting body were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) induced by LPS/IFN-γ. Methanol extracts from Fruiting body also inhibited NF-κB activation through the prevention of inhibitor κB (IκB) degradation. Moreover, methanol extracts from wild Fruiting body inhibited both the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by β-amyloid in microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In an animal model, we confirmed that methanol extracts from Fruiting bodies were able to suppress ear edema, indicating that they have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. These results suggest that Taiwanofungus camphoratus exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity that might contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
Wenbin Zhong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative anti inflammatory characterization of wild Fruiting body liquid state fermentation and solid state culture of taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007Co-Authors: Hongjen Liang, Chienho Chen, Chinghua Su, Chunting Huang, Lingfang Hung, Yuchih Liang, Wenbin ZhongAbstract:Abstract Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild Fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild Fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 microglia was treated with various kinds of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to evaluate the iNOS expression. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that among the various kinds of extracts from wild Fruiting bodies, methanol extracts were the most potent inhibitors of iNOS expression. Secondly, the potency of methanol extracts could be ranked as follows: extracts of wild Fruiting body > solid-state culture > liquid-state fermentation. To clarify the mechanisms involved, methanol extracts from Fruiting body were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) induced by LPS/IFN-γ. Methanol extracts from Fruiting body also inhibited NF-κB activation through the prevention of inhibitor κB (IκB) degradation. Moreover, methanol extracts from wild Fruiting body inhibited both the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by β-amyloid in microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In an animal model, we confirmed that methanol extracts from Fruiting bodies were able to suppress ear edema, indicating that they have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. These results suggest that Taiwanofungus camphoratus exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity that might contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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comparative anti inflammatory characterization of wild Fruiting body liquid state fermentation and solid state culture of taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007Co-Authors: Derzen Liu, Hongjen Liang, Chienho Chen, Chunting Huang, Tzonghuei Lee, Wen Chi Hou, Shyryi Lin, Wenbin ZhongAbstract:Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild Fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild Fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 microglia was treated with various kinds of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to evaluate the iNOS expression. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that among the various kinds of extracts from wild Fruiting bodies, methanol extracts were the most potent inhibitors of iNOS expression. Secondly, the potency of methanol extracts could be ranked as follows: extracts of wild Fruiting body>solid-state culture>liquid-state fermentation. To clarify the mechanisms involved, methanol extracts from Fruiting body were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) induced by LPS/IFN-gamma. Methanol extracts from Fruiting body also inhibited NF-kappaB activation through the prevention of inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) degradation. Moreover, methanol extracts from wild Fruiting body inhibited both the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by beta-amyloid in microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In an animal model, we confirmed that methanol extracts from Fruiting bodies were able to suppress ear edema, indicating that they have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. These results suggest that Taiwanofungus camphoratus exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity that might contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
Tomoko Kanamori - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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fluctuations of population density in bornean orangutans pongo pygmaeus morio related to fruit availability in the danum valley sabah malaysia a 10 year record including two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruitings
Primates, 2017Co-Authors: Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, Henry Bernard, Titol Peter Malim, Shiro KohshimaAbstract:We investigated the population density of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and fruit availability for 10 years (2005–2014), in primary lowland dipterocarp forests in the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. During the research period, two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruiting events of different scales occurred in the study area. The orangutan population density, estimated every 2 months by the marked nest count method, changed between 0.3 and 4.4 ind/km2 and the mean population density was 1.3 ind/km2 ± SE 0.1 (n = 56). The population density increased markedly during mast and peak Fruiting periods. A significant positive correlation was observed between the population density and fruit availability in the study period (Spearman, R = 0.3, P < 0.01, n = 56). During non-Fruiting periods, however, no significant correlation was observed between them. These results suggest that the spatial difference in fruit availability during mast and peak Fruiting periods was larger than during non-Fruiting periods, and many orangutans temporarily moved to the study site from the surrounding areas seeking fruit.
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fluctuations of population density in bornean orangutans pongo pygmaeus morio related to fruit availability in the danum valley sabah malaysia a 10 year record including two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruitings
Primates, 2017Co-Authors: Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, Henry Bernard, Titol Peter Malim, Shiro KohshimaAbstract:We investigated the population density of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) and fruit availability for 10 years (2005–2014), in primary lowland dipterocarp forests in the Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia. During the research period, two mast Fruitings and three other peak Fruiting events of different scales occurred in the study area. The orangutan population density, estimated every 2 months by the marked nest count method, changed between 0.3 and 4.4 ind/km2 and the mean population density was 1.3 ind/km2 ± SE 0.1 (n = 56). The population density increased markedly during mast and peak Fruiting periods. A significant positive correlation was observed between the population density and fruit availability in the study period (Spearman, R = 0.3, P < 0.01, n = 56). During non-Fruiting periods, however, no significant correlation was observed between them. These results suggest that the spatial difference in fruit availability during mast and peak Fruiting periods was larger than during non-Fruiting periods, and many orangutans temporarily moved to the study site from the surrounding areas seeking fruit.
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feeding ecology of bornean orangutans pongo pygmaeus morio in danum valley sabah malaysia a 3 year record including two mast Fruitings
American Journal of Primatology, 2010Co-Authors: Tomoko Kanamori, Noko Kuze, Henry Bernard, Titol Peter Malim, Shiro KohshimaAbstract:We observed the diet and activity of Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus morio) in the primary lowland dipterocarp forests of Danum Valley, Sabah, Malaysia, during 2005–2007, including two mast Fruitings. We collected 1,785 hr of focal data on 26 orangutans. We identified 1,466 samples of their food plants and conducted a fallen fruit census to monitor fruit availability in the study area. Their activity budget was 47.2% feeding, 34.4% resting, and 16.9% traveling. Fruits accounted for the largest part (60.9%) of feeding time, especially during mast Fruiting periods (64.0–100%), although the percentages of leaves (22.2%) and bark (12.3%) were higher than those reported for P. abelii and P. pygmaeus wurmbii. Although 119 genera and 160 plant species were consumed by focal animals, only 9 genera accounted for more than 3% of feeding time (total: 67.8% for 9 genera). In particular, the focal orangutans fed intensively on Ficus and Spatholobus during most of the study period, especially in periods of fruit shortage. The percentage of fruit feeding changed markedly from 11.7 to 100% across different months of the year, and was positively correlated with the amount of fallen fruit. When fruit feeding and availability decreased, orangutans fed primarily on leaves of Spatholobus and Ficus, and the bark of Spatholobus and dipterocarp. The percentage of time devoted to feeding during mast Fruitings, when the orangutans foraged almost exclusively on fruits, was lower than during seasons when the orangutan diet included leaves and bark as well as fruits. Resting increased as feeding decreased in the late stage of each Fruiting season, suggesting that the orangutans adopted an energy-minimizing strategy to survive the periods of fruit shortage by using energy stored during the fruit season. Am. J. Primatol. 72:820–840, 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Hongjen Liang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative anti inflammatory characterization of wild Fruiting body liquid state fermentation and solid state culture of taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007Co-Authors: Hongjen Liang, Chienho Chen, Chinghua Su, Chunting Huang, Lingfang Hung, Yuchih Liang, Wenbin ZhongAbstract:Abstract Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild Fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild Fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 microglia was treated with various kinds of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) to evaluate the iNOS expression. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that among the various kinds of extracts from wild Fruiting bodies, methanol extracts were the most potent inhibitors of iNOS expression. Secondly, the potency of methanol extracts could be ranked as follows: extracts of wild Fruiting body > solid-state culture > liquid-state fermentation. To clarify the mechanisms involved, methanol extracts from Fruiting body were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) induced by LPS/IFN-γ. Methanol extracts from Fruiting body also inhibited NF-κB activation through the prevention of inhibitor κB (IκB) degradation. Moreover, methanol extracts from wild Fruiting body inhibited both the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by β-amyloid in microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In an animal model, we confirmed that methanol extracts from Fruiting bodies were able to suppress ear edema, indicating that they have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. These results suggest that Taiwanofungus camphoratus exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity that might contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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comparative anti inflammatory characterization of wild Fruiting body liquid state fermentation and solid state culture of taiwanofungus camphoratus in microglia and the mechanism of its action
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2007Co-Authors: Derzen Liu, Hongjen Liang, Chienho Chen, Chunting Huang, Tzonghuei Lee, Wen Chi Hou, Shyryi Lin, Wenbin ZhongAbstract:Taiwanofungus camphoratus (syn. Antrodia camphorata), a medicinal mushroom in Taiwan, is reputed to provide several therapeutic benefits, but the wild Fruiting body is very rare. In this study, we used Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts from wild Fruiting bodies and two types of artificial cultivation (solid-state culture and liquid-state fermentation) to examine their anti-inflammatory effects in microglia cells and their possible roles in protection against neurodegenerative diseases. First, EOC13.31 microglia was treated with various kinds of Taiwanofungus camphoratus extracts and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) to evaluate the iNOS expression. Western blot and RT-PCR analysis showed that among the various kinds of extracts from wild Fruiting bodies, methanol extracts were the most potent inhibitors of iNOS expression. Secondly, the potency of methanol extracts could be ranked as follows: extracts of wild Fruiting body>solid-state culture>liquid-state fermentation. To clarify the mechanisms involved, methanol extracts from Fruiting body were found to inhibit the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1) induced by LPS/IFN-gamma. Methanol extracts from Fruiting body also inhibited NF-kappaB activation through the prevention of inhibitor kappaB (IkappaB) degradation. Moreover, methanol extracts from wild Fruiting body inhibited both the iNOS and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression induced by beta-amyloid in microglia in a dose-dependent manner. In an animal model, we confirmed that methanol extracts from Fruiting bodies were able to suppress ear edema, indicating that they have anti-inflammatory activity in vivo. These results suggest that Taiwanofungus camphoratus exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity that might contribute to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
