Functional Anatomy

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Wade Lee-smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Patrick W. Mclaughlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Magnetic resonance imaging-guided Functional Anatomy approach to prostate brachytherapy.
    Brachytherapy, 2016
    Co-Authors: Payal D. Soni, Alejandro Berlin, Aradhana M. Venkatesan, Patrick W. Mclaughlin
    Abstract:

    Abstract Purpose To provide an MRI based Functional Anatomy guide to prostate brachytherapy. Methods and Materials We performed a narrative review of periprostatic Functional Anatomy and the significance of this Anatomy in prostate brachytherapy treatment planning. Results MRI has improved delineation of gross tumor and critical periprostatic structures that have been implicated in toxicity. Furthermore, MRI has revealed the significant anatomic variants and the dynamic nature of these structures that can have significant implications for treatment planning and dosimetry. Conclusions The MRI-based Functional Anatomy approach to prostate brachytherapy takes into account extent of disease, its relation to the patient's individual Anatomy, and Functional baseline to optimize the therapeutic ratio of prostate cancer treatment.

  • Vessel-sparing radiation and Functional Anatomy-based preservation for erectile function after prostate radiotherapy
    Lancet Oncology, 2016
    Co-Authors: Daniel E. Spratt, Adam L. Liss, Patrick W. Mclaughlin
    Abstract:

    Summary Treatment selection for men undergoing curative treatment for prostate cancer is often a challenging decision in view of the goal of maximising cure while maintaining quality of life. Previous quality-of-life comparisons suggest that specific outcomes are associated with type of treatment (surgery vs radiation); however, the Functional Anatomy approach, starting with nerve-sparing prostatectomy, assumes that quality-of-life outcomes are established by anatomic preservation. Emerging applications of the Functional Anatomy approach for prostate radiation will ultimately allow for individualised treatments that address the normal tissue variants visible on MRI. Such approaches will encompass all essential functions affected by treatment including genitourinary, rectal, and sexual functions. In this Review, we outline the current techniques in Functional Anatomy-based preservation related to sexual outcomes, and outline the capacity of vessel-sparing radiotherapy to preserve sexual function in 90% of patients at the 5 year follow-up while maintaining excellent cure rates.

  • Functional Anatomy of the prostate implications for treatment planning
    International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics, 2005
    Co-Authors: Patrick W. Mclaughlin, Sara Troyer, Sally Berri, Vrinda Narayana, Amichay Meirowitz, Peter L Roberson, James E Montie
    Abstract:

    Purpose: To summarize the Functional Anatomy relevant to prostate cancer treatment planning. Methods and Materials: Coronal, axial, and sagittal T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI angiography were fused by mutual information and registered with computed tomography (CT) scan data sets to improve definition of zonal Anatomy of the prostate and critical adjacent structures. Results: The three major prostate zones (inner, outer, and anterior fibromuscular) are visible by T2 MRI imaging. The bladder, bladder neck, and internal (preprostatic) sphincter are a continuous muscular structure and clear definition of the preprostatic sphincter is difficult by MRI. Transition zone hypertrophy may efface the bladder neck and internal sphincter. The external “lower” sphincter is clearly visible by T2 MRI with wide variations in length. The critical erectile structures are the internal pudendal artery (defined by MRI angiogram or T2 MRI), corpus cavernosum, and neurovascular bundle. The neurovascular bundle is visible along the posterior lateral surface of the prostate on CT and MRI, but its terminal branches (cavernosal nerves) are not visible and must be defined by their relationship to the urethra within the genitourinary diaphragm. Visualization of the ejaculatory ducts within the prostate is possible on sagittal MRI. The Anatomy of the prostate-rectum interface is clarified by MRI, as is the potentially important distinction of rectal muscle and rectal mucosa. Conclusion: Improved understanding of Functional Anatomy and imaging of the prostate and critical adjacent structures will improve prostate radiation therapy by improvement of dose and toxicity correlation, limitation of dose to critical structures, and potential improvement in post therapy quality of life.

Miguel Garzón - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Functional Anatomy of the Sleep-Wakefulness Cycle: Wakefulness - Functional Anatomy of the sleep-wakefulness cycle: wakefulness.
    Advances in Anatomy Embryology and Cell Biology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Fernando Reinoso-suárez, Isabel De Andrés, Miguel Garzón
    Abstract:

    : Sleep is a necessary, diverse, periodic, and an active condition circadian and homeostatically regulated and precisely meshed with waking time into the sleep-wakefulness cycle (SWC). Photic retinal stimulation modulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which acts as the pacemaker for SWC rhythmicity. Both the light period and social cues adjust the internal clock, making the SWC a circadian, 24-h period in the adult human. Bioelectrical and behavioral parameters characterize the different phases of the SWC. For a long time, lesions and electrical stimulation of brain structures, as well as connection studies, were the main methods used to decipher the foundations of the Functional Anatomy of the SWC. That is why the first section of this review presents these early historical studies to then discuss the current state of our knowledge based on our understanding of the Functional Anatomy of the structures underlying the SWC. Supported by this description, we then present a detailed review and update of the structures involved in the phase of wakefulness (W), including their morphological, Functional, and chemical characteristics, as well as their anatomical connections. The structures for W generation are known as the "ascending reticular activating system", and they keep and maintain the "thalamo-cerebral cortex unit" awake. This system originates from the neuronal groups located within the brainstem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain, which use known neurotransmitters and whose neurons are more active during W than during the other SWC states. Thus, synergies among several of these neurotransmitters are necessary to generate the cortical and thalamic activation that is characteristic of the W state, with all the plastic qualities and nuances present in its different behavioral circumstances. Each one of the neurotransmitters exerts powerful influences on the information and cognitive processes as well as attentional, emotional, motivational, behavioral, and arousal states. The awake "thalamo-cerebral cortex unit" controls and adjusts the activation pattern through a top-down action on the subcortical cellular groups that are the origin of the "ascending reticular activating system".

Physiology Environment Anatomy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

M. Lemort - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

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