The Experts below are selected from a list of 225 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
L. H. Shu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Need for Closure and individual tendency for design fixation and Functional Fixedness
Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science, 2018Co-Authors: L. H. ShuAbstract:Past work explored the use of Kruglanski’s Need for Closure scale to separately predict individual tendency for design fixation and Functional Fixedness. The Need for Closure scale is a social-psyc...
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Generating Reuse Possibilities for Retired Wind-Turbine Blades
EasyChair Preprints, 2018Co-Authors: S R X Jiang, David Inkermann, Thomas Vietor, L. H. ShuAbstract:This work aims to identify reuses for wind-turbine blades that are retired when they reach the end of their technical life. Wind-turbine blades are made from fiber-composite materials, for which technologies for effective material-based recycling are extremely limited. An approach to avoid or postpone recycling is to repurpose wind-turbine blades in other applications, as they should not be reused as wind-turbine blades for safety reasons.However, identifying promising reuses for wind-turbine blades is challenging due to their specific shape and material properties. In addition to issues of Functional Fixedness, wind-turbine blades are physically much larger than everyday objects with which people typically reason. Following a series of studies where engineering students were asked to identify wind-turbine-blade reuses, a method involving perspective-taking was developed and applied. The effects of this method on concept generation are reported and compared to SCAMPER, an existing design method. This work highlights the effectiveness of perspective-taking over SCAMPER for generating concepts, and incorporates psychological concepts, including Need for Closure and Regulatory Focus Theory.
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Object Reorientation and Creative Performance
Journal of Mechanical Design, 2018Co-Authors: A.-m. Oltețeanu, L. H. ShuAbstract:Functional Fixedness refers to a cognitive bias that prevents people from using objects in new ways and more abstractly from perceiving problems in new ways. Supporting people in overcoming Functional Fixedness could improve creative problem solving and capacities for creative design. A study was conducted to detect whether a relationship exists between participants' tendency to reorient objects presented as stimuli in an alternative uses test (AUT) and their creativity, also measured using the Wallach Kogan (WaKo) pattern meanings test. The AUT measures creativity as a function of identifying alternative uses for traditional objects. The WaKo pattern meanings test detects the ability to see an abstract pattern as different possible objects or scenes. Also studied is whether Kruglanski's need for closure (NFC) scale, a psychological measure, can predict the ability to incorporate reorientation cues when identifying uses. This study revealed highly significant, high correlations between reorientation and several creativity measures, and a correlation between reorientation and the predictability subscale of the NFC scale. A qualitative exploration of participants' responses reveals further metrics that may be relevant to assessing creativity in the AUT.
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Object Reorientation and Creative Performance
Volume 7: 29th International Conference on Design Theory and Methodology, 2017Co-Authors: Ana-maria Olteţeanu, L. H. ShuAbstract:Functional Fixedness refers to a cognitive bias that prevents people from using objects in new ways, and more abstractly, perceiving problems in new ways. Supporting people in overcoming Functional Fixedness could improve creative problem solving and capacities for creative design. A study was conducted to detect whether a relationship exists between participants’ tendency to reorient objects presented as stimuli in an Alternative Uses Test and their creativity, also measured using the Wallach Kogan pattern meanings test. The Alternative Uses Test measures creativity as a function of identifying alternative uses for traditional objects. The Wallach Kogan pattern-meanings test detects the ability to see an abstract pattern as different possible objects or scenes. Also studied is whether Kruglanski’s Need for Closure scale, a psychological measure, can predict the ability to incorporate reorientation cues when identifying uses. This study revealed highly significant, high correlations between reorientation and several creativity measures, and a correlation between reorientation and the predictability subscale of the Need for Closure scale. A qualitative exploration of participants’ responses reveals further metrics that may be relevant to assessing creativity in the Alternative Uses Test.
Edgar Erdfelder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How can I use it? The role of Functional Fixedness in the survival-processing paradigm
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2021Co-Authors: Meike Kroneisen, Michael Kriechbaumer, Siri-maria Kamp, Edgar ErdfelderAbstract:After imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any basic survival material and rating objects with respect to their relevance in this situation, participants show superior memory performance for these objects compared to a control scenario. A possible mechanism responsible for this memory advantage is the richness and distinctiveness with which information is encoded in the survival-scenario condition. When confronted with the unusual task of thinking about how an object can be used in a life-threatening context, participants will most likely consider both common and uncommon (i.e., novel) functions of this object. These ideas about potential functions may later serve as powerful retrieval cues that boost memory performance. We argue that objects differ in their potential to be used as novel, creative survival tools. Some objects may be low in Functional Fixedness, meaning that it is possible to use them in many different ways. Other objects, in contrast, may be high in Functional Fixedness, meaning that the possibilities to use them in non-standard ways is limited. We tested experimentally whether Functional Fixedness of objects moderates the strength of the survival-processing advantage compared to a moving control scenario. As predicted, we observed an interaction of the Functional Fixedness level with scenario type: The survival-processing memory advantage was more pronounced for objects low in Functional Fixedness compared to those high in Functional Fixedness. These results are in line with the richness-of-encoding explanation of the survival-processing advantage.
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how can i use it the role of Functional Fixedness in the survival processing paradigm
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2021Co-Authors: Meike Kroneisen, Michael Kriechbaumer, Siri-maria Kamp, Edgar ErdfelderAbstract:After imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any basic survival material and rating objects with respect to their relevance in this situation, participants show superior memory performance for these objects compared to a control scenario. A possible mechanism responsible for this memory advantage is the richness and distinctiveness with which information is encoded in the survival-scenario condition. When confronted with the unusual task of thinking about how an object can be used in a life-threatening context, participants will most likely consider both common and uncommon (i.e., novel) functions of this object. These ideas about potential functions may later serve as powerful retrieval cues that boost memory performance. We argue that objects differ in their potential to be used as novel, creative survival tools. Some objects may be low in Functional Fixedness, meaning that it is possible to use them in many different ways. Other objects, in contrast, may be high in Functional Fixedness, meaning that the possibilities to use them in non-standard ways is limited. We tested experimentally whether Functional Fixedness of objects moderates the strength of the survival-processing advantage compared to a moving control scenario. As predicted, we observed an interaction of the Functional Fixedness level with scenario type: The survival-processing memory advantage was more pronounced for objects low in Functional Fixedness compared to those high in Functional Fixedness. These results are in line with the richness-of-encoding explanation of the survival-processing advantage.
Tim P. German - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional Fixedness in a Technologically Sparse Culture
2015Co-Authors: Tim P. German, Clark H. BarrettAbstract:ABSTRACT—Problem solving can be inefficient when the solution requires subjects to generate an atypical function for an object and the object’s typical function has been primed. Subjects become ‘‘fixed’ ’ on the design function of the object, and problem solving suffers relative to control conditions in which the object’s function is not demon-strated. In the current study, such Functional Fixedness was demonstrated in a sample of adolescents (mean age of 16 years) among the Shuar of Ecuadorian Amazonia, whose technologically sparse culture provides limited ac-cess to large numbers of artifacts with highly specialized functions. This result suggests that design function may universally be the core property of artifact concepts in human semantic memory. Converging lines of evidence suggest that cognitive systems underwriting the acquisition and representation of knowledge about artifacts are distinct from those for natural kinds (e.g.
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Functional Fixedness in a Technologically Sparse Culture
Psychological science, 2005Co-Authors: Tim P. German, H. Clark BarrettAbstract:Problem solving can be inefficient when the solution requires subjects to generate an atypical function for an object and the object's typical function has been primed. Subjects become ''fixed'' on the design function of the object, and problem solving suffers relative to control conditions in which the object's function is not demon- strated. In the current study, such Functional Fixedness was demonstrated in a sample of adolescents (mean age of 16 years) among the Shuar of Ecuadorian Amazonia, whose technologically sparse culture provides limited ac- cess to large numbers of artifacts with highly specialized functions. This result suggests that design function may universally be the core property of artifact concepts in human semantic memory.
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Immunity to Functional Fixedness in young children
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2000Co-Authors: Tim P. German, Margaret Anne DefeyterAbstract:In the candle problem (Duncker, 1945), subjects must attach a candle to a vertical surface, using only a box of tacks and a book of matches. Subjects exhibit Functional Fixedness by failing, or being slow, to make use of one object (the tack box) as a support, rather than as a container, in their solutions. This failure to produce alternate functions is measured against improved performance when the tack box is presented empty rather than full of tacks (i.e., not preutilized as a container). Using an analogous task, we show that Functional Fixedness can be demonstrated in older children (6- and 7-year-olds); they are significantly slower to use a box as a support when its containment function has been demonstrated than when it has not. However, younger children (5-year-olds) are immune to this effect, showing no advantage when the standard function is not demonstrated. Moreover, their performance under conditions of preutilization is better than that of both older groups. These results are interpreted in terms of children’s developing intuitions about function and the effects of past experience on problem solving.
Meike Kroneisen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How can I use it? The role of Functional Fixedness in the survival-processing paradigm
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2021Co-Authors: Meike Kroneisen, Michael Kriechbaumer, Siri-maria Kamp, Edgar ErdfelderAbstract:After imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any basic survival material and rating objects with respect to their relevance in this situation, participants show superior memory performance for these objects compared to a control scenario. A possible mechanism responsible for this memory advantage is the richness and distinctiveness with which information is encoded in the survival-scenario condition. When confronted with the unusual task of thinking about how an object can be used in a life-threatening context, participants will most likely consider both common and uncommon (i.e., novel) functions of this object. These ideas about potential functions may later serve as powerful retrieval cues that boost memory performance. We argue that objects differ in their potential to be used as novel, creative survival tools. Some objects may be low in Functional Fixedness, meaning that it is possible to use them in many different ways. Other objects, in contrast, may be high in Functional Fixedness, meaning that the possibilities to use them in non-standard ways is limited. We tested experimentally whether Functional Fixedness of objects moderates the strength of the survival-processing advantage compared to a moving control scenario. As predicted, we observed an interaction of the Functional Fixedness level with scenario type: The survival-processing memory advantage was more pronounced for objects low in Functional Fixedness compared to those high in Functional Fixedness. These results are in line with the richness-of-encoding explanation of the survival-processing advantage.
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how can i use it the role of Functional Fixedness in the survival processing paradigm
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2021Co-Authors: Meike Kroneisen, Michael Kriechbaumer, Siri-maria Kamp, Edgar ErdfelderAbstract:After imagining being stranded in the grasslands of a foreign land without any basic survival material and rating objects with respect to their relevance in this situation, participants show superior memory performance for these objects compared to a control scenario. A possible mechanism responsible for this memory advantage is the richness and distinctiveness with which information is encoded in the survival-scenario condition. When confronted with the unusual task of thinking about how an object can be used in a life-threatening context, participants will most likely consider both common and uncommon (i.e., novel) functions of this object. These ideas about potential functions may later serve as powerful retrieval cues that boost memory performance. We argue that objects differ in their potential to be used as novel, creative survival tools. Some objects may be low in Functional Fixedness, meaning that it is possible to use them in many different ways. Other objects, in contrast, may be high in Functional Fixedness, meaning that the possibilities to use them in non-standard ways is limited. We tested experimentally whether Functional Fixedness of objects moderates the strength of the survival-processing advantage compared to a moving control scenario. As predicted, we observed an interaction of the Functional Fixedness level with scenario type: The survival-processing memory advantage was more pronounced for objects low in Functional Fixedness compared to those high in Functional Fixedness. These results are in line with the richness-of-encoding explanation of the survival-processing advantage.
Sharon L. Thompson-schill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Functional Fixedness in Creative Thinking Tasks Depends on Stimulus Modality.
Psychology of aesthetics creativity and the arts, 2016Co-Authors: Evangelia G. Chrysikou, Katharine Motyka, Cristina Nigro, Song-i Yang, Sharon L. Thompson-schillAbstract:Pictorial examples during creative thinking tasks can lead participants to fixate on these examples and reproduce their elements even when yielding suboptimal creative products. Semantic memory research may illuminate the cognitive processes underlying this effect. Here, we examined whether pictures and words differentially influence access to semantic knowledge for object concepts depending on whether the task is close- or open-ended. Participants viewed either names or pictures of everyday objects, or a combination of the two, and generated common, secondary, or ad hoc uses for them. Stimulus modality effects were assessed quantitatively through reaction times and qualitatively through a novel coding system, which classifies creative output on a continuum from top-down-driven to bottom-up-driven responses. Both analyses revealed differences across tasks. Importantly, for ad hoc uses, participants exposed to pictures generated more top-down-driven responses than those exposed to object names. These findings have implications for accounts of Functional Fixedness in creative thinking, as well as theories of semantic memory for object concepts.
