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M E Stanghellini - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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viability of oomycete propagules following ingestion and excretion by Fungus Gnats shore flies and snails
Plant Disease, 2009Co-Authors: Naveen Hyder, Michael D Coffey, M E StanghelliniAbstract:ABSTRACT Sporangia of Phytophthora capsici and P. nicotianae, as well as hyphal swellings of Pythium splendens, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum, were ingested by adult shore flies but none were viable after passing through the digestive tract. Oospores of Pythium aphanidermatum retained their viability following ingestion by adult shore flies. Larval stages of Fungus Gnats and shore flies ingested sporangia of Phytophthora capsici, P. nicotianae, and P. ramorum, but they were not viable upon excretion. In contrast, hyphal swellings of Pythium splendens, P. sylvaticum, and P. ultimum, chlamydospores of Phytophthora ramorum, and oospores of Pythium aphanidermatum, retained their viability after passage through the digestive tract of these larvae. Snails were capable of ingesting and excreting viable sporangia and chlamydospores of P. ramorum, which upon excretion infected detached leaves. Although the impact of larvae and snails in the rapid dissemination of pathogen propagules is unknown, this work does high...
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disease development on lisianthus following aerial transmission of fusarium avenaceum by adult shore flies Fungus Gnats and moth flies
Plant Disease, 2005Co-Authors: Z A Elhamalawi, M E StanghelliniAbstract:ABSTRACT Fusarium crown and stem rot of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), caused by Fusarium avenaceum, is a destructive disease in California. The pathogen produces large masses of orangecolored macroconidia on stem lesions that extend up to 35 cm in length from the soil surface. Populations of macroconidia (97% viability) range from 1.1 × 108 to 1.9 × 108 per cm of infected stem tissue. An aboveground life stage for a soilborne pathogen could serve as a source for acquisition and aerial dissemination by adult shore flies, Fungus Gnats, and moth flies. Our results provide evidence that these three insects are attracted to and readily acquire (either externally and/or internally) macroconidia of F. avenaceum produced on naturally infected lisianthus stems and then disseminate acquired macroconidia to healthy plants, which subsequently died, or to an abiotic substrate (Komada's medium, KM). The high percentage of transmission, as evidenced by both the number of KM plates colonized by the pathogen (up to 6...
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disease development on lisianthus following aerial transmission of fusarium avenaceum by adult shore flies Fungus Gnats and moth flies
Plant Disease, 2005Co-Authors: Z A Elhamalawi, M E StanghelliniAbstract:Fusarium crown and stem rot of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), caused by Fusarium avenaceum, is a destructive disease in California. The pathogen produces large masses of orangecolored macroconidia on stem lesions that extend up to 35 cm in length from the soil surface. Populations of macroconidia (97% viability) range from 1.1 × 108 to 1.9 × 108 per cm of infected stem tissue. An aboveground life stage for a soilborne pathogen could serve as a source for acquisition and aerial dissemination by adult shore flies, Fungus Gnats, and moth flies. Our results provide evidence that these three insects are attracted to and readily acquire (either externally and/or internally) macroconidia of F. avenaceum produced on naturally infected lisianthus stems and then disseminate acquired macroconidia to healthy plants, which subsequently died, or to an abiotic substrate (Komada's medium, KM). The high percentage of transmission, as evidenced by both the number of KM plates colonized by the pathogen (up to 68.5% within 18 h) and the number of plants infected (75% within 4 days), reflects the efficiency of these insects as vectors.
Raymond A Cloyd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effects of Growing Medium Type and Moisture Level on Predation by Adult Rove Beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), on Fungus Gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Diptera: Sciaridae), Larvae under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions
HortScience, 2017Co-Authors: Nathan J. Herrick, Raymond A CloydAbstract:The Fungus gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila (Lintner) (Diptera: Sciaridae), is an insect pest of greenhouse production systems. The rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria [Kraatz] (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), is a commercially available predator of certain greenhouse insect pests that reside in growing media, including Fungus Gnats. There is minimal information discussing how growing medium type and moisture level (watering treatment) impact the interactions between pests and natural enemies. Therefore, we conducted laboratory and greenhouse experiments to investigate the influence of two growing media (Sunshine® LC1 Professional Growing Mix and Fafard® 3B Mix Professional Formula) and two moisture levels (“constantly saturated” and “initially saturated”) on predation by adult D. coriaria on B. sp. nr. coprophila larvae after releasing one or two rove beetle adults. In the laboratory experiment, moisture content or the amount of water retained by the growing medium did not significantly influence the recovery of adult Fungus Gnats for any of the rove beetle treatments. However, there was a significant difference in the recovery of Fungus gnat adults between the two growing media. Fewer Fungus gnat adults emerged from the Sunshine® LC1 Professional Growing Mix (0.9 ± 0.2 adults) than the Fafard® 3B Mix Professional Formula (6.0 ± 0.9 adults). Significantly fewer adult Fungus Gnats were recovered in the treatments where one rove beetle adult was released (2.7 ± 0.7 adults) and two rove beetle adults were released (2.3 ± 0.5 adults) compared with the control without rove beetles (5.4 ± 1.4 adults). However, there was no significant difference between the number of rove beetle adults released. In contrast to the laboratory experiment, moisture content in the greenhouse experiment significantly influenced the recovery of adult Fungus Gnats. More adult Fungus Gnats were recovered from the “constantly saturated” treatment (9.9 ± 1.4 adults) than the “initially saturated” treatment (3.8 ± 1.0 adults). Similar to the laboratory experiment, there was a significant difference in the recovery of Fungus gnat adults between the two growing media, with fewer adults captured from the Sunshine® LC1 Professional Growing Mix (3.2 ± 0.8 adults) than the Fafard® 3B Mix Professional Formula (10.4 ± 1.4 adults). However, the treatments with rove beetle adults [one rove beetle (6.6 ± 1.8 adults) or two rove beetles (5.3 ± 1.5 adults)] were not significantly different from the control without rove beetles (8.6 ± 1.5 adults), suggesting that the growing media and moisture levels were acting directly on Fungus gnat survival. The results of our study demonstrate that survival of Fungus gnat larvae that reside in the growing medium and the success of rove beetle adults used to regulate these pests can be influenced by growing media and the moisture content within growing media.
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Ecology of Fungus Gnats (Bradysia spp.) in Greenhouse Production Systems Associated with Disease-Interactions and Alternative Management Strategies
Insects, 2015Co-Authors: Raymond A CloydAbstract:Fungus Gnats (Bradysia spp.) are major insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops mainly due to the direct feeding damage caused by the larvae, and the ability of larvae to transmit certain soil-borne plant pathogens. Currently, insecticides and biological control agents are being used successively to deal with Fungus gnat populations in greenhouse production systems. However, these strategies may only be effective as long as greenhouse producers also implement alternative management strategies such as cultural, physical, and sanitation. This includes elimination of algae, and plant and growing medium debris; placing physical barriers onto the growing medium surface; and using materials that repel Fungus gnat adults. This article describes the disease-interactions associated with Fungus Gnats and foliar and soil-borne diseases, and the alternative management strategies that should be considered by greenhouse producers in order to alleviate problems with Fungus Gnats in greenhouse production systems.
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Life history parameters of the rove beetle Atheta coriaria and efficacy against the Fungus gnat Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila
2011Co-Authors: Erik R. Echegaray, Raymond A CloydAbstract:Fungus Gnats (Bradysia spp.) are major insect pests in greenhouse production systems throughout the USA. A number of biological control agents are commercially available for use against Fungus Gnats, including the rove beetle Atheta coriaria. However, despite initial evidence associated with its potential as a biological control agent, there is no quantitative information available on efficacy of A. coriaria against the Fungus gnat Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila. Prior to determining efficacy, however, it is important to understand the life history parameters of a biological control agent in order to assess potential effectiveness. As such, the overall objective of this study was to determine if A. coriaria is a viable biological control agent against Fungus Gnats under laboratory conditions. Life history parameters were determined based on visual observations including fecundity and longevity. Efficacy was evaluated using growing medium as a substrate and different predator and prey densities. The total development time from egg to adult was 18.4 0.5 days at 26 C. Fecundity was 90.2 eggs per female while adult longevity was 53.7 days. Rove beetle prey consumption was higher as Fungus gnat larval density increased. Based on the results, it appears that Atheta coriaria may be a viable biological control agent against Fungus Gnats.
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Activity of an Essential Oil Derived from Chenopodium ambrosioides on Greenhouse Insect Pests
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2007Co-Authors: Raymond A Cloyd, Helene ChiassonAbstract:Abstract This study involved both greenhouse and laboratory experiments evaluating the effect of an essential oil product (QRD 400) derived from Chenopodium ambrosioides variety nr. Ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) on greenhouse insect pests that feed on different plant parts: citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso); longtailed mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti); western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and Fungus Gnats (Bradysia spp.). Treatments were applied to coleus, Solenostemon scutellarioides plants; transvaal daisy, Gerbera jamesonii flowers; or growing medium, depending on the insect pest. The essential oil was most effective, based on adult emergence, on both the second and third instars of the Fungus gnat Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila when applied as a drench to growing medium. In addition, there was a significant rate response for QRD 400 on Fungus Gnats. The QRD 400 treatment had the highest percentage of mortality on longtailed mealybug (55%) compare...
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Fungus Gnats bradysia spp diptera sciaridae and other arthropods in commercial bagged soilless growing media and rooted plant plugs
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2004Co-Authors: Raymond A Cloyd, Edmond R ZaborskiAbstract:Fungus Gnats, Bradysia spp., in greenhouses cause economic losses to horticultural producers by damaging young root systems during plant propagation, by spreading soilborne diseases, and by reducing the marketability of the crop. In a greenhouse cage study, our observations suggested that bagged soilless growing media or rooted plant plugs from wholesale distributors may be sources for the introduction of Fungus Gnats into commercial greenhouse facilities. To evaluate these possibilities, carefully collected samples of bagged soilless growing media stored in the greenhouse, as well as bagged soilless growing media and rooted plant plugs delivered from midwestern wholesale distributors, were incubated under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Fungus Gnats emerged from soilless media stored in the greenhouse, soilless media delivered from wholesale distributors, and from rooted plant plugs delivered from wholesale distributors. These results demonstrate that pasteurization of even bagged soilless media may be essential to effectively managing greenhouse populations of Fungus Gnats. However, pasteurization is not an option for responding to contamination of rooted plant plugs. Preliminary evidence is provided that application of entomopathogenic nematodes may offer potential as a method for managing Fungus Gnats in plant plugs, so long as treatment is early. Other arthropods found contaminating soilless media and rooted plant plugs included the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), Collembola, Acari, Formicidae, Staphylinidae, Psychodidae, and other Diptera.
Z A Elhamalawi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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disease development on lisianthus following aerial transmission of fusarium avenaceum by adult shore flies Fungus Gnats and moth flies
Plant Disease, 2005Co-Authors: Z A Elhamalawi, M E StanghelliniAbstract:ABSTRACT Fusarium crown and stem rot of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), caused by Fusarium avenaceum, is a destructive disease in California. The pathogen produces large masses of orangecolored macroconidia on stem lesions that extend up to 35 cm in length from the soil surface. Populations of macroconidia (97% viability) range from 1.1 × 108 to 1.9 × 108 per cm of infected stem tissue. An aboveground life stage for a soilborne pathogen could serve as a source for acquisition and aerial dissemination by adult shore flies, Fungus Gnats, and moth flies. Our results provide evidence that these three insects are attracted to and readily acquire (either externally and/or internally) macroconidia of F. avenaceum produced on naturally infected lisianthus stems and then disseminate acquired macroconidia to healthy plants, which subsequently died, or to an abiotic substrate (Komada's medium, KM). The high percentage of transmission, as evidenced by both the number of KM plates colonized by the pathogen (up to 6...
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disease development on lisianthus following aerial transmission of fusarium avenaceum by adult shore flies Fungus Gnats and moth flies
Plant Disease, 2005Co-Authors: Z A Elhamalawi, M E StanghelliniAbstract:Fusarium crown and stem rot of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum), caused by Fusarium avenaceum, is a destructive disease in California. The pathogen produces large masses of orangecolored macroconidia on stem lesions that extend up to 35 cm in length from the soil surface. Populations of macroconidia (97% viability) range from 1.1 × 108 to 1.9 × 108 per cm of infected stem tissue. An aboveground life stage for a soilborne pathogen could serve as a source for acquisition and aerial dissemination by adult shore flies, Fungus Gnats, and moth flies. Our results provide evidence that these three insects are attracted to and readily acquire (either externally and/or internally) macroconidia of F. avenaceum produced on naturally infected lisianthus stems and then disseminate acquired macroconidia to healthy plants, which subsequently died, or to an abiotic substrate (Komada's medium, KM). The high percentage of transmission, as evidenced by both the number of KM plates colonized by the pathogen (up to 68.5% within 18 h) and the number of plants infected (75% within 4 days), reflects the efficiency of these insects as vectors.
Rod Peakall - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Caught in the act: pollination of sexually deceptive trap-flowers by Fungus Gnats in Pterostylis (Orchidaceae).
Annals of Botany, 2013Co-Authors: Ryan D. Phillips, Daniela Scaccabarozzi, Bryony Alexandra Retter, Christine M. Hayes, Graham R. Brown, Kingsley W. Dixon, Rod PeakallAbstract:†BackgroundandAimsPterostylis is an Australasian terrestrial orchid genus of more than 400 species, most of which use a motile, touch-sensitive labellum to trap dipteran pollinators. Despite studies dating back to 1872, the mechanism of pollinator attraction has remained elusive. This study tested whether the Fungus gnat-pollinated Pterostylis sanguinea secures pollination by sexual deception. †Methods The literature was used to establish criteria for confirming sexual deception as a pollination strategy. Observations and video recordings allowed quantification of each step of the pollination process. Each floral visitor was sexed and DNA barcoding was used to evaluate the degree of pollinator specificity. Following observations that attraction to the flowers is by chemical cues, experimental dissection of flowers was used to determine the source of the sexual attractant and the effect of labellum orientation on sexual attraction. Fruit set was quantified for 19 populations to test for a relationship with plant density and population size. †KeyResults A single species of male gnat (Mycetophilidae) visited and pollinated the rewardless flowers. The Gnats often showed probing copulatory behaviour on the labellum, leading to its triggering and the temporary entrapment of the gnat in the flower. Pollen deposition and removal occurred as the gnat escaped from the flower via the reproductive structures. The labellum was the sole source of the chemical attractant. Gnats always alighted on the labellum facing upwards, but when it was rotated 1808 they attempted copulation less frequently. Pollination rate showed no relationship with orchid population size or plant density. †Conclusions This study confirms for the first time that highly specific pollination by Fungus Gnats is achieved by sexual deception in Pterostylis. It is predicted that sexual deception will be widespread in the genus, although the diversity of floral forms suggests that other mechanisms may also operate.
Alexei Polevoi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Biodiversity Data Journal 2: e1068 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.2.e1068 Taxonomic paper Recent noteworthy findings of Fungus Gnats from
2016Co-Authors: Northwestern Russia, Jukka Salmela, Jevgeni Jakovlev, Alexei Polevoi, Jouni Penttinen, Noora-annukka VartijaAbstract:New faunistic data on Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excluding Sciaridae) from Finland and NW Russia (Karelia and Murmansk Region) are presented. A total of 64 and 34 species are reported for the first time form Finland and Russian Karelia, respectively. Nin
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recent noteworthy findings of Fungus Gnats from finland and northwestern russia diptera ditomyiidae keroplatidae bolitophilidae and mycetophilidae
Biodiversity Data Journal, 2014Co-Authors: Jevgeni Jakovlev, Jukka Salmela, Alexei Polevoi, Jouni Penttinen, Noora-annukka VartijaAbstract:New faunistic data on Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excluding Sciaridae) from Finland and NW Russia (Karelia and Murmansk Region) are presented. A total of 64 and 34 species are reported for the first time form Finland and Russian Karelia, respectively. Nine of the species are also new for the European fauna: Mycomya shewelli Vaisanen, 1984, Mycomya thula Vaisanen, 1984, Acnemia trifida Zaitzev, 1982, Coelosia gracilis Johannsen, 1912, Orfelia krivosheinae Zaitzev, 1994, Mycetophila biformis Maximova, 2002, Mycetophila monstera Maximova, 2002, Mycetophila uschaica Subbotina & Maximova, 2011 and Trichonta palustris Maximova, 2002.
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Recent noteworthy findings of Fungus Gnats from Finland and northwestern Russia (Diptera: Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae, Bolitophilidae and Mycetophilidae)
Pensoft Publishers, 2014Co-Authors: Jevgeni Jakovlev, Jukka Salmela, Alexei Polevoi, Jouni Penttinen, Noora-annukka VartijaAbstract:New faunistic data on Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Sciaroidea excluding Sciaridae) from Finland and NW Russia (Karelia and Murmansk Region) are presented. A total of 64 and 34 species are reported for the first time form Finland and Russian Karelia, respectively. Nine of the species are also new for the European fauna: Mycomya shewelli Väisänen, 1984, M. thula Väisänen, 1984, Acnemia trifida Zaitzev, 1982, Coelosia gracilis Johannsen, 1912, Orfelia krivosheinae Zaitzev, 1994, Mycetophila biformis Maximova, 2002, M. monstera Maximova, 2002, M. uschaica Subbotina & Maximova, 2011 and Trichonta palustris Maximova, 2002
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annotated checklist of Fungus Gnats from sweden diptera bolitophilidae diadocidiidae ditomyiidae keroplatidae and mycetophilidae
Insect Systematics & Evolution, 2007Co-Authors: Jostein Kjaerandsen, Alexei Polevoi, Olavi Kurina, Bjorn Okland, Kjell Hedmark, Frank GotmarkAbstract:The first modern Swedish checklist of Fungus Gnats of the families Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Ditomyiidae, Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae is presented. The checklist results from a comprehensive literature research as well as treatment of a considerable determined and undetermined material from Swedish museum collections and recent material from several sources. To get better grounds for judging many old and doubtful records from Sweden, a nearly complete review of Fungus Gnats from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund has been undertaken and identifications corrected where needed. In order to preserve nomenclatural stability three species names are reinstated, all with priority over junior synonyms, viz. Orfelia lugubris (Zetterstedt, 1851) comb. n. = Orfelia tristis (Lundstrom, 1911) syn. n., Ectrepesthoneura ovata Ostroverkhova, 1977 = Ectrepesthoneura bucera Plassmann, 1980 syn. n., and Dynatosoma thoracicum (Zetterstedt, 1838) sens. auct. nec Zaitzev = Dynatosoma norwegiense Zaitzev & Okland, 1994 syn. n. We further find the holotype of Mycetophila grisea Zetterstedt, 1852 to be identical to Mycetophila perpallida Chandler, 1993, but retain Mycetophila perpallida pending a review of other possible synonyms with precedence. Ectrepesthoneura pubescens (Zetterstedt, 1860) is found to be a synonym of Ectrepesthoneura unifurcata (Zetterstedt, 1860) comb. n. syn. n. where the first name is retained as valid due to page priority. Four names described by Zetterstedt remain nom. dub., viz.: Mycomya diluta (Zetterstedt, 1860), Mycomya (Mycomya) notata (Zetterstedt, 1860), Brevicornu fusculum (Zetterstedt, 1838), and Brevicornu obscurellum (Zetterstedt, 1838) comb. n. Stigmatomeria obscura (Winnertz, 1863) sp. restit. is found to be a distinct species separate from Stigmatomeria crassicornis (Stannius, 1831). New combinations are suggested for Exechia praedita Plassmann, 1976 = Exechiopsis (Xenexechia) praedita (Plassmann, 1976) comb. n., and for Rhymosia pectinacea Ostroverkhova, 1979 = Pseudexechia pectinacea (Ostroverkhova, 1979) comb. n. Having removed 17 published species names with doubtful or wrong records (listed at the end) we find that the published sources comprise altogether 585 species. 137 species are reported for the first time in Sweden, bringing the total up to 722. Additional 36 species considered to be new to science are mentioned for completeness, but will be further presented and described elsewhere. Hence, at present the known fauna (including claimed undescribed species) comprises 758 species in 83 genera; 25 species of the family Bolitophilidae, 5 of the family Diadocidiidae, 3 of the family Ditomyiidae, 45 of the family Keroplatidae, 679 of the family Mycetophilidae and 1 in the unplaced genus Sciarosoma Chandler. For each species a full account of published Swedish sources with pagination, all synonyms used in Sweden, and the currently known distribution in the Swedish provinces as well as the known world distribution is given. The Swedish species of Fungus Gnats are generally very widespread: 47% being widespread in Europe, 43% being distributed in the Eastern Palaearctic Region, and 25% having a Holarctic distribution. We find significantly higher species richness in the boreal forests of northern Sweden, but only 3% of the species so far described are known only from the Nordic biogeographical region.
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Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae) new to Finland
Entomologica Fennica, 2006Co-Authors: Alexei Polevoi, Jevgeni Jakovlev, Alexander I. ZaitzevAbstract:Polevoi, A., Jakovlev, J. & Zaitzev, A. 2006: Fungus Gnats (Diptera: Bolitophilidae, Diadocidiidae, Keroplatidae and Mycetophilidae) new to Finland. — Entomol. Fennica 17: 161–169. Thirty-sevenspeciesofFungusGnatsnewtoFinlandarereported.Elevenofthese are reported in Fennoscandia for the first time: Diadocidia fissa Zaitzev, Macrocera estonica Landrock, M. nigricoxa Winnertz, M. pusilla Meigen, Boletina pallidula Edwards, Mycetophila morata Zaitzev, M. ostentanea Zaitzev, Trichonta nigritula Edwards, T. subterminalis Zaitzev & Menzel, NeoempheriawinnertziEdwardsandNeurateliasintenisiLackschewitz. Therecords are based on original material collected in large-scale trapping projects in Southern and Eastern Finland mainly in old-growth forests during 1997–1998. Detailed information on Finnish findings, and data on the general distribution of thespeciesaregiven. Severalspeciesareknownwithonly one(typematerial) or afewpreviousrecordsrangingfromNorwaytoSakhalin.Fortwopoorly-known species,NeurateliasintenisiLackschewitzandRymosiapinnataOstroverkhova, new figures of male genitalia are presented.
