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J E Frey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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habitat specific population structure in native Western Flower Thrips frankliniella occidentalis insecta thysanoptera
Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick C Brunner, J E FreyAbstract:Invasions by pest organisms are among the main challenges for sustainable crop protection. They pose a serious threat to crop production by introducing a highly unpredictable element to existing crop protection strategies. The Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera) managed to invade ornamental greenhouses worldwide within < 25 years. To shed light on possible genetic and/or ecological factors that may have been responsible for this invasion success, we studied the population genetic structure of Western Flower Thrips in its native range in Western North America. Analysis of nucleotide sequence variation and variation at microsatellite loci revealed the existence of two habitat-specific phylogenetic lineages (ecotypes) with allopatric distribution. One lineage is associated with hot/dry climates, the second lineage is restricted to cool/moist climates. We speculate that the ecological niche segregation found in this study may be among the key factors determining the invasion potential of Western Flower Thrips.
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Habitat‐specific population structure in native Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera)
Journal of evolutionary biology, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick C Brunner, J E FreyAbstract:Invasions by pest organisms are among the main challenges for sustainable crop protection. They pose a serious threat to crop production by introducing a highly unpredictable element to existing crop protection strategies. The Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera) managed to invade ornamental greenhouses worldwide within
Raymond A. Cloyd - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Predation of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Pupal Populations by Rove Beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Adults
Journal of Entomological Science, 2020Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Dalotia coriaria Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a commercially available, soil-dwelling predator that preys upon a variety of insect pests that reside in soils or growing media. The impact of D. coriaria on the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), however, is not well documented. Three laboratory experiments were conducted to assess predation efficacy of D. coriaria adults on Western Flower Thrips pupal populations typically found in the soil or growing medium. Treatments included prepupae only, pupae only, and a prepupae-pupae combination (1:1). Six numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) of beetle adults and four initial numbers (15, 20, 25, and 30) of Thrips pupal populations were examined for each pupal stage treatment. For each pupal stage treatment, the estimated mean probability of Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards decreased as the number of beetle adults released increased from one to three, but there was no significant effect after releasing additional beetles. Furthermore, there were no differences in response to the predator:prey ratio or initial prey number within each predator:prey ratio examined across the pupal populations examined in this study. These results (a) provide insight into the predatory behavior of D. coriaria adults on Western Flower Thrips pupal populations, which may have practical implications for greenhouse production systems; and (b) indicate that, regardless of the initial numbers of Western Flower Thrips prepupae and/or pupae in the growing medium, three D. coriaria adults per 15.2-cm container may be recommended for use of this predator against Western Flower Thrips.
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Effects of Spray Volume and Application Frequency on Insecticide Efficacy Against Adult Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella Occidentalis) under Greenhouse Conditions
HortScience, 2020Co-Authors: Devin L. Radosevich, Raymond A. Cloyd, Nathan J. HerrickAbstract:The Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Western Flower Thrips causes direct and indirect damage by feeding on plant leaves, Flowers, and fruits, and by transmitting viruses that can result in greenhouse producers experiencing substantial economic losses. Consequently, insecticides are used to suppress Western Flower Thrips populations. However, issues associated with applying insecticides may affect the suppression of Western Flower Thrips populations. Therefore, experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effects of the spray volume applied and application frequency on insecticide efficacy against Western Flower Thrips adults located in transvaal daisy, Gerbera jamesonii, cut Flowers. Four spray volumes (5.0, 10.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mL), two application frequencies (one or two spray applications), and three insecticides [spinosad (Conserve), chlorfenapyr (Pylon), and flonicamid (Aria)], each with a different mode of action, were tested. The insecticide treatments had the greatest effects on the mean percent mortality of Western Flower Thrips adults regardless of spray volume or application frequency. However, in Expt. 3, the 5.0- and 10.0-mL spray volumes resulted in a higher mean percent mortality of Western Flower Thrips adults than the 2.5-mL spray volume. Spinosad and chlorfenapyr resulted in a mean percent mortality of more than 72% for Western Flower Thrips adults, whereas flonicamid resulted in mean percent mortality between 40% and 91%. Our study demonstrates that certain insecticides are more effective against Western Flower Thrips adults located in transvaal daisy Flowers than others, which will help greenhouse producers effectively manage Western Flower Thrips populations.
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Effect of Plant-growing Media on Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Pupae and Fungus Gnat, Bradysia sp. nr. coprophila, Larvae under Laboratory Conditions
HortScience, 2020Co-Authors: Nathan J. Herrick, Raymond A. CloydAbstract:Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and fungus gnats (Bradysia spp.) are major insect pests of greenhouse production systems. Both insect pests have life stages that reside in the soil or plant-growing medium: prepupae and pupae of Western Flower Thrips and fungus gnat larvae. There are unsubstantiated allegations made by a manufacturer that certain plant-growing media that contain a bacterium, Bacillus pumilus, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus, Glomus intraradices, negatively affect the survival of Western Flower Thrips pupae and fungus gnat larvae. Therefore, we conducted a study involving laboratory experiments replicated over time (2019 and 2020) to investigate the influence of the plant-growing media Pro-Mix BX + Mycorrhizae and Pro-Mix BX + Biofungicide + Mycorrhizae on Western Flower Thrips pupae and fungus gnat larvae. All experiments involved placing Western Flower Thrips pupae or fungus gnat larvae (second and third instar) into 473-mL deli containers with the different treatments (plant-growing media). A 5 × 4-cm section of a yellow sticky card was affixed to the lid of each deli container. After 21 days, the number of Western Flower Thrips or fungus gnat adults that emerged from the growing media and were captured on the yellow sticky cards was recorded. The use of the yellow sticky card was an indirect assessment of Western Flower Thrips pupal or fungus gnat larval mortality. We found none of the plant-growing media tested that contained a bacterium and/or arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus affected the survival of Western Flower Thrips pupae or fungus gnat larvae. Therefore, greenhouse producers should be leery of information provided by manufacturers that does not contain valid, scientifically based data.
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Effects of Predators on the Belowground Life Stages (Prepupae and Pupae) of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thripidae: Thysanoptera): A Review
2019Co-Authors: Raymond A. CloydAbstract:Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is a major cosmopolitan insect pest causing direct and indirect damage to greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The primary way of managing Western Flower Thrips populations is by routinely applying insecticides, which target the aboveground life stages: larvae and adult. However, insecticides are minimally effective against the pupal stages (prepupae and pupae) that reside in the growing medium or soil. Therefore, soil-dwelling biological control agents including: predatory mites [Stratiolaelaps scimitus and Hypoaspis = (Geolaelaps) aculeifer], and a rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria may be a viable option to induce mortality on the pupal stages. These predators will feed on the pupal stages of the Western Flower Thrips and can provide mortality on a life stage that is tolerant of insecticide applications. However, these biological control agents need to be used in conjunction with other plant protection strategies, such as insecticides and/or biological control agents that target the aboveground life stages (larvae and adult) to effectively manage Western Flower Thrips populations in greenhouse production systems.
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Effect of Integrating the Entomopathogenic Fungus (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and the Rove Beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Suppressing Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations Under Greenhouse Conditions.
Journal of economic entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a destructive insect pest in greenhouse production systems. Therefore, integrating the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, with the soil-dwelling rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz), targeting different aboveground and belowground life stages may help effectively manage Western Flower Thrips populations. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted evaluating five treatments: 1) insecticides (spinosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr, and abamectin), 2) B. bassiana, 3) D. coriaria, 4) B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination, and 5) water control. The estimated mean number of Western Flower Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly lower for the insecticide treatment (mean range: 0-46 Western Flower Thrips adults per yellow sticky card) than the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination (0.3-105.1 Western Flower Thrips per yellow card) over 8 wk. There were no significant differences in the final foliar damage ratings of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., plants among the five treatments in experiment 1, but there were significant differences in experiment 2. In experiment 2, chrysanthemum plants across all treatments were not marketable due to Western Flower Thrips feeding damage. Therefore, using B. bassiana and D. coriaria early in production should suppress population growth by targeting both foliar-feeding and soil-dwelling life stages of Western Flower Thrips simultaneously.
Patrick C Brunner - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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habitat specific population structure in native Western Flower Thrips frankliniella occidentalis insecta thysanoptera
Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick C Brunner, J E FreyAbstract:Invasions by pest organisms are among the main challenges for sustainable crop protection. They pose a serious threat to crop production by introducing a highly unpredictable element to existing crop protection strategies. The Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera) managed to invade ornamental greenhouses worldwide within < 25 years. To shed light on possible genetic and/or ecological factors that may have been responsible for this invasion success, we studied the population genetic structure of Western Flower Thrips in its native range in Western North America. Analysis of nucleotide sequence variation and variation at microsatellite loci revealed the existence of two habitat-specific phylogenetic lineages (ecotypes) with allopatric distribution. One lineage is associated with hot/dry climates, the second lineage is restricted to cool/moist climates. We speculate that the ecological niche segregation found in this study may be among the key factors determining the invasion potential of Western Flower Thrips.
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Habitat‐specific population structure in native Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera)
Journal of evolutionary biology, 2010Co-Authors: Patrick C Brunner, J E FreyAbstract:Invasions by pest organisms are among the main challenges for sustainable crop protection. They pose a serious threat to crop production by introducing a highly unpredictable element to existing crop protection strategies. The Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta, Thysanoptera) managed to invade ornamental greenhouses worldwide within
J. H. Giliomee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Resistance of some rose cultivars to the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Bulletin of Entomological Research, 1994Co-Authors: Wilma G. Gaum, J. H. GiliomeeAbstract:Some rose cultivars such as City of Belfast are more resistant to the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) than others. Data from life tables and behavioural studies indicate that the reason for resistance may be physiological-chemical as well as the physical structure and colour of the Flower. Some rose odours repelled F. occidentalis .
Nora M. Bello - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Predation of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Pupal Populations by Rove Beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), Adults
Journal of Entomological Science, 2020Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Dalotia coriaria Kraatz (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) is a commercially available, soil-dwelling predator that preys upon a variety of insect pests that reside in soils or growing media. The impact of D. coriaria on the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), however, is not well documented. Three laboratory experiments were conducted to assess predation efficacy of D. coriaria adults on Western Flower Thrips pupal populations typically found in the soil or growing medium. Treatments included prepupae only, pupae only, and a prepupae-pupae combination (1:1). Six numbers (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) of beetle adults and four initial numbers (15, 20, 25, and 30) of Thrips pupal populations were examined for each pupal stage treatment. For each pupal stage treatment, the estimated mean probability of Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards decreased as the number of beetle adults released increased from one to three, but there was no significant effect after releasing additional beetles. Furthermore, there were no differences in response to the predator:prey ratio or initial prey number within each predator:prey ratio examined across the pupal populations examined in this study. These results (a) provide insight into the predatory behavior of D. coriaria adults on Western Flower Thrips pupal populations, which may have practical implications for greenhouse production systems; and (b) indicate that, regardless of the initial numbers of Western Flower Thrips prepupae and/or pupae in the growing medium, three D. coriaria adults per 15.2-cm container may be recommended for use of this predator against Western Flower Thrips.
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Effect of Integrating the Entomopathogenic Fungus (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) and the Rove Beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in Suppressing Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Populations Under Greenhouse Conditions.
Journal of economic entomology, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is a destructive insect pest in greenhouse production systems. Therefore, integrating the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, with the soil-dwelling rove beetle, Dalotia coriaria (Kraatz), targeting different aboveground and belowground life stages may help effectively manage Western Flower Thrips populations. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted evaluating five treatments: 1) insecticides (spinosad, pyridalyl, chlorfenapyr, and abamectin), 2) B. bassiana, 3) D. coriaria, 4) B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination, and 5) water control. The estimated mean number of Western Flower Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was significantly lower for the insecticide treatment (mean range: 0-46 Western Flower Thrips adults per yellow sticky card) than the B. bassiana and D. coriaria combination (0.3-105.1 Western Flower Thrips per yellow card) over 8 wk. There were no significant differences in the final foliar damage ratings of chrysanthemum, Dendranthema × grandiflorum (Ramat.) Kitam., plants among the five treatments in experiment 1, but there were significant differences in experiment 2. In experiment 2, chrysanthemum plants across all treatments were not marketable due to Western Flower Thrips feeding damage. Therefore, using B. bassiana and D. coriaria early in production should suppress population growth by targeting both foliar-feeding and soil-dwelling life stages of Western Flower Thrips simultaneously.
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Effect of Insecticide Drench Applications on Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, Pupae in Growing Media
HortScience, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is one of the most destructive insect pests of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. The primary method of managing Western Flower Thrips populations involves applications of insecticides; however, there is no information associated with the effect of the insect growth regulator, pyriproxyfen, or the entomopathogenic fungus, Isaria fumosorosea, on Western Flower Thrips pupae in growing media. Therefore, four laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of pyriproxyfen and I. fumosorosea applied as a drench to growing media on Western Flower Thrips pupae. Expt. 1 evaluated the efficacy of pyriproxyfen and I. fumosorosea on Western Flower Thrips pupae. Based on the results from Expt. 1, Expt. 2 assessed the effect of pyriproxyfen in two growing media (LC1 and BM1) on Western Flower Thrips pupae. Expts. 3 and 4 determined the residual activity of pyriproxyfen in growing media on Western Flower Thrips pupae 3, 5, 7, and 14 days after treatments were applied. The pyriproxyfen treatment resulted in a significantly lower estimated mean probability of Western Flower Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards (17%) compared with the water control (59%), untreated check (88%), and two I. fumosorosea treatments (46% for 1.0 g and 41% for 2.0 g of Ancora) in Expt. 1. However, for the two growing media in Expt. 2, the estimated mean probability of Western Flower Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards was not significantly different between the pyriproxyfen treatment (LC1 = 15%; BM1 = 12%) and the water control (LC1 = 41%; BM1 = 24%). For either the pyriproxyfen treatment or the untreated check, there was no evidence of a significant difference between the two growing media on the estimated mean probability of Western Flower Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards. Furthermore, there was no evidence of any residual activity 3 days after drench applications of pyriproxyfen. The results of the study have demonstrated that drench applications of pyriproxyfen are not affecting survival of Western Flower Thrips pupae.
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Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Fungi Against the Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Under Laboratory Conditions
Journal of Entomological Science, 2016Co-Authors: Jessica M. Kivett, Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Abstract Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is an economically important pest of greenhouse production systems, and entomopathogenic fungi may be used to suppress populations of the Western Flower Thrips. The objectives of our study were (a) to evaluate the efficacy of products containing three different entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana [BotaniGard®], Isaria fumosoroseus [NoFly™], and Metarhizium anisopliae [Met52®]) against Western Flower Thrips larvae and adults and (b) to assess effectiveness of combinations of entomopathogenic fungi and the insect growth regulator azadirachtin against Western Flower Thrips larvae. In two laboratory bioassays Western Flower Thrips larvae and adults were exposed to the three entomopathogenic fungi at two label rates (maximum and minimum), and two product shelf-life conditions (unexpired and expired). Bioassay 1 involved a 120-h incubation period; bioassay 2 entailed a 216-h incubation period. A third bioassay evaluated any synergist...
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Insecticide Rotation Programs with Entomopathogenic Organisms for Suppression of Western Flower Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Adult Populations Under Greenhouse Conditions
Journal of economic entomology, 2015Co-Authors: Jessica M. Kivett, Raymond A. Cloyd, Nora M. BelloAbstract:Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is one of the most destructive insect pests of greenhouse production systems with the ability to develop resistance to a wide variety of insecticides. A common resistance management strategy is rotating insecticides with different modes of action. By incorporating entomopathogenic organisms (fungi and bacteria), which have discrete modes of action compared to standard insecticides, greenhouse producers may preserve the effectiveness of insecticides used for suppression of Western Flower Thrips populations. The objective of this study was to determine how different rotation programs that include entomopathogenic organisms (Beauveria bassiana, Isaria fumosoroseus, Metarhizium anisopliae, and Chromobacterium subtsugae) and commonly used standard insecticides (spinosad, chlorfenapyr, abamectin, and pyridalyl) may impact the population dynamics of Western Flower Thrips adult populations by means of suppression. Eight-week rotation programs were applied to chrysanthemum, Dendranthema x morifolium plants and weekly counts of Western Flower Thrips adults captured on yellow sticky cards were recorded as a means to evaluate the impact of the rotation programs. A final quality assessment of damage caused by Western Flower Thrips feeding on foliage and Flowers was also recorded. Furthermore, a cost comparison of each rotation program was conducted. Overall, insecticide rotation programs that incorporated entomopathogenic organisms were not significantly different than the standard insecticide rotation programs without entomopathogenic organisms in suppressing Western Flower Thrips adult populations. However, there were no significant differences among any of the rotation programs compared to the water control. Moreover, there was no differential effect of the rotation programs on foliage and Flower quality. Cost savings of up to 34% (in US dollars) are possible when including entomopathogenic organisms in the rotation program. Therefore, by incorporating entomopathogenic organisms into insecticide rotation programs, greenhouse producers can decrease costs without affecting suppression, as well as diminish selection pressure on Western Flower Thrips adult populations, which may avoid or delay resistance development.
