The Experts below are selected from a list of 599658 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Thore Berntsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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co2 capture in oil refineries assessment of the capture avoidance costs associated with different heat supply options in a Future Energy market
Energy Conversion and Management, 2013Co-Authors: Daniella Johansson, Perake Franck, Thore BerntssonAbstract:The application of post-combustion CO2 capture represents an alternative strategy to reduce significantly CO2 emissions from the oil refining industry. Previous studies have shown that the highest costs are related to the provision and use of Energy and that these costs could be reduced by utilising excess heat. In the present study, we investigated whether this principle could be applied to the oil refining industry. Four heat supply alternatives were evaluated: Natural Gas Combined Cycle; Natural Gas Boiler; Biomass Boiler; and Excess Heat. These alternatives were evaluated using Future Energy market scenarios and two levels of heat demand. The Natural Gas Combined Cycle alternative generated high levels of electricity (with CO2 capture), thereby producing the greatest reduction in global CO2 emissions. However, the avoided CO2 emissions from onsite the refinery were highest when excess heat or a biomass boiler was used. In the present study, the capture avoidance cost ranged from 40 to 263 (sic)/tCO(2) avoided (excluding transportation and storage costs), depending on the heat supply alternative used and the heat demand. Moreover, with a high cost for CO2, CO2 capture using excess heat could be a cost-effective alternative to reduce CO2 emissions for oil refineries.
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excess heat from kraft pulp mills trade offs between internal and external use in the case of sweden part 2 results for Future Energy market scenarios
Energy Policy, 2008Co-Authors: Johanna Jonsson, Thore Berntsson, Ingerlise Svensson, Bahram MoshfeghAbstract:In this paper the trade-off between internal and external use of excess heat from a kraft pulp mill is investigated for four different Future Energy market scenarios. The work follows the methodology described in Svensson et al. [2008. Excess heat from kraft pulp mills: trade-offs between internal and external use in the case of Sweden—Part 1: methodology. Energy Policy, submitted for publication], where a systematic approach is proposed for investigating the potential for profitable excess heat cooperation. The trade-off is analyzed by economic optimization of an Energy system model consisting of a pulp mill and an Energy company (ECO). In the model, investments can be made, which increase the system's Energy efficiency by utilization of the mill's excess heat, as well as investments that increase the electricity production. The results show that the trade-off depends on Energy market prices, the district heating demand and the type of existing heat production. From an economic point of view, external use of the excess heat is preferred for all investigated Energy market scenarios if the mill is studied together with an ECO with a small heat load. For the cases with medium or large district heating loads, the optimal use of excess heat varies with the Energy market price scenarios. However, from a CO2 emissions perspective, external use is preferred, giving the largest reduction of global emissions in most cases.
Helge Brattebo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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using a segmented dynamic dwelling stock model for scenario analysis of Future Energy demand the dwelling stock of norway 2016 2050
Energy and Buildings, 2017Co-Authors: Nina Holck Sandberg, Igor Sartori, Magnus Inderberg Vestrum, Helge BratteboAbstract:Abstract The housing sector is important for Future Energy savings and greenhouse gas emission mitigation. A dynamic, stock-driven and segmented dwelling stock model is applied for dwelling stock Energy analyses. Renovation activity is estimated as the need for renovation during the ageing process of the stock, in contrast to exogenously defined and often unrealistic renovation rates applied in other models. The case study of Norway 2016–2050 shows that despite stock growth, the total theoretical estimated delivered Energy is expected to decrease from 2016 to 2050 by 23% (baseline) and 52% (most optimistic scenario). A large share of the Energy-efficiency potential of the stock is already realized through standard renovation. The potential for further reductions through more advanced and/or more frequent renovation, compared to current practice, is surprisingly limited. However, extensive use of heat pumps and photovoltaics will give large additional Future Energy savings. Finally, user behaviour is highly important. A strong Future rebound effect is expected as the dwelling stock becomes more Energy efficient. The estimated total ‘real’ Energy demand is expected to decrease by only 1% (baseline) and 36% (most optimistic scenario). Hence, reaching significant Future Energy and emission reductions in the Norwegian dwelling stock system will be challenging.
Peter Wasserscheid - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Future Energy Systems
Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Patrick Preuster, A. Alekseev, Peter WasserscheidAbstract:Future Energy systems will be determined by the increasing relevance of solar and wind Energy. Crude oil and gas prices are expected to increase in the long run, and penalties for CO2 emissions will become a relevant economic factor. Solar- and wind-powered electricity will become significantly cheaper, such that hydrogen produced from electrolysis will be competitively priced against hydrogen manufactured from natural gas. However, to handle the unsteadiness of system input from fluctuating Energy sources, Energy storage technologies that cover the full scale of power (in megawatts) and Energy storage amounts (in megawatt hours) are required. Hydrogen, in particular, is a promising secondary Energy vector for storing, transporting, and distributing large and very large amounts of Energy at the gigawatt-hour and terawatt-hour scales. However, we also discuss Energy storage at the 120–200-kWh scale, for example, for onboard hydrogen storage in fuel cell vehicles using compressed hydrogen storage. This arti...
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a Future Energy supply based on liquid organic hydrogen carriers lohc
Energy and Environmental Science, 2011Co-Authors: Daniel Teichmann, Peter Wasserscheid, Wolfgang Arlt, Raymond FreymannAbstract:This contribution describes a concept for the establishment of a competitive Energy distribution network based on Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier (LOHC) compounds. These compounds are characterized by the fact that they can be loaded and un-loaded with considerable amounts of hydrogen in a cyclic process. This concept links the technical challenge of storing temporary and local Energy over-production from regenerative sources with the vision of a sustainable, hydrogen-based mobility. The proposed LOHC compounds have many physico-chemical similarities to diesel. Thus, LOHCs could make use of the existing Energy infrastructure (e.g. tank ships, storage tanks or fueling stations) and enable a slow and step-wise replacement of the existing hydrocarbon fuels by alternative LOHC fuels. We consider LOHCs as an attractive way to provide wind and solar Energy for mobility applications in the form of liquid Energy carrying molecules of similar Energy storage densities and manageability as today's fossil fuels.
Rainer Unland - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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structure and classification of unified Energy agents as a base for the systematic development of Future Energy grids
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence, 2015Co-Authors: Christian Derksen, Tobias Linnenberg, Rainer UnlandAbstract:The ongoing conversion of our Energy supply encounters a great interest of many different market players that were originally located in different industries. As a consequence, a vast amount of proprietary solutions for "smart" Energy applications is flooding the market. This tends to be rather a problem than part of the solution for the systematic development of Future Energy grids. Here, the absence of necessary unifications and standards blocks further developments that would enable the creation of novel, market-driven and hybrid control solutions for various types of technical systems. To overcome these problems, we present in this article our notion and the definition of a unified autonomous software entity that we call Energy Agent. Based on the Energy conservation law and a generalized Energy option model, we claim that our Energy Agent approach has the capabilities to enable cross domain interactions between different types of Energy systems and networks. Further we will outline a systematic development process for Energy Agents that considers implementation, simulation, test-bed application and a real on-site usage. By taking into account these development stages, we expect to concurrently develop a novel laboratory that enables to competitively test and validate new and hybrid control solutions before they are applied in real systems.
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unified Energy agents as a base for the systematic development of Future Energy grids
Multiagent System Technologies, 2013Co-Authors: Christian Derksen, Tobias Linnenberg, Rainer UnlandAbstract:The need for the application of software agents and agent-technologies in highly diversified Future Energy grids is widely accepted today. Nevertheless, the very general concept of the agent paradigm still leads to misunderstandings and to the fact that agents are meant and utilized for very different tasks. Accordingly, the approaches that were presented in the Smart Gird area have major weaknesses in terms of comparability and a subsequently large-scale use. We claim that the introduction of a unified definition of an Energy Agent will help to create a coherent picture that can accelerate further discussions and the conversion of the Energy supply. Considering a development cycle that consists of modeling and implementation, simulation, test-bed application and the deployment to real systems, we present here our definition of an Energy Agent that takes into account the law of conservation of Energy. Further, we present a classification of Energy Agents according to their sophistication and integration level and outline the need for individual but standardized energetic option models.
O Friedrichs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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hydrogen the Future Energy carrier
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2010Co-Authors: Andreas Zuttel, Arndt Remhof, Andreas Borgschulte, O FriedrichsAbstract:Since the beginning of the twenty-first century the limitations of the fossil age with regard to the continuing growth of Energy demand, the peaking mining rate of oil, the growing impact of CO2 emissions on the environment and the dependency of the economy in the industrialized world on the availability of fossil fuels became very obvious. A major change in the Energy economy from fossil Energy carriers to renewable Energy fluxes is necessary. The main challenge is to efficiently convert renewable Energy into electricity and the storage of electricity or the production of a synthetic fuel. Hydrogen is produced from water by electricity through an electrolyser. The storage of hydrogen in its molecular or atomic form is a materials challenge. Some hydrides are known to exhibit a hydrogen density comparable to oil; however, these hydrides require a sophisticated storage system. The system Energy density is significantly smaller than the Energy density of fossil fuels. An interesting alternative to the direct storage of hydrogen are synthetic hydrocarbons produced from hydrogen and CO2 extracted from the atmosphere. They are CO2 neutral and stored like fossil fuels. Conventional combustion engines and turbines can be used in order to convert the stored Energy into work and heat.
