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Elad Tako - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of iron and zinc biofortified foods on gut microbiota in vivo Gallus Gallus a systematic review
Nutrients, 2021Co-Authors: Mariana Juste Contin Gomes, Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino, Elad TakoAbstract:Dietary iron and zinc deficiencies are a global health concern. Bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract depend on minerals to maintain their activities; thus, recent evidence suggests that biofortified foods can modulate the host's beneficial bacterial taxa. The current review analyzed the research data that linked between iron and zinc biofortified foods and gut microbiota modulation. The data analysis was based on the PRISMA guidelines and the data search was performed at PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Scopus databases for experimental studies published from January 2010 until December 2020. The five selected studies were conducted in an experimental in vivo model (Gallus Gallus). The identified and discussed research showed positive effects of biofortified foods on the composition and function of the gut microbiota. Further, an increase in short chain fatty acids producing bacterial populations as Lactobacillus and Ruminococcus, and a decrease in potentially pathogenic bacteria as Streptococcus, Escherichia, and Enterobacter was identified due to the consumption of biofortified foods. In conclusion, biofortified foods may contribute to improved gut health without increasing the colonization of pathogenic bacteria. The dietary inclusion of approximately 50% of iron/zinc biofortified foods has a significant beneficial effect on the gut microbiota. Additional studies in humans and animal models are warranted to further establish the suggested effects on the intestinal microbiome. PROSPERO (CRD42020184221).
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yacon smallanthus sonchifolius flour soluble extract improve intestinal bacterial populations brush border membrane functionality and morphology in vivo Gallus Gallus
Food Research International, 2020Co-Authors: Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Elad TakoAbstract:Abstract This study evaluates the effects of intra-amniotic administration of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) flour soluble extracts (YFSE) on intestinal bacterial populations, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality and morphology, by using the Gallus Gallus model. The YFSE increased (p
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Nicotianamine-chelated iron positively affects iron status, intestinal morphology and microbial populations in vivo (Gallus Gallus)
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Jesse T. Beasley, Raymond P. Glahn, Nikolai Kolba, Omry Koren, Alexander A. T. Johnson, Julien P. Bonneau, Lital Ozeri, Elad TakoAbstract:Wheat flour iron (Fe) fortification is mandatory in 75 countries worldwide yet many Fe fortificants, such as Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), result in unwanted sensory properties and/or gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis. Nicotianamine (NA) is a natural chelator of Fe, zinc (Zn) and other metals in higher plants and NA-chelated Fe is highly bioavailable in vitro . In graminaceous plants NA serves as the biosynthetic precursor to 2′ -deoxymugineic acid (DMA), a related Fe chelator and enhancer of Fe bioavailability, and increased NA/DMA biosynthesis has proved an effective Fe biofortification strategy in several cereal crops. Here we utilized the chicken ( Gallus Gallus ) model to investigate impacts of NA-chelated Fe on Fe status and gastrointestinal health when delivered to chickens through intraamniotic administration (short-term exposure) or over a period of six weeks as part of a biofortified wheat diet containing increased NA, Fe, Zn and DMA (long-term exposure). Striking similarities in host Fe status, intestinal functionality and gut microbiome were observed between the short-term and long-term treatments, suggesting that the effects were largely if not entirely due to consumption of NA-chelated Fe. These results provide strong support for wheat with increased NA-chelated Fe as an effective biofortification strategy and uncover novel impacts of NA-chelated Fe on gastrointestinal health and functionality.
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intra amniotic administration Gallus Gallus of tio2 sio2 and zno nanoparticles affect brush border membrane functionality and alters gut microflora populations
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020Co-Authors: Nikolai Kolba, Zhongyuan Guo, Fabiola Moreno Olivas, Gretchen J Mahler, Elad TakoAbstract:Abstract Metal oxide nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly used in the food and agriculture industries, making human consumption nearly unavoidable. The goal of this study was to use the Gallus Gallus (broiler chicken) intra-amniotic administration of physiologically relevant concentrations of TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO to better understand the effects of NP exposure on gut health and function. Immediately after hatch, blood, cecum, and small intestine were collected for assessment of iron (Fe)-metabolism, zinc (Zn)-metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM) functional, and pro-inflammatory related proteins gene expression; blood Fe and Zn levels; cecum weight; and the relative abundance of intestinal microflora. NP type, dose, and the presence or absence of minerals was shown to result in altered mineral transporter, BBM functional, and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Metal oxide NP also altered the abundance of intestinal bacterial populations. Overall, the data suggest that the in vivo results align with in vitro studies, and that NP have the potential to negatively affect intestinal functionality and health.
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soluble extracts from carioca beans phaseolus vulgaris l affect the gut microbiota and iron related brush border membrane protein expression in vivo Gallus Gallus
Food Research International, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond P. Glahn, Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Desirre Morais Dias, Jon J Hart, Sybil T Sha, Naveena Lakshmanan, M R Nutti, Elad TakoAbstract:The effect of soluble extracts with putative prebiotic ability extracted from various bean varieties on the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) iron related proteins, and intestinal bacterial populations were evaluated using the Gallus Gallus model and by the intra-amniotic administration procedure. Eight treatment groups [(non-injected; 18 MΩ H2O; 40 mg/mL Inulin; 50 mg/mL BRS Perola (carioca standard); 50 mg/mL BRS Cometa (carioca, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Esteio (black, standard); 50 mg/mL SMN 39 (black, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Artico (white, standard)] were utilized. Tested groups reduced the relative abundance of Clostridium and E. coli compared to the Inulin group (positive control) and they did not affect the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus compared to the negative control (18MΩ H2O). The relative expression of zinc transporter 1, ferroportin and amino peptidase were up-regulated in the BRS Cometa group (Fe-biofortified carioca beans). Results suggest that soluble extracts from carioca beans may improve the iron bioavailability by affecting intestinal bacterial populations, and BBM functionality.
Tommaso Pizzari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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temporal dynamics of competitive fertilization in social groups of red junglefowl Gallus Gallus shed new light on avian sperm competition
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2020Co-Authors: Rômulo Carleial, Grant C. Mcdonald, David S Richardson, Lewis G Spurgin, Eleanor A Fairfield, Yunke Wang, Tommaso PizzariAbstract:Studies of birds have made a fundamental contribution to elucidating sperm competition processes, experimentally demonstrating the role of individual mechanisms in competitive fertilization. However, the relative importance of these mechanisms and the way in which they interact under natural conditions remain largely unexplored. Here, we conduct a detailed behavioural study of freely mating replicate groups of red junglefowl, Gallus Gallus, to predict the probability that competing males fertilize individual eggs over the course of 10-day trials. Remating frequently with a female and mating last increased a male's probability of fertilization, but only for eggs ovulated in the last days of a trial. Conversely, older males, and those mating with more polyandrous females, had consistently lower fertilization success. Similarly, resistance to a male's mating attempts, particularly by younger females, reduced fertilization probability. After considering these factors, male social status, partner relatedness and the estimated state of male extragonadal sperm reserves did not predict sperm competition outcomes. These results shed new light on sperm competition dynamics in taxa such as birds, with prolonged female sperm storage and staggered fertilizations. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of sperm competition'.
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differential female sociality is linked with the fine scale structure of sexual interactions in replicate groups of red junglefowl Gallus Gallus
Proceedings of The Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2019Co-Authors: Grant C. Mcdonald, David S Richardson, Lewis G Spurgin, Eleanor A Fairfield, Tommaso PizzariAbstract:Recent work indicates that social structure has extensive implications for patterns of sexual selection and sexual conflict. However, little is known about the individual variation in social behaviours linking social structure to sexual interactions. Here, we use network analysis of replicate polygynandrous groups of red junglefowl (Gallus Gallus) to show that the association between social structure and sexual interactions is underpinned by differential female sociality. Sexual dynamics are largely explained by a core group of highly social, younger females, which are more fecund and more polyandrous, and thus associated with more intense postcopulatory competition for males. By contrast, less fecund females from older cohorts, which tend to be socially dominant, avoid male sexual attention by clustering together and perching on branches, and preferentially reproduce with dominant males by more exclusively associating and mating with them. Collectively, these results indicate that individual females occupy subtly different social niches and demonstrate that female sociality can be an important factor underpinning the landscape of intrasexual competition and the emergent structure of animal societies.
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Dynamic phenotypic correlates of social status and mating effort in male and female red junglefowl, Gallus Gallus
Journal of evolutionary biology, 2019Co-Authors: Rômulo Carleial, Grant C. Mcdonald, Tommaso PizzariAbstract:Despite widespread evidence that mating and intrasexual competition are costly, relatively little is known about how these costs dynamically change male and female phenotypes. Here, we test multiple hypotheses addressing this question in replicate flocks of red junglefowl (Gallus Gallus). First, we test the interrelationships between social status, comb size (a fleshy ornament) and body mass at the onset of a mating trial. While comb size covaried positively with body mass across individuals of both sexes, comb size was positively related to social status in females but not in males. Second, we test for changes within individuals in body mass and comb size throughout the mating trial. Both body mass and comb size declined at the end of a trial in both sexes, suggesting that mating effort and exposure to the opposite sex are generally costly. Males lost more body mass if they (a) were socially subordinate, (b) were chased by other males or (c) mated frequently, indicating that subordinate status and mating are independently costly. Conversely, females lost more body mass if they were exposed to a higher frequency of coerced matings, suggesting costs associated with male sexual harassment and female resistance, although costs of mating per se could not be completely ruled out. Neither competitive nor mating interactions predicted comb size change in either sex. Collectively, these results support the notion that sex-specific costs associated with social status and mating effort result in differential, sex-specific dynamics of phenotypic change.
Raymond P. Glahn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Nicotianamine-chelated iron positively affects iron status, intestinal morphology and microbial populations in vivo (Gallus Gallus)
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Jesse T. Beasley, Raymond P. Glahn, Nikolai Kolba, Omry Koren, Alexander A. T. Johnson, Julien P. Bonneau, Lital Ozeri, Elad TakoAbstract:Wheat flour iron (Fe) fortification is mandatory in 75 countries worldwide yet many Fe fortificants, such as Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), result in unwanted sensory properties and/or gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis. Nicotianamine (NA) is a natural chelator of Fe, zinc (Zn) and other metals in higher plants and NA-chelated Fe is highly bioavailable in vitro . In graminaceous plants NA serves as the biosynthetic precursor to 2′ -deoxymugineic acid (DMA), a related Fe chelator and enhancer of Fe bioavailability, and increased NA/DMA biosynthesis has proved an effective Fe biofortification strategy in several cereal crops. Here we utilized the chicken ( Gallus Gallus ) model to investigate impacts of NA-chelated Fe on Fe status and gastrointestinal health when delivered to chickens through intraamniotic administration (short-term exposure) or over a period of six weeks as part of a biofortified wheat diet containing increased NA, Fe, Zn and DMA (long-term exposure). Striking similarities in host Fe status, intestinal functionality and gut microbiome were observed between the short-term and long-term treatments, suggesting that the effects were largely if not entirely due to consumption of NA-chelated Fe. These results provide strong support for wheat with increased NA-chelated Fe as an effective biofortification strategy and uncover novel impacts of NA-chelated Fe on gastrointestinal health and functionality.
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soluble extracts from carioca beans phaseolus vulgaris l affect the gut microbiota and iron related brush border membrane protein expression in vivo Gallus Gallus
Food Research International, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond P. Glahn, Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Desirre Morais Dias, Jon J Hart, Sybil T Sha, Naveena Lakshmanan, M R Nutti, Elad TakoAbstract:The effect of soluble extracts with putative prebiotic ability extracted from various bean varieties on the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) iron related proteins, and intestinal bacterial populations were evaluated using the Gallus Gallus model and by the intra-amniotic administration procedure. Eight treatment groups [(non-injected; 18 MΩ H2O; 40 mg/mL Inulin; 50 mg/mL BRS Perola (carioca standard); 50 mg/mL BRS Cometa (carioca, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Esteio (black, standard); 50 mg/mL SMN 39 (black, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Artico (white, standard)] were utilized. Tested groups reduced the relative abundance of Clostridium and E. coli compared to the Inulin group (positive control) and they did not affect the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus compared to the negative control (18MΩ H2O). The relative expression of zinc transporter 1, ferroportin and amino peptidase were up-regulated in the BRS Cometa group (Fe-biofortified carioca beans). Results suggest that soluble extracts from carioca beans may improve the iron bioavailability by affecting intestinal bacterial populations, and BBM functionality.
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alterations in the gut Gallus Gallus microbiota following the consumption of zinc biofortified wheat triticum aestivum based diet
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Raymond P. Glahn, Spenser Reed, Marija Knez, Atara Uzan, James C R Stangoulis, Omry Koren, Elad TakoAbstract:The structure and function of cecal microbiota following the consumption of a zinc (Zn) biofortified wheat diet was evaluated in a well-studied animal model of human nutrition (Gallus Gallus) during a six-week efficacy trial. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, a significant increase in β- but not α-microbial diversity was observed in the animals receiving the Zn biofortified wheat diet, relative to the control. No significant taxonomic differences were found between the two groups. Linear discriminant analysis revealed a group of metagenomic biomarkers that delineated the Zn replete versus Zn deficient phenotypes, such that enrichment of lactic acid bacteria and concomitant increases in Zn-dependent bacterial metabolic pathways were observed in the Zn biofortified group, and expansion of mucin-degraders and specific bacterial groups able to participate in maintaining host Zn homeostasis were observed in the control group. Additionally, the Ruminococcus genus appeared to be a key player in delineating the Zn ...
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the combined application of the caco 2 cell bioassay coupled with in vivo Gallus Gallus feeding trial represents an effective approach to predicting fe bioavailability in humans
Nutrients, 2016Co-Authors: Elad Tako, Raymond P. GlahnAbstract:Research methods that predict Fe bioavailability for humans can be extremely useful in evaluating food fortification strategies, developing Fe-biofortified enhanced staple food crops and assessing the Fe bioavailability of meal plans that include such crops. In this review, research from four recent poultry (Gallus Gallus) feeding trials coupled with in vitro analyses of Fe-biofortified crops will be compared to the parallel human efficacy studies which used the same varieties and harvests of the Fe-biofortified crops. Similar to the human studies, these trials were aimed to assess the potential effects of regular consumption of these enhanced staple crops on maintenance or improvement of iron status. The results demonstrate a strong agreement between the in vitro/in vivo screening approach and the parallel human studies. These observations therefore indicate that the in vitro/Caco-2 cell and Gallus Gallus models can be integral tools to develop varieties of staple food crops and predict their effect on iron status in humans. The cost-effectiveness of this approach also means that it can be used to monitor the nutritional stability of the Fe-biofortified crop once a variety has released and integrated into the food system. These screening tools therefore represent a significant advancement to the field for crop development and can be applied to ensure the sustainability of the biofortification approach.
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white beans provide more bioavailable iron than red beans studies in poultry Gallus Gallus and an in vitro digestion caco 2 model
International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research, 2010Co-Authors: Elad Tako, Raymond P. GlahnAbstract:Iron-biofortification of crops is a strategy that alleviates iron deficiency. The common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an attractive candidate for biofortification. However, beans are high in polyphenols that may inhibit iron absorption. In vitro studies have shown that iron bioavailability from white beans is higher than that from colored beans. In this study, our objective was to determine if white beans contain more bioavailable iron than red beans and to determine if the in vitro observations of bean-iron bioavailability would be evident in an in vivo feeding trial. We compared iron bioavailability between diets containing either white (Matterhorn) or red (Merlot) beans, which differ in polyphenol content. One-week-old chicks (Gallus Gallus) were divided into four groups: 1. WB: 40 % white-bean diet; 2. RB :40 % red-bean diet; 3. WB + Fe: 40 % white-bean diet; 4. RB + Fe: 40 % red-bean diet (51, 47, 179, and 175 ppm iron, respectively). Diets 1 and 2 had no supplemental iron; whereas 125 µg/...
John P Giesy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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depuration kinetics and tissue disposition of pfoa and pfos in white leghorn chickens Gallus Gallus administered by subcutaneous implantation
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2009Co-Authors: Keerthi S Guruge, Noriko Yamanaka, Chihiro Sato, Osamu Mikami, Shigeru Miyazaki, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, John P GiesyAbstract:Abstract Elimination kinetics and tissue disposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in male chickens (Gallus Gallus) was determined following exposure by subcutaneous implantation. Chickens were exposed to two levels of PFOA or PFOS for 4 wk and then allowed to depurate for an additional 4 wk. These exposures did not cause any statistically significant changes in body index, clinical biochemistry or histology among treatments relative to the controls (p>0.05), except that concentrations of total cholesterol and phospholipids were less in chickens exposed to PFOS. The elimination rate constant for PFOA (0.150±0.010 d−1) was approximately six-fold greater than that of PFOS (0.023±0.004 d−1). The greatest concentrations of PFOA and PFOS were found in kidney and liver, respectively. The organ to blood ratio of PFOS concentration was increased after the whole experiment, indicating the importance of organ partitioning of PFOS in elimination kinetics. The depuration half-life of PFOA (t1/2=4.6 d) and PFOS (t1/2=125 d) in chickens was calculated.
Nikolai Kolba - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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yacon smallanthus sonchifolius flour soluble extract improve intestinal bacterial populations brush border membrane functionality and morphology in vivo Gallus Gallus
Food Research International, 2020Co-Authors: Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Elad TakoAbstract:Abstract This study evaluates the effects of intra-amniotic administration of yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) flour soluble extracts (YFSE) on intestinal bacterial populations, brush border membrane (BBM) functionality and morphology, by using the Gallus Gallus model. The YFSE increased (p
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Nicotianamine-chelated iron positively affects iron status, intestinal morphology and microbial populations in vivo (Gallus Gallus)
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Jesse T. Beasley, Raymond P. Glahn, Nikolai Kolba, Omry Koren, Alexander A. T. Johnson, Julien P. Bonneau, Lital Ozeri, Elad TakoAbstract:Wheat flour iron (Fe) fortification is mandatory in 75 countries worldwide yet many Fe fortificants, such as Fe-ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA), result in unwanted sensory properties and/or gastrointestinal dysfunction and dysbiosis. Nicotianamine (NA) is a natural chelator of Fe, zinc (Zn) and other metals in higher plants and NA-chelated Fe is highly bioavailable in vitro . In graminaceous plants NA serves as the biosynthetic precursor to 2′ -deoxymugineic acid (DMA), a related Fe chelator and enhancer of Fe bioavailability, and increased NA/DMA biosynthesis has proved an effective Fe biofortification strategy in several cereal crops. Here we utilized the chicken ( Gallus Gallus ) model to investigate impacts of NA-chelated Fe on Fe status and gastrointestinal health when delivered to chickens through intraamniotic administration (short-term exposure) or over a period of six weeks as part of a biofortified wheat diet containing increased NA, Fe, Zn and DMA (long-term exposure). Striking similarities in host Fe status, intestinal functionality and gut microbiome were observed between the short-term and long-term treatments, suggesting that the effects were largely if not entirely due to consumption of NA-chelated Fe. These results provide strong support for wheat with increased NA-chelated Fe as an effective biofortification strategy and uncover novel impacts of NA-chelated Fe on gastrointestinal health and functionality.
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intra amniotic administration Gallus Gallus of tio2 sio2 and zno nanoparticles affect brush border membrane functionality and alters gut microflora populations
Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2020Co-Authors: Nikolai Kolba, Zhongyuan Guo, Fabiola Moreno Olivas, Gretchen J Mahler, Elad TakoAbstract:Abstract Metal oxide nanoparticles (NP) are increasingly used in the food and agriculture industries, making human consumption nearly unavoidable. The goal of this study was to use the Gallus Gallus (broiler chicken) intra-amniotic administration of physiologically relevant concentrations of TiO2, SiO2, and ZnO to better understand the effects of NP exposure on gut health and function. Immediately after hatch, blood, cecum, and small intestine were collected for assessment of iron (Fe)-metabolism, zinc (Zn)-metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM) functional, and pro-inflammatory related proteins gene expression; blood Fe and Zn levels; cecum weight; and the relative abundance of intestinal microflora. NP type, dose, and the presence or absence of minerals was shown to result in altered mineral transporter, BBM functional, and pro-inflammatory gene expression. Metal oxide NP also altered the abundance of intestinal bacterial populations. Overall, the data suggest that the in vivo results align with in vitro studies, and that NP have the potential to negatively affect intestinal functionality and health.
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soluble extracts from carioca beans phaseolus vulgaris l affect the gut microbiota and iron related brush border membrane protein expression in vivo Gallus Gallus
Food Research International, 2019Co-Authors: Raymond P. Glahn, Hercia Stampini Duarte Martino, Nikolai Kolba, Desirre Morais Dias, Jon J Hart, Sybil T Sha, Naveena Lakshmanan, M R Nutti, Elad TakoAbstract:The effect of soluble extracts with putative prebiotic ability extracted from various bean varieties on the intestinal brush border membrane (BBM) iron related proteins, and intestinal bacterial populations were evaluated using the Gallus Gallus model and by the intra-amniotic administration procedure. Eight treatment groups [(non-injected; 18 MΩ H2O; 40 mg/mL Inulin; 50 mg/mL BRS Perola (carioca standard); 50 mg/mL BRS Cometa (carioca, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Esteio (black, standard); 50 mg/mL SMN 39 (black, Fe biofortified); 50 mg/mL BRS Artico (white, standard)] were utilized. Tested groups reduced the relative abundance of Clostridium and E. coli compared to the Inulin group (positive control) and they did not affect the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus compared to the negative control (18MΩ H2O). The relative expression of zinc transporter 1, ferroportin and amino peptidase were up-regulated in the BRS Cometa group (Fe-biofortified carioca beans). Results suggest that soluble extracts from carioca beans may improve the iron bioavailability by affecting intestinal bacterial populations, and BBM functionality.
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alterations in gut microflora populations and brush border functionality following intra amniotic administration Gallus Gallus of wheat bran prebiotic extracts
Food & Function, 2019Co-Authors: Xuan Wang, Nikolai Kolba, Jianfen Liang, Elad TakoAbstract:Wheat bran is the by-product of milling wheat flour which is one of the richest sources of dietary fiber, and cellulase that can be used for increasing the soluble dietary fiber. We hypothesize that wheat bran prebiotics would improve mineral-metabolism gene expression, and intestinal functionality, and increase health-promoting bacterial populations in vivo (Gallus Gallus). By using the intra-amniotic administration procedure, five groups (non-injected; 18 Ω H2O; 100 mg mL−1 wheat bran prebiotics; 100 mg mL−1 cellulase wheat bran prebiotics; 50 mg mL−1 Arbinose) were utilized. Upon hatch, the cecum, small intestine and liver were collected for assessment. The results indicated that wheat bran prebiotics significantly up regulated the expression of certain brush border membrane functional genes, and mineral metabolism related proteins, in addition to increasing the intestinal beneficial bacterial populations. Prebiotics from wheat bran, cellulase wheat bran and arabinose increased the intestinal villi height, and goblet cell diameters and numbers.
