The Experts below are selected from a list of 1581 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Avinash Kumar Agarwal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from Gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2020Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Nikhil Sharma, Rashmi A. Agarwal, Akhilendra Pratap Singh, Tarun Gupta, Swaroop K. Pandey, Bushra AteeqAbstract:In the last couple of decades, blending of oxygenated additives with gasoline has been advocated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce hazardous health effects of gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines in the transport sector worldwide. The primary objective of this research was to carry out a comparative analysis of exhaust PM emitted by Gasohol (gasoline blended with 10% ethanol, v/v)-fulled spark ignition (SI) engine with that of baseline gasoline-fuelled SI engine. To assess the PM toxicity, physical, chemical and biological characterizations of PM were carried out using the state-of-the-art instruments and techniques. Measurements of regulated and unregulated gaseous species were also carried out at part/full loads. The results showed that the Gasohol-fuelled engine emitted relatively lower concentrations of unregulated gaseous species such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), isocyanic acid (HNCO), etc. Physical characterization of exhaust particles revealed that the Gasohol-fuelled engine emitted a significantly lower number of particles compared to the gasoline-fuelled engine. The presence of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and higher trace metal concentrations in PM emitted from the gasoline-fuelled engine was another important finding of this study. Biological characterizations showed that PM emitted from the Gasohol-fuelled engine were less cytotoxic and had lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation potential. Mutagenicity of PM emitted from the Gasohol-fuelled engine was also lower compared to that from the gasoline-fuelled engine. Overall, this study demonstrated that utilization of Gasohol in SI engines led to the reduction in emissions, and lowering of PM toxicity, in addition to partial replacement of fossil fuels with renewable fuels.
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Particulate Bound Trace Metals and Soot Morphology of Gasohol Fueled Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Nikhil Sharma, Rashmi A. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar AgarwalAbstract:Direct injection spark ignition or gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are superior in terms of relatively higher thermal efficiency and power output compared to multipoint port fuel injection engines and direct injection diesel engines. In this study, a 500 cc single cylinder GDI engine was used for experiments. Three Gasohol blends (15% (v/v) ethanol/methanol/butanol with 85% (v/v) gasoline) were chosen for this experimental study and were characterized to determine their important fuel properties. For particulate investigations, exhaust particles were collected on a quartz filter paper using a partial flow dilution tunnel. Comparative investigations for particulate mass emissions, trace metal concentrations, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging of the particulate samples collected from different test fuels at different engine loads were performed. For majority of the experimental conditions, Gasohols showed relatively lower trace metal concentration in particulates compared to gasoline. HR-TEM images showed that higher engine loads and presence of oxygen in the test fuels increased the soot reactivity. Multicore shells like structures were visible in the HR-TEM images due to growth of nuclei, and rapid soot formation due to relatively higher temperature and pressure environment of the engine combustion chamber. Researches world-over are trying to reduce particulate emissions from GDI engines; however there is a vast research gap for such investigations related to Gasohol fueled GDI engines. This paper critically assesses and highlights comparative morphological characteristics of Gasohol fueled GDI engine.
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Unregulated emissions from a Gasohol (E5, E15, M5, and M15) fuelled spark ignition engine
Applied Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Pravesh Chandra Shukla, Jai Gopal Gupta, Chetankumar Patel, Rajesh Kumar Prasad, Nikhil SharmaAbstract:Gasoline is increasingly blended with primary alcohols globally, in order to ensure energy security and to reduce local and global pollution load. However, no systematic scientific study reporting unregulated emissions from Gasohol (gasoline blend with alcohol) fuelled engines has been undertaken by measuring the real-time emissions. To investigate unregulated emissions experimentally, a 4-cylinder, water-cooled, multipoint port fuel injection (MPFI) gasoline engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer was used. Exhaustive experiments were carried out in this spark ignition (SI) engine, which was fuelled by Gasohols (E5, E15, M5 and M15) vis-a-vis baseline gasoline for characterizing regulated and unregulated emissions. A raw exhaust gas emission analyzer was used for regulated emission measurements and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission analyzer was used for unregulated emission measurements. Experiments revealed that formic acid (HCOOH), iso-butane (iso-C4H10), and iso-pentane (iso-C5H12) were present in the exhaust in relatively lower concentration in Gasohol blends compared to baseline gasoline. For higher Gasohol blends (E15), iso-butane, n-pentane, ethane, toluene, and benzene were present in significantly low concentrations in the exhaust while ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, propane and iso-butylene emissions were present in relatively higher concentrations in the exhaust. M15 emitted relatively lower concentrations of formic acid, iso-butane, iso-pentane, and benzene, but higher concentrations of methanol, formaldehyde, propane, n-pentane, and toluene compared to other test fuels. Gasohols were ineffective in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and acetic acid. Acetaldehyde was emitted by gasoline–ethanol blends however it was not detected in the emissions from gasoline and gasoline–methanol blends.
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combustion performance emissions and particulate characterization of a methanol gasoline blend Gasohol fuelled medium duty spark ignition transportation engine
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Himanshu Karare, Atul DharAbstract:Abstract This paper describes the comparative performance, emissions, combustion characteristics and particulate size–number distribution of 10 and 20% methanol blends (M10 & M20) with gasoline in a medium duty spark ignition transportation engine, typically used in a mid-sized car vis-a-vis baseline gasoline. Brake thermal efficiency of methanol blends was higher than gasoline. Methanol–gasoline blends (Gasohol) produced lower CO, NO and smoke emissions than gasoline. The combustion characteristics of Gasohol blends were found to be almost identical to gasoline. Minor variations in cylinder pressure were observed for Gasohol blends compared to gasoline. Heat release rate for gasoline begins to rise earlier than Gasohol at the same engine load and also, peaks of heat release rate for Gasohol were wider compared to gasoline. With increasing engine load, combustion duration decreased because at higher engine loads, combustion was relatively faster. Combustion duration of Gasohol blends was higher than gasoline, suggesting slower heat release from Gasohol. This study indicates that methanol and its blends can be a good replacement of gasoline for transportation engines without any hardware modification as well as any additional serious environmental impact.
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Combustion, performance, emissions and particulate characterization of a methanol–gasoline blend (Gasohol) fuelled medium duty spark ignition transportation engine
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Himanshu Karare, Atul DharAbstract:Abstract This paper describes the comparative performance, emissions, combustion characteristics and particulate size–number distribution of 10 and 20% methanol blends (M10 & M20) with gasoline in a medium duty spark ignition transportation engine, typically used in a mid-sized car vis-a-vis baseline gasoline. Brake thermal efficiency of methanol blends was higher than gasoline. Methanol–gasoline blends (Gasohol) produced lower CO, NO and smoke emissions than gasoline. The combustion characteristics of Gasohol blends were found to be almost identical to gasoline. Minor variations in cylinder pressure were observed for Gasohol blends compared to gasoline. Heat release rate for gasoline begins to rise earlier than Gasohol at the same engine load and also, peaks of heat release rate for Gasohol were wider compared to gasoline. With increasing engine load, combustion duration decreased because at higher engine loads, combustion was relatively faster. Combustion duration of Gasohol blends was higher than gasoline, suggesting slower heat release from Gasohol. This study indicates that methanol and its blends can be a good replacement of gasoline for transportation engines without any hardware modification as well as any additional serious environmental impact.
Daniel A. May-arrioja - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gasohol Quality Control for Real Time Applications by Means of a Multimode Interference Fiber Sensor
Sensors, 2014Co-Authors: Adolfo Josué Rodríguez Rodríguez, Oscar Baldovino-pantaleón, René Fernando Domínguez Cruz, Carlos R. Zamarreño, Ignacio R. Matias, Daniel A. May-arriojaAbstract:In this work we demonstrate efficient quality control of a variety of gasoline and ethanol (Gasohol) blends using a multimode interference (MMI) fiber sensor. The operational principle relies on the fact that the addition of ethanol to the Gasohol blend reduces the refractive index (RI) of the gasoline. Since MMI sensors are capable of detecting small RI changes, the ethanol content of the Gasohol blend is easily determined by tracking the MMI peak wavelength response. Gasohol blends with ethanol contents ranging from 0% to 50% has been clearly identified using this device, which provides a linear response with a maximum sensitivity of 0.270 nm/% EtOH. The sensor can also distinguish when water incorporated in the blend has exceeded the maximum volume tolerated by the Gasohol blend, which is responsible for phase separation of the ethanol and gasoline and could cause serious engine failures. Since the MMI sensor is straightforward to fabricate and does not require any special coating it is a cost effective solution for real time and in-situ monitoring of the quality of Gasohol blends.
May Arrioja, Daniel A. - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gasohol quality control for real time applications by means of a multimode interference fiber sensor
'MDPI AG', 2014Co-Authors: Rodríguez Rodríguez, Adolfo Josué, Baldovino Pantaleón Óscar, Cruz René, Ruiz Zamarreño Carlos, Matías Maestro Ignacio, May Arrioja, Daniel A.Abstract:In this work we demonstrate efficient quality control of a variety of gasoline and ethanol (Gasohol) blends using a multimode interference (MMI) fiber sensor. The operational principle relies on the fact that the addition of ethanol to the Gasohol blend reduces the refractive index (RI) of the gasoline. Since MMI sensors are capable of detecting small RI changes, the ethanol content of the Gasohol blend is easily determined by tracking the MMI peak wavelength response. Gasohol blends with ethanol contents ranging from 0% to 50% has been clearly identified using this device, which provides a linear response with a maximum sensitivity of 0.270 nm/% EtOH. The sensor can also distinguish when water incorporated in the blend has exceeded the maximum volume tolerated by the Gasohol blend, which is responsible for phase separation of the ethanol and gasoline and could cause serious engine failures. Since the MMI sensor is straightforward to fabricate and does not require any special coating it is a cost effective solution for real time and in-situ monitoring of the quality of Gasohol blends.The authors appreciate the support from the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) under contract CB-2010/157866 and CB-2010/156529. This work was also supported by the Spanish Economy and Competitivity Ministry-FEDER TEC2010-17805
Atul Dhar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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combustion performance emissions and particulate characterization of a methanol gasoline blend Gasohol fuelled medium duty spark ignition transportation engine
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Himanshu Karare, Atul DharAbstract:Abstract This paper describes the comparative performance, emissions, combustion characteristics and particulate size–number distribution of 10 and 20% methanol blends (M10 & M20) with gasoline in a medium duty spark ignition transportation engine, typically used in a mid-sized car vis-a-vis baseline gasoline. Brake thermal efficiency of methanol blends was higher than gasoline. Methanol–gasoline blends (Gasohol) produced lower CO, NO and smoke emissions than gasoline. The combustion characteristics of Gasohol blends were found to be almost identical to gasoline. Minor variations in cylinder pressure were observed for Gasohol blends compared to gasoline. Heat release rate for gasoline begins to rise earlier than Gasohol at the same engine load and also, peaks of heat release rate for Gasohol were wider compared to gasoline. With increasing engine load, combustion duration decreased because at higher engine loads, combustion was relatively faster. Combustion duration of Gasohol blends was higher than gasoline, suggesting slower heat release from Gasohol. This study indicates that methanol and its blends can be a good replacement of gasoline for transportation engines without any hardware modification as well as any additional serious environmental impact.
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Combustion, performance, emissions and particulate characterization of a methanol–gasoline blend (Gasohol) fuelled medium duty spark ignition transportation engine
Fuel Processing Technology, 2014Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Himanshu Karare, Atul DharAbstract:Abstract This paper describes the comparative performance, emissions, combustion characteristics and particulate size–number distribution of 10 and 20% methanol blends (M10 & M20) with gasoline in a medium duty spark ignition transportation engine, typically used in a mid-sized car vis-a-vis baseline gasoline. Brake thermal efficiency of methanol blends was higher than gasoline. Methanol–gasoline blends (Gasohol) produced lower CO, NO and smoke emissions than gasoline. The combustion characteristics of Gasohol blends were found to be almost identical to gasoline. Minor variations in cylinder pressure were observed for Gasohol blends compared to gasoline. Heat release rate for gasoline begins to rise earlier than Gasohol at the same engine load and also, peaks of heat release rate for Gasohol were wider compared to gasoline. With increasing engine load, combustion duration decreased because at higher engine loads, combustion was relatively faster. Combustion duration of Gasohol blends was higher than gasoline, suggesting slower heat release from Gasohol. This study indicates that methanol and its blends can be a good replacement of gasoline for transportation engines without any hardware modification as well as any additional serious environmental impact.
Nikhil Sharma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Toxicity of exhaust particulates and gaseous emissions from Gasohol (ethanol blended gasoline)-fuelled spark ignition engines
Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2020Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Nikhil Sharma, Rashmi A. Agarwal, Akhilendra Pratap Singh, Tarun Gupta, Swaroop K. Pandey, Bushra AteeqAbstract:In the last couple of decades, blending of oxygenated additives with gasoline has been advocated to reduce dependence on fossil fuels and to reduce hazardous health effects of gaseous emissions and particulate matter (PM) emitted by internal combustion (IC) engines in the transport sector worldwide. The primary objective of this research was to carry out a comparative analysis of exhaust PM emitted by Gasohol (gasoline blended with 10% ethanol, v/v)-fulled spark ignition (SI) engine with that of baseline gasoline-fuelled SI engine. To assess the PM toxicity, physical, chemical and biological characterizations of PM were carried out using the state-of-the-art instruments and techniques. Measurements of regulated and unregulated gaseous species were also carried out at part/full loads. The results showed that the Gasohol-fuelled engine emitted relatively lower concentrations of unregulated gaseous species such as sulfur dioxide (SO2), isocyanic acid (HNCO), etc. Physical characterization of exhaust particles revealed that the Gasohol-fuelled engine emitted a significantly lower number of particles compared to the gasoline-fuelled engine. The presence of harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and higher trace metal concentrations in PM emitted from the gasoline-fuelled engine was another important finding of this study. Biological characterizations showed that PM emitted from the Gasohol-fuelled engine were less cytotoxic and had lower reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation potential. Mutagenicity of PM emitted from the Gasohol-fuelled engine was also lower compared to that from the gasoline-fuelled engine. Overall, this study demonstrated that utilization of Gasohol in SI engines led to the reduction in emissions, and lowering of PM toxicity, in addition to partial replacement of fossil fuels with renewable fuels.
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Particulate Bound Trace Metals and Soot Morphology of Gasohol Fueled Gasoline Direct Injection Engine
Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2018Co-Authors: Nikhil Sharma, Rashmi A. Agarwal, Avinash Kumar AgarwalAbstract:Direct injection spark ignition or gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are superior in terms of relatively higher thermal efficiency and power output compared to multipoint port fuel injection engines and direct injection diesel engines. In this study, a 500 cc single cylinder GDI engine was used for experiments. Three Gasohol blends (15% (v/v) ethanol/methanol/butanol with 85% (v/v) gasoline) were chosen for this experimental study and were characterized to determine their important fuel properties. For particulate investigations, exhaust particles were collected on a quartz filter paper using a partial flow dilution tunnel. Comparative investigations for particulate mass emissions, trace metal concentrations, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) imaging of the particulate samples collected from different test fuels at different engine loads were performed. For majority of the experimental conditions, Gasohols showed relatively lower trace metal concentration in particulates compared to gasoline. HR-TEM images showed that higher engine loads and presence of oxygen in the test fuels increased the soot reactivity. Multicore shells like structures were visible in the HR-TEM images due to growth of nuclei, and rapid soot formation due to relatively higher temperature and pressure environment of the engine combustion chamber. Researches world-over are trying to reduce particulate emissions from GDI engines; however there is a vast research gap for such investigations related to Gasohol fueled GDI engines. This paper critically assesses and highlights comparative morphological characteristics of Gasohol fueled GDI engine.
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Unregulated emissions from a Gasohol (E5, E15, M5, and M15) fuelled spark ignition engine
Applied Energy, 2015Co-Authors: Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Pravesh Chandra Shukla, Jai Gopal Gupta, Chetankumar Patel, Rajesh Kumar Prasad, Nikhil SharmaAbstract:Gasoline is increasingly blended with primary alcohols globally, in order to ensure energy security and to reduce local and global pollution load. However, no systematic scientific study reporting unregulated emissions from Gasohol (gasoline blend with alcohol) fuelled engines has been undertaken by measuring the real-time emissions. To investigate unregulated emissions experimentally, a 4-cylinder, water-cooled, multipoint port fuel injection (MPFI) gasoline engine coupled with an eddy current dynamometer was used. Exhaustive experiments were carried out in this spark ignition (SI) engine, which was fuelled by Gasohols (E5, E15, M5 and M15) vis-a-vis baseline gasoline for characterizing regulated and unregulated emissions. A raw exhaust gas emission analyzer was used for regulated emission measurements and a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) emission analyzer was used for unregulated emission measurements. Experiments revealed that formic acid (HCOOH), iso-butane (iso-C4H10), and iso-pentane (iso-C5H12) were present in the exhaust in relatively lower concentration in Gasohol blends compared to baseline gasoline. For higher Gasohol blends (E15), iso-butane, n-pentane, ethane, toluene, and benzene were present in significantly low concentrations in the exhaust while ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, propane and iso-butylene emissions were present in relatively higher concentrations in the exhaust. M15 emitted relatively lower concentrations of formic acid, iso-butane, iso-pentane, and benzene, but higher concentrations of methanol, formaldehyde, propane, n-pentane, and toluene compared to other test fuels. Gasohols were ineffective in reducing emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and acetic acid. Acetaldehyde was emitted by gasoline–ethanol blends however it was not detected in the emissions from gasoline and gasoline–methanol blends.