Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor

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Patricia Grabowski - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • inhibition of mtor s catalytic site by pki 587 is a promising therapeutic option for Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor disease
    Neuroendocrinology, 2017
    Co-Authors: Helma Freitag, Friederike Christen, Florentine Lewens, Irina Grass, Franziska Briest, Sara Iwaszkiewicz, Britta Siegmund, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    Background: The characteristic clinical heterogeneity and mostly slow-growing behavior of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) cause problem

  • abstract b44 survivin protein detection is a promising biomarker in the serum of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor gep net patients
    Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2009
    Co-Authors: Inna Georgieva, Sibyll Hein, Yawen Wang, Philipp Kiewe, Werner Hopfenmuller, Michael Blaker, M Zeitz, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    Background: The bifunctional protein survivin is a powerful prognostic marker in GEP‐NET disease as measured by immunohistochemical methods in Tumor tissues. The present study was focused to investigate if survivin can also be detected in the serum of GEP‐NET patients and to evaluate its potential diagnostic role. Aim: To establish a method by which the serum levels of survivin can be used as a predictive value in the treatment outcome of patients with GEP‐NET disease. Materials and Methods: In 2007, serum samples were obtained from patients with well‐differentiated GEP‐NET disease (n=22) either at Charite‐Campus Benjamin Franklin (n=8) or at the University Hospital of Hamburg‐Eppendorf (n=14), hematological malignancies (HM) and solid cancers (n=22), as well as healthy volunteers (n=25), the last all obtained at the Charite. All patients had given their informed consent to this pilot study. The patients of the GEP‐NET group had either stable disease with metastasis, predominantly to the liver (n=14), or were progressive at the time of venipuncture (n=6). 9 foregut Tumors, 10 midgut Tumors and 3 hindgut Tumors were included, a third of those functionally active. Most of the patients received any kind of bio‐ or chemotherapy. The mean age of GEP‐NET patients was 61.1 years (range 29–81), whereas the mean age of patients with HM and solid Tumors was 55.9 years (range 30–82). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis was used for determination of survivin protein serum levels. Results: There was a statistically significant increase of the survivin protein serum levels in patients with HM and solid cancers compared to the healthy controls (p=0.009). The difference in survivin serum levels between healthy controls and patients with GEP‐NETs did not reach statistical significance (p=0.089). No correlation to clinical features like localization of the Tumor, functional activity, Chromogranin A levels or kind of therapy was found. However, survivin serum levels tended to be higher in patients with a greater Tumor burden. Conclusion: This is the first study to quantify survivin protein levels in the serum of GEP‐NET patients. The results of this small pilot study should be evaluated in further clinical trials by correlating survivin serum levels before and after therapy in order to define its potential diagnostic and prognostic use. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B44.

  • ZM447439, a Novel Promising Aurora Kinase Inhibitor, Provokes Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects Alone and in Combination with Bio- and Chemotherapeutic Agents in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines
    Neuroendocrinology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Inna Georgieva, Martin Zeitz, D. Koychev, Y. Wang, J. Holstein, W. Hopfenmüller, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    Background: Therapeutic approaches to Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are still not satisfactory. A new direction in treatment options could be the novel aur

  • aurora kinases as novel drug targets in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor disease antiproliferative and pro apoptotic effects of zm 447439 a new aurora kinase inhibitor in bon and qgp 1 cells
    Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Patricia Grabowski, Christian N. Arnold, Dieter Hörsch, Harald Stein, Inna Georgieva, Y. Wang, D Koychev, S Griss, M Grunbaum, M Zeitz
    Abstract:

    22023 Background: The serine/threonine protein kinases aurora A and B, key regulators of mitosis, are emerging as novel drug targets for cancer treatment. Aurora B overexpression has been previously documented by immunohistochemistry in several types of human Tumors. In Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) the therapeutic possibilities are still not satisfactory. Therefore, we assessed aurora B expression in a series of well-differentiated GEP-NETs and studied the effects of a novel aurora kinase A and B inhibitor (ZM 447439) in our well-differentiated human GEP-NET cell lines BON and QGP-1. Materials and Methods: Tumor specimens from 102 patients (40 foregut, 55 midgut, 7 hindgut) were studied immunohistochemically for aurora kinase expression. The cell lines BON and QGP-1 were treated with increasing concentrations of ZM 447439 (Tocris) with or without coincubation with Streptozocin, Doxorubicin, Octreotide and SOM-230. Growth inhibition was measured with crystal violet assays, apopto...

  • zm 447439 a novel promising aurora kinase inhibitor provoking antiproliferative and pro apoptotic effects alone and in combination with bio and chemotherapeutic agents in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor disease
    Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Inna Georgieva, Yawen Wang, M Zeitz, D. Koychev, Judith D Holstein, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    B218 Nowadays therapeutic possibilities of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are still not satisfactory. A new light in treatment options of GEP-NET cancer diseases could be the novel aurora kinase inhibitor ZM447439 (ZM) which was previously reported to interfere with the mitotic spindle integrity checkpoint and chromosome segregation, but does not interfere with other kinases when used up to 5µM.
 We evaluated the antineoplastic effects of ZM on growth and apoptosis of the GEP-NET cell lines BON, QGP-1 and MIP-101, representing the different malignancy types of Tumors. We demonstrate that ZM inhibited dose-dependently proliferation of all three cell lines with IC50 values in the nM to µM range. Moreover, aurora kinase inhibition by ZM potently induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by DNA-fragmentation and Caspase 3/7 activation in all three cell lines. Furthermore, we observed cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 as well as a block in G2/M transition at ZM concentrations of 0.5-5 µM. In addition, combined treatment with the synthetic somatostatin analogue octreotide for BON cells, as well as streptozocin for QGP-1 cells, and cisplatin for MIP-101 cells, were evaluated. ZM augmented significantly the antiproliferative effects of streptozocin and cisplatin, but no such effect was observed by combination of somatostatin and ZM. In conclusion, aurora kinase inhibition by ZM seems to be a promising new therapeutic approach in GEP-NETs, which should be evaluated in further clinical trials.

Michelle K Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • association between somatostatin analogues and diabetes mellitus in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor patients a surveillance epidemiology and end results medicare analysis of 5235 patients
    Cancer reports (Hoboken N.J.), 2021
    Co-Authors: Jeong Yun Yang, Kiwoon Joshua Baeg, Grace Mhango, Juan P Wisnivesky, Amanda Leiter, Emily J Gallagher, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are increasingly common malignancies and tend to have favorable long-term prognoses. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are a first-line treatment for many NETs. Short-term experiments suggest an association between SSAs and hyperglycemia. However, it is unknown whether there is a relationship between SSAs and clinically significant hyperglycemia causing development of diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic condition with significant morbidity and mortality. AIM In this study, we aimed to compare risk of developing DM in patients treated with SSA vs no SSA treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and linked Medicare claims (1991-2016), we identified patients age 65+ with no prior DM diagnosis and a GEP-NET in the stomach, small intestine, appendix, colon, rectum, or pancreas. We used χ2 tests to compare SSA-treated and SSA-untreated patients and multivariable Cox regression to assess risk factors for developing DM. Among 8464 GEP-NET patients, 5235 patients had no prior DM and were included for analysis. Of these, 784 (15%) patients received SSAs. In multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio of developing DM with SSA treatment was 1.19, which was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.95-1.49). Significant risk factors for DM included black race, Hispanic ethnicity, prior pancreatic surgery, prior chemotherapy, Tumor size >2 cm, pancreas Tumors, and higher Charlson scores. CONCLUSION DM was very common in GEP-NET patients, affecting 53% of our cohort. Despite prior studies suggesting an association between SSAs and hyperglycemia, our analysis found similar risk of DM in SSA-treated and SSA-untreated GEP-NET patients. Further studies are needed to better understand this relationship. As NET patients have increasingly prolonged survival, it is crucial to identify chronic conditions such as DM that these patients may be at elevated risk for.

  • effect of treatment center volume on outcomes in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor patients
    BMC Cancer, 2021
    Co-Authors: Kiwoon Joshua Baeg, Monica Naparst, Eugene Ahn, Cynthia K Harris, Sahityasri Thapi, Jacob Martin, Sheila D Rustgi, Grace Mhango, Juan P Wisnivesky, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    Background Medical centers with varying levels of expertise treat Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs), which are relatively rare Tumors. This study assesses the impact of center volume on GEP-NET treatment outcomes. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry linked to Medicare claims data. The data includes patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2010 who had no health maintenance organization (HMO) coverage, participated in Medicare parts A and B, were older than 65 at diagnosis, had Tumor differentiation information, and had no secondary cancer. We identified medical centers at which patients received GEP-NET treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, somatostatin analogues, or radiation therapy) using Medicare claims data. Center volume was divided into 3 tiers - low, medium, and high - based on the number of unique GEP-NET patients treated by a medical center over 2 years. We used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression to assess the association between volume and disease-specific survival. Results We identified 899 GEP-NET patients, of whom 37, 45, and 18% received treatment at low, medium volume, and high-volume centers, respectively. Median disease-specific survival for patients at low and medium tiers were 1.4 years and 5.3 years, respectively, but was not reached for patients at high volume centers. Results showed that patients treated at high volume centers had better survival than those treated in low volume centers (HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9), but showed no difference in outcomes between medium and high-volume centers. Conclusions Our results suggest that for these increasingly common Tumors, referral to a tertiary care center may be indicated. Physicians caring for GEP-NET patients should consider early referral to high volume centers.

  • racial differences in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor treatment and survival in the united states
    Pancreas, 2021
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth Kessel, Monica Naparst, Naomi Alpert, Kelly Diaz, Eugene Ahn, Edward M Wolin, Emanuela Taioli, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    Objectives The objective of this study was to evaluate racial differences in cancer treatment and survival in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor (GEP-NET) patients. Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Registry, we identified patients with GEP-NETs of the stomach, small intestine (SI), colon, rectum, appendix, and pancreas diagnosed between 1973 and 2014. Demographic, cancer, and treatment information were collected and compared using χ2 tests. Multivariable logistic and Cox regression were used to determine disparities in receiving treatment and overall survival. Results We identified 19,031 GEP-NET patients: 2839 were non-Hispanic Blacks, 12,832 non-Hispanic Whites, 2098 Hispanics, and 1262 Asians. African Americans and Hispanics with SI and pancreatic NETs were less likely to be treated with surgery (odds ratio, 0.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.46-0.69; odds ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.51-0.99, respectively). African American race was not an independent predictor of survival; there was a strong trend in stomach, SI, and pancreas NETs (hazard ratio [HR], 1.31; 95% CI, 1-1.7; HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.99-1.45; HR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1-1.48, respectively). Conclusions Our study provides evidence of racial disparities in treatment and survival across GEP-NET primary sites and racial groups. Further studies should be performed to improve our understanding of the reason for these disparities.

  • Effect of treatment center volume on outcomes in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor patients.
    Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Kiwoon Joshua Baeg, Sheila D Rustgi, Grace Mhango, Juan P Wisnivesky, Cynthia Harris, Mi Ri Lee, Jacob A. Martin, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    502Background: Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively rare Tumors, where patients seek care at medical centers with varying levels of expertise. While treatment cent...

Inna Georgieva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • abstract b44 survivin protein detection is a promising biomarker in the serum of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor gep net patients
    Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2009
    Co-Authors: Inna Georgieva, Sibyll Hein, Yawen Wang, Philipp Kiewe, Werner Hopfenmuller, Michael Blaker, M Zeitz, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    Background: The bifunctional protein survivin is a powerful prognostic marker in GEP‐NET disease as measured by immunohistochemical methods in Tumor tissues. The present study was focused to investigate if survivin can also be detected in the serum of GEP‐NET patients and to evaluate its potential diagnostic role. Aim: To establish a method by which the serum levels of survivin can be used as a predictive value in the treatment outcome of patients with GEP‐NET disease. Materials and Methods: In 2007, serum samples were obtained from patients with well‐differentiated GEP‐NET disease (n=22) either at Charite‐Campus Benjamin Franklin (n=8) or at the University Hospital of Hamburg‐Eppendorf (n=14), hematological malignancies (HM) and solid cancers (n=22), as well as healthy volunteers (n=25), the last all obtained at the Charite. All patients had given their informed consent to this pilot study. The patients of the GEP‐NET group had either stable disease with metastasis, predominantly to the liver (n=14), or were progressive at the time of venipuncture (n=6). 9 foregut Tumors, 10 midgut Tumors and 3 hindgut Tumors were included, a third of those functionally active. Most of the patients received any kind of bio‐ or chemotherapy. The mean age of GEP‐NET patients was 61.1 years (range 29–81), whereas the mean age of patients with HM and solid Tumors was 55.9 years (range 30–82). Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis was used for determination of survivin protein serum levels. Results: There was a statistically significant increase of the survivin protein serum levels in patients with HM and solid cancers compared to the healthy controls (p=0.009). The difference in survivin serum levels between healthy controls and patients with GEP‐NETs did not reach statistical significance (p=0.089). No correlation to clinical features like localization of the Tumor, functional activity, Chromogranin A levels or kind of therapy was found. However, survivin serum levels tended to be higher in patients with a greater Tumor burden. Conclusion: This is the first study to quantify survivin protein levels in the serum of GEP‐NET patients. The results of this small pilot study should be evaluated in further clinical trials by correlating survivin serum levels before and after therapy in order to define its potential diagnostic and prognostic use. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):B44.

  • ZM447439, a Novel Promising Aurora Kinase Inhibitor, Provokes Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects Alone and in Combination with Bio- and Chemotherapeutic Agents in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor Cell Lines
    Neuroendocrinology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Inna Georgieva, Martin Zeitz, D. Koychev, Y. Wang, J. Holstein, W. Hopfenmüller, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    Background: Therapeutic approaches to Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are still not satisfactory. A new direction in treatment options could be the novel aur

  • aurora kinases as novel drug targets in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor disease antiproliferative and pro apoptotic effects of zm 447439 a new aurora kinase inhibitor in bon and qgp 1 cells
    Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Patricia Grabowski, Christian N. Arnold, Dieter Hörsch, Harald Stein, Inna Georgieva, Y. Wang, D Koychev, S Griss, M Grunbaum, M Zeitz
    Abstract:

    22023 Background: The serine/threonine protein kinases aurora A and B, key regulators of mitosis, are emerging as novel drug targets for cancer treatment. Aurora B overexpression has been previously documented by immunohistochemistry in several types of human Tumors. In Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) the therapeutic possibilities are still not satisfactory. Therefore, we assessed aurora B expression in a series of well-differentiated GEP-NETs and studied the effects of a novel aurora kinase A and B inhibitor (ZM 447439) in our well-differentiated human GEP-NET cell lines BON and QGP-1. Materials and Methods: Tumor specimens from 102 patients (40 foregut, 55 midgut, 7 hindgut) were studied immunohistochemically for aurora kinase expression. The cell lines BON and QGP-1 were treated with increasing concentrations of ZM 447439 (Tocris) with or without coincubation with Streptozocin, Doxorubicin, Octreotide and SOM-230. Growth inhibition was measured with crystal violet assays, apopto...

  • zm 447439 a novel promising aurora kinase inhibitor provoking antiproliferative and pro apoptotic effects alone and in combination with bio and chemotherapeutic agents in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor disease
    Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 2007
    Co-Authors: Inna Georgieva, Yawen Wang, M Zeitz, D. Koychev, Judith D Holstein, Patricia Grabowski
    Abstract:

    B218 Nowadays therapeutic possibilities of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are still not satisfactory. A new light in treatment options of GEP-NET cancer diseases could be the novel aurora kinase inhibitor ZM447439 (ZM) which was previously reported to interfere with the mitotic spindle integrity checkpoint and chromosome segregation, but does not interfere with other kinases when used up to 5µM.
 We evaluated the antineoplastic effects of ZM on growth and apoptosis of the GEP-NET cell lines BON, QGP-1 and MIP-101, representing the different malignancy types of Tumors. We demonstrate that ZM inhibited dose-dependently proliferation of all three cell lines with IC50 values in the nM to µM range. Moreover, aurora kinase inhibition by ZM potently induced apoptosis, which was accompanied by DNA-fragmentation and Caspase 3/7 activation in all three cell lines. Furthermore, we observed cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 as well as a block in G2/M transition at ZM concentrations of 0.5-5 µM. In addition, combined treatment with the synthetic somatostatin analogue octreotide for BON cells, as well as streptozocin for QGP-1 cells, and cisplatin for MIP-101 cells, were evaluated. ZM augmented significantly the antiproliferative effects of streptozocin and cisplatin, but no such effect was observed by combination of somatostatin and ZM. In conclusion, aurora kinase inhibition by ZM seems to be a promising new therapeutic approach in GEP-NETs, which should be evaluated in further clinical trials.

Kiwoon Joshua Baeg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • association between somatostatin analogues and diabetes mellitus in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor patients a surveillance epidemiology and end results medicare analysis of 5235 patients
    Cancer reports (Hoboken N.J.), 2021
    Co-Authors: Jeong Yun Yang, Kiwoon Joshua Baeg, Grace Mhango, Juan P Wisnivesky, Amanda Leiter, Emily J Gallagher, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are increasingly common malignancies and tend to have favorable long-term prognoses. Somatostatin analogues (SSA) are a first-line treatment for many NETs. Short-term experiments suggest an association between SSAs and hyperglycemia. However, it is unknown whether there is a relationship between SSAs and clinically significant hyperglycemia causing development of diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic condition with significant morbidity and mortality. AIM In this study, we aimed to compare risk of developing DM in patients treated with SSA vs no SSA treatment. METHODS AND RESULTS Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and linked Medicare claims (1991-2016), we identified patients age 65+ with no prior DM diagnosis and a GEP-NET in the stomach, small intestine, appendix, colon, rectum, or pancreas. We used χ2 tests to compare SSA-treated and SSA-untreated patients and multivariable Cox regression to assess risk factors for developing DM. Among 8464 GEP-NET patients, 5235 patients had no prior DM and were included for analysis. Of these, 784 (15%) patients received SSAs. In multivariable analysis, the hazard ratio of developing DM with SSA treatment was 1.19, which was not statistically significant (95% CI 0.95-1.49). Significant risk factors for DM included black race, Hispanic ethnicity, prior pancreatic surgery, prior chemotherapy, Tumor size >2 cm, pancreas Tumors, and higher Charlson scores. CONCLUSION DM was very common in GEP-NET patients, affecting 53% of our cohort. Despite prior studies suggesting an association between SSAs and hyperglycemia, our analysis found similar risk of DM in SSA-treated and SSA-untreated GEP-NET patients. Further studies are needed to better understand this relationship. As NET patients have increasingly prolonged survival, it is crucial to identify chronic conditions such as DM that these patients may be at elevated risk for.

  • effect of treatment center volume on outcomes in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor patients
    BMC Cancer, 2021
    Co-Authors: Kiwoon Joshua Baeg, Monica Naparst, Eugene Ahn, Cynthia K Harris, Sahityasri Thapi, Jacob Martin, Sheila D Rustgi, Grace Mhango, Juan P Wisnivesky, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    Background Medical centers with varying levels of expertise treat Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs), which are relatively rare Tumors. This study assesses the impact of center volume on GEP-NET treatment outcomes. Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry linked to Medicare claims data. The data includes patients diagnosed between 1995 and 2010 who had no health maintenance organization (HMO) coverage, participated in Medicare parts A and B, were older than 65 at diagnosis, had Tumor differentiation information, and had no secondary cancer. We identified medical centers at which patients received GEP-NET treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, somatostatin analogues, or radiation therapy) using Medicare claims data. Center volume was divided into 3 tiers - low, medium, and high - based on the number of unique GEP-NET patients treated by a medical center over 2 years. We used Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression to assess the association between volume and disease-specific survival. Results We identified 899 GEP-NET patients, of whom 37, 45, and 18% received treatment at low, medium volume, and high-volume centers, respectively. Median disease-specific survival for patients at low and medium tiers were 1.4 years and 5.3 years, respectively, but was not reached for patients at high volume centers. Results showed that patients treated at high volume centers had better survival than those treated in low volume centers (HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.4-0.9), but showed no difference in outcomes between medium and high-volume centers. Conclusions Our results suggest that for these increasingly common Tumors, referral to a tertiary care center may be indicated. Physicians caring for GEP-NET patients should consider early referral to high volume centers.

  • Effect of treatment center volume on outcomes in Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumor patients.
    Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2018
    Co-Authors: Kiwoon Joshua Baeg, Sheila D Rustgi, Grace Mhango, Juan P Wisnivesky, Cynthia Harris, Mi Ri Lee, Jacob A. Martin, Michelle K Kim
    Abstract:

    502Background: Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (GEP-NETs) are relatively rare Tumors, where patients seek care at medical centers with varying levels of expertise. While treatment cent...

Philippe Atlan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.