The Experts below are selected from a list of 464340 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Janet Shibley Hyde - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Differences in depression biological affective cognitive and sociocultural factors
Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 2020Co-Authors: Janet Shibley Hyde, Amy H MezulisAbstract:The odds ratio (OR) for Gender Differences in major depression is 1.95, averaged meta-analytically over all ages and nations. The Gender difference appears by age 12, OR = 2.37, and peaks at OR = 3.02 for ages 13-15. Using the ABC (affective, biological, cognitive) model as a framework within a vulnerability-stress approach, we consider the evidence for biological vulnerabilities (genes, pubertal hormones, and pubertal timing), affective vulnerabilities (temperament), and cognitive vulnerabilities (negative cognitive style, objectified body consciousness, and rumination). The impact of stress is central to the vulnerability-stress model, and we review evidence on Gender Differences in stress exposure, emphasizing Gender Differences in sex-related traumas such as child sexual abuse and rape. Finally, we examine sociocultural factors that may contribute to the Gender difference, including the media and Gender inequality. An implication for research methods is that single-Gender designs should be questioned. Regarding clinical implications, the vulnerabilities and stressors identified in this review should contribute to personalized interventions with depressed individuals, especially depressed women.
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Gender Differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors a review of meta analytic results and large datasets
Journal of Sex Research, 2011Co-Authors: Jennifer L Petersen, Janet Shibley HydeAbstract:Gender Differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors are typically believed to be large, yet recent evidence suggests that some Gender Differences in sexuality are much smaller than common knowledge would suggest. This article reviews Gender Differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors as reported by major meta-analyses and large datasets. In particular, this article reviews Gender Differences in heterosexual intercourse, masturbation, pornography use, attitudes toward premarital sex, and Gender Differences in same-Gender sexuality. Evolutionary psychology, social cognitive learning theory, and social structural theory are explored as possible explanations for Gender Differences in sexuality.
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a meta analytic review of research on Gender Differences in sexuality 1993 2007
Psychological Bulletin, 2010Co-Authors: Jennifer L Petersen, Janet Shibley HydeAbstract:In 1993 Oliver and Hyde conducted a meta-analysis on Gender Differences in sexuality. The current study updated that analysis with current research and methods. Evolutionary psychology, cognitive social learning theory, social structural theory, and the Gender similarities hypothesis provided predictions about Gender Differences in sexuality. We analyzed Gender Differences in 30 reported sexual behaviors and attitudes for 834 individual samples uncovered in literature searches and 7 large national data sets. In support of evolutionary psychology, results from both the individual studies and the large data sets indicated that men reported slightly more sexual experience and more permissive attitudes than women for most of the variables. However, as predicted by the Gender similarities hypothesis, most Gender Differences in sexual attitudes and behaviors were small. Exceptions were masturbation incidence, pornography use, casual sex, and attitudes toward casual sex, which all yielded medium effect sizes in which male participants reported more sexual behavior or permissive attitudes than female participants. Most effect sizes reported in the current study were comparable to those reported in Oliver and Hyde's study. In support of cognitive social learning theory, year of publication moderated the magnitude of effect sizes, with Gender Differences for some aspects of sexuality increasing over time and others decreasing. As predicted by social structural theory, nations and ethnic groups with greater Gender equity had smaller Gender Differences for some reported sexual behaviors than nations and ethnic groups with less Gender equity. Gender Differences decreased with age of the sample for some sexual behaviors and attitudes.
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Gender Differences in temperament a meta analysis
Psychological Bulletin, 2006Co-Authors: Nicole M Elsequest, Janet Shibley Hyde, Hill H Goldsmith, Carol A Van HulleAbstract:The authors used meta-analytical techniques to estimate the magnitude of Gender Differences in mean level and variability of 35 dimensions and 3 factors of temperament in children ages 3 months to 13 years. Effortful control showed a large difference favoring girls and the dimensions within that factor (e.g., inhibitory control: d = -.41, perceptual sensitivity: d = -0.38) showed moderate Gender Differences favoring girls, consistent with boys' greater incidence of externalizing disorders. Surgency showed a difference favoring boys, as did some of the dimensions within that factor (e.g., activity: d = 0.33, high-intensity pleasure: d = 0.30), consistent with boys' greater involvement in active rough-and-tumble play. Negative affectivity showed negligible Gender Differences.
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Gender Differences in self esteem a meta analysis
Psychological Bulletin, 1999Co-Authors: Kristen C Kling, Janet Shibley Hyde, Carolin J Showers, Brenda N BuswellAbstract:Two analyses were conducted to examine Gender Differences in global self-esteem. In analysis I, a computerized literature search yielded 216 effect sizes, representing the testing of 97,121 respondents. The overall effect size was 0.21, a small difference favoring males. A significant quadratic effect of age indicated that the largest effect emerged in late adolescence (d = 0.33). In Analysis II, Gender Differences were examined using 3 large, nationally representative data sets from the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). All of the NCES effect sizes, which collectively summarize the responses of approximately 48,000 young Americans, indicated higher male self-esteem (ds ranged from 0.04 to 0.24). Taken together, the 2 analyses provide evidence that males score higher on standard measures of global self-esteem than females, but the difference is small. Potential reasons for the small yet consistent effect size are discussed.
Robert R Mccrae - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Differences in personality traits across cultures robust and surprising findings
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Paul T Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Robert R MccraeAbstract:Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that Gender Differences are small relative to individual variation within Genders; Differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and Differences are broadly consistent with Gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of Gender Differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, Gender Differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures. Gender Differences in personality traits have been documented in many empirical studies.1 Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) conducted the first major review of research on sex-related Differences in cognition, temperament, and social behavior in children and adults. They concluded that men are more assertive and less anxious than women; no Differences were found for two other traits analyzed, locus of control and self-esteem. Feingold (1994) used meta-analysis to confirm the Gender Differences in adult personality traits reported by Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) and explored other Gender Differences in normative data from the most widely used personality inventories. He concluded that women scored lower than men on assertiveness and higher on gregariousness (extroversion), anxiety, trust, and tendermindedness (nurturance). Feingold (1994) organized his review in terms of the five broad factors and 30 specific facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae. 1992). As a comprehensive guide to personality traits, that model can provide the basis for a systematic examination of Gender Differences in personality. Unfortunately, from the available data, Feingold was only able to conduct reviews of nine traits. In this article, we provide new data that allow an examination of Gender Differences in all 30 traits assessed by the NEO-PI-R, and thus offer a more complete account of Gender Differences in personality.
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Gender Differences in personality traits across cultures robust and surprising findings
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Paul T Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Robert R MccraeAbstract:Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that Gender Differences are small relative to individual variation within Genders; Differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and Differences are broadly consistent with Gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of Gender Differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, Gender Differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures.
Paul T Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Differences in personality traits across cultures robust and surprising findings
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Paul T Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Robert R MccraeAbstract:Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that Gender Differences are small relative to individual variation within Genders; Differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and Differences are broadly consistent with Gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of Gender Differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, Gender Differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures. Gender Differences in personality traits have been documented in many empirical studies.1 Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) conducted the first major review of research on sex-related Differences in cognition, temperament, and social behavior in children and adults. They concluded that men are more assertive and less anxious than women; no Differences were found for two other traits analyzed, locus of control and self-esteem. Feingold (1994) used meta-analysis to confirm the Gender Differences in adult personality traits reported by Maccoby and Jacklin (1974) and explored other Gender Differences in normative data from the most widely used personality inventories. He concluded that women scored lower than men on assertiveness and higher on gregariousness (extroversion), anxiety, trust, and tendermindedness (nurturance). Feingold (1994) organized his review in terms of the five broad factors and 30 specific facets of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae. 1992). As a comprehensive guide to personality traits, that model can provide the basis for a systematic examination of Gender Differences in personality. Unfortunately, from the available data, Feingold was only able to conduct reviews of nine traits. In this article, we provide new data that allow an examination of Gender Differences in all 30 traits assessed by the NEO-PI-R, and thus offer a more complete account of Gender Differences in personality.
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Gender Differences in personality traits across cultures robust and surprising findings
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2001Co-Authors: Paul T Costa, Antonio Terracciano, Robert R MccraeAbstract:Secondary analyses of Revised NEO Personality Inventory data from 26 cultures (N = 23,031) suggest that Gender Differences are small relative to individual variation within Genders; Differences are replicated across cultures for both college-age and adult samples, and Differences are broadly consistent with Gender stereotypes: Women reported themselves to be higher in Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Warmth, and Openness to Feelings, whereas men were higher in Assertiveness and Openness to Ideas. Contrary to predictions from evolutionary theory, the magnitude of Gender Differences varied across cultures. Contrary to predictions from the social role model, Gender Differences were most pronounced in European and American cultures in which traditional sex roles are minimized. Possible explanations for this surprising finding are discussed, including the attribution of masculine and feminine behaviors to roles rather than traits in traditional cultures.
Paolo Crosetto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Reconsideration of Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes
Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Antonio Filippin, Paolo CrosettoAbstract:This paper reconsiders the wide agreement that females are more risk averse than males. We survey the existing experimental literature, finding that significance and magnitude of Gender Differences are task specific. We gather data from 54 replications of the Holt and Laury risk elicitation method, involving about 7,000 subjects. Gender Differences appear in less than 10% of the studies and are significant but negligible in magnitude once all the data are pooled. Results are confirmed by structural estimations, which also support a constant relative risk aversion representation of preferences. Gender Differences correlate with the presence of a safe option and fixed probabilities in the elicitation method. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
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a reconsideration of Gender Differences in risk attitudes
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Antonio Filippin, Paolo CrosettoAbstract:This paper reconsiders the wide agreement that females are more risk averse than males providing a leap forward in its understanding. Thoroughly surveying the experimental literature we first find that Gender Differences are less ubiquitous than usually depicted. Gathering the microdata of an even larger sample of Holt and Laury replications we boost the statistical power of the test and show that the magnitude of Gender Differences, although significant, is economically unimportant. We conclude that Gender Differences systematically correlate with the features of the elicitation method used and in particular the availability of a safe option and fixed probabilities.
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a reconsideration of Gender Differences in risk attitudes
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Antonio Filippin, Paolo CrosettoAbstract:This paper reconsiders the wide agreement that females are more risk averse than males providing a leap forward in its understanding. Thoroughly surveying the literature we first find that Gender Differences are less ubiquitous than usually depicted. Gathering the microdata of an even larger sample of Holt and Laury replications we boost the statistical power of the test and we show that the magnitude of Gender Differences, although significant, is economically unimportant. We conclude that Gender Differences systematically correlate with the features of the elicitation method used and in particular the availability of a safe option and fixed probabilities.
Antonio Filippin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Reconsideration of Gender Differences in Risk Attitudes
Management Science, 2016Co-Authors: Antonio Filippin, Paolo CrosettoAbstract:This paper reconsiders the wide agreement that females are more risk averse than males. We survey the existing experimental literature, finding that significance and magnitude of Gender Differences are task specific. We gather data from 54 replications of the Holt and Laury risk elicitation method, involving about 7,000 subjects. Gender Differences appear in less than 10% of the studies and are significant but negligible in magnitude once all the data are pooled. Results are confirmed by structural estimations, which also support a constant relative risk aversion representation of preferences. Gender Differences correlate with the presence of a safe option and fixed probabilities in the elicitation method. This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
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a reconsideration of Gender Differences in risk attitudes
Social Science Research Network, 2014Co-Authors: Antonio Filippin, Paolo CrosettoAbstract:This paper reconsiders the wide agreement that females are more risk averse than males providing a leap forward in its understanding. Thoroughly surveying the experimental literature we first find that Gender Differences are less ubiquitous than usually depicted. Gathering the microdata of an even larger sample of Holt and Laury replications we boost the statistical power of the test and show that the magnitude of Gender Differences, although significant, is economically unimportant. We conclude that Gender Differences systematically correlate with the features of the elicitation method used and in particular the availability of a safe option and fixed probabilities.
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a reconsideration of Gender Differences in risk attitudes
Research Papers in Economics, 2014Co-Authors: Antonio Filippin, Paolo CrosettoAbstract:This paper reconsiders the wide agreement that females are more risk averse than males providing a leap forward in its understanding. Thoroughly surveying the literature we first find that Gender Differences are less ubiquitous than usually depicted. Gathering the microdata of an even larger sample of Holt and Laury replications we boost the statistical power of the test and we show that the magnitude of Gender Differences, although significant, is economically unimportant. We conclude that Gender Differences systematically correlate with the features of the elicitation method used and in particular the availability of a safe option and fixed probabilities.
