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Georgia Thebault - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender stereotypes can explain the Gender Equality paradox
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas Breda, Elyes Jouini, Clotilde Napp, Georgia ThebaultAbstract:The so-called "Gender-Equality paradox" is the fact that Gender segregation across occupations is more pronounced in more egalitarian and more developed countries. Some scholars have explained this paradox by the existence of deeply rooted or intrinsic Gender differences in preferences that materialize more easily in countries where economic constraints are more limited. In line with a strand of research in sociology, we show instead that it can be explained by cross-country differences in essentialist Gender norms regarding math aptitudes and appropriate occupational choices. To this aim, we propose a measure of the prevalence and extent of internalization of the stereotype that "math is not for girls" at the country level. This is done using individual-level data on the math attitudes of 300,000 15-y-old female and male students in 64 countries. The stereotype associating math to men is stronger in more egalitarian and developed countries. It is also strongly associated with various measures of female underrepresentation in math-intensive fields and can therefore entirely explain the Gender-Equality paradox. We suggest that economic development and Gender Equality in rights go hand-in-hand with a reshaping rather than a suppression of Gender norms, with the emergence of new and more horizontal forms of social differentiation across Genders.
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Gender stereotypes can explain the Gender Equality paradox
Research Papers in Economics, 2020Co-Authors: Thomas Breda, Elyes Jouini, Clotilde Napp, Georgia ThebaultAbstract:The so-called "Gender-Equality paradox" is the fact that Gender segregation across occupations is more pronounced in more egalitarian and more developed countries. Some scholars have explained this paradox by the existence of deeply rooted or intrinsic Gender differences in preferences that materialize more easily in countries where economic constraints are more limited. In line with a strand of research in sociology, we show instead that it can be explained by cross-country differences in essentialist Gender norms regarding math aptitudes and appropriate occupational choices. To this aim, we propose a measure of the prevalence and extent of internalization of the stereotype that "math is not for girls" at the country level. This is done using individual-level data on the math attitudes of 300,000 15-year-old female and male students in 64 countries. The stereotype associating math to men is stronger in more egalitarian and developed countries. It is also strongly associated with various measures of female underrepresentation in math intensive fields and can therefore entirely explain the Gender-Equality paradox. We suggest that economic development and Gender Equality in rights go hand-in-hand with a reshaping rather than a suppression of Gender norms, with the emergence of new and more horizontal forms of social differentiation across Genders.
Francesca Gains - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the profile of Gender Equality issue attention in western europe
European Journal of Political Research, 2015Co-Authors: Claire Annesley, Isabelle Engeli, Francesca GainsAbstract:This article investigates the factors which drive governments to pay attention to Gender Equality issues and place them upon executive agendas. In line with studies of the dynamics of issue attention, which demonstrate the importance of investigating variability in the attention policy makers give to issue demands across policy domains, this article argue that policy issues related to Gender Equality are multi dimensional and patterns in executive attention vary across the different types of Gender issues. Multidimensionality of Gender Equality issues reflects different dynamics in agenda setting as different issues invoke contrasting constellations of political representation, institutional friction and veto points. To investigate this variation, this article proposes a two-fold distinction between Class based and Status based Gender Equality issues and assesses the validity of three sets of explanations for when Gender issues succeed in reaching executive agendas: women in politics, party ideology and economic performance. Drawing on governmental attention datasets from the Comparative Agendas Project we conduct a systematic comparative quantitative analysis of the determinants of Gender Equality issue attention in five Western European countries. The main findings confirm that the mechanisms through which different types of Gender Equality issues gain executive attention differ according to the kind of the Gender Equality demand. Costly class based Gender Equality issues are more likely to receive executive attention when the economy is performing well, when there is a strong presence of Social Democrats and when there is a high proportion of female MPs. In contrast, economic performance, party politics and women’s parliamentary presence do not seems to exert any impact on status based issues. Instead, critical actors in the government seem to be the strongest driver for attention over this second type of Gender Equality issue. This study contributes a Gendered dimension to the policy agendas scholarship, adding theoretical and empirical depth to the understanding of how non-core issues secure their place on full governmental agendas. By focusing on how to secure governmental attention for Gender Equality issues, we make a major contribution to understanding the initial genesis of Gender Equality policies.
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the profile of Gender Equality issue attention in western europe
In: American Political Science Association 2011 Annual Meeting; 01 Sep 2011-04 Sep 2011; Seattle USA. 2011., 2011Co-Authors: Claire Annesley, Isabelle Engeli, Francesca GainsAbstract:Gender Equality has attracted increasing political attention in Western Europe since the 1980s and a wide set of issues have come onto the agenda, including political representation, violence against women, equal pay, reproductive rights and Equality in the family. Nevertheless, Gendering policy still presents puzzling patterns in Western Europe that the paper aims to explain. The extent to which policies are Gendered varies greatly. To take full account of the heterogeneity of Gender Equality policies, this paper argues that one should distinguish between class-based policies, status policies and blueprint policies. Indeed, the mechanisms through which Gender Equality policies gain advocacy and get upon governmental agenda differs according to the type of Gender Equality policies. Gender Equality demands reflect very different issue agendas invoking very different constellations of interests, advocacy, friction and veto points which in turn play out differentially. Drawing on governmental attention datasets from the Comparative Policy Agendas Project, we take a comparative Gender Equality policy approach to assess the validity of several explanations (women in politics, social democratic politics, economic performance) with a systematic comparative quantitative analysis of the determinants Gendering policy domains in Western Europe.
Jill Rubery - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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austerity and the future for Gender Equality in europe
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2015Co-Authors: Jill RuberyAbstract:Austerity policies in Europe are disrupting and potentially reversing progress toward Gender Equality, a core principle of European policy from the mid-1990s onward. Not all EU Gender-related policy has been aimed at promoting Equality but instead has been associated with reforming the EU social model toward more neoliberal, flexible, and high employment labor markets. In this article, the author assesses these uses and potential abuses of the Gender Equality agenda in Europe, both before and after the crisis. While the crisis has not reversed the trend toward women’s integration into employment, women are facing cuts in employment conditions post crisis, affecting both the higher skilled in the public sector and the lower skilled, attributable to accelerated labor market deregulation. Moreover, the trend toward a new reproductive bargain has been halted with public care services being cut, particularly in member states where services are already limited.
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austerity and the future for Gender Equality in europe
Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2015Co-Authors: Jill RuberyAbstract:Austerity policies in Europe are disrupting and potentially reversing progress toward Gender Equality, a core principle of European policy from the mid-1990s onward. Not all EU Gender-related polic...
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women and austerity the economic crisis and the future for Gender Equality
Abingdon; 2013., 2013Co-Authors: Maria Karamessini, Jill RuberyAbstract:Part I 1. Introduction: Women's vulnerability to recession and austerity Maria Karamessini 2. From 'Women and Recession' to 'Women and Austerity: A framework for analysis Jill Rubery 3. Challenging the Balkanization of Gender Contracts Jacqueline O'Reilly and Tiziana Nazio Part II 4. Women and Men in the 'Great European Recession' Francesca Bettio and Alina Verashchagina 5. Gender Impacts of the 'Great Recession' in the United States Randy Albelda 6. Iceland in Crisis: Gender Equality and social equity Thora Kristin Thorsdottir 7. Gender, Recession and Austerity in the UK Jill Rubery and Anthony Rafferty 8. The Labour Market Impact of the Economic Crisis in Hungary through the Lens of Gender Equality Maria Frey 9. Structural Crisis and Adjustment in Greece: Social regression and the challenge to Gender Equality Maria Karamessini 10. Ireland in Crisis 2008-2012: Women, austerity and inEquality Ursula Barry and Pauline Conroy 11. Employment and Austerity: Changing welfare and Gender regimes in Portugal Virginia Ferreira 12. Women, Gender Equality and the Economic Crisis in Spain Elvira Gonzalez Gago and Marcelo Segales Kirzner 13. Living through the Crisis in Italy: The labour market experience of men and women Alina Verashchagina and Marina Capparucci Part III 14. Policy in the Time of Crisis: Employment policy and Gender Equality in Europe Paola Villa and Mark Smith 15. Gender, InEquality and the Crisis: Towards more equitable development Diane Perrons and Ania Plomien 16. Economic Crisis and Austerity: Challenges to Gender Equality Maria Karamessini and Jill Rubery
Leonora Risse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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economics and Gender Equality a lens from within
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Leonora RisseAbstract:This paper considers three aspects in which the issue of Gender inequalities arises and is treated within the field of economics. First, I consider the premises on which Gender inEquality and discrimination have been conceptualized in traditional economic frameworks. Second, I consider how contemporary policy discourse—the “business case” for Gender Equality—might be reconciled with conventional economic models. Third, turning to the economics profession, I consider how the ways economists navigate Gender Equality might apply to the profession itself.
Susanne Soederberg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Equality as smart economics a critique of the 2012 world development report
Third World Quarterly, 2012Co-Authors: Adrienne Roberts, Susanne SoederbergAbstract:Abstract Business now plays an increasingly prominent role in development. While the implicit links between private actors and international development institutions have been widely debated, the explicit role of financial corporations in shaping official development policy has been less well documented. We employ a feminist Marxian analysis to examine the material and discursive landscape of the 2012 World Development Report: Gender Equality and Development. Its exclusive focus on Gender Equality as ‘smart economics’, and the central role accorded to leading financial corporations like Goldman Sachs in the formulation of the key World Bank recommendations enable us to explore the changing landscape of the neoliberal corporatisation of development. We argue, first, that the apolitical and ahistorical representation of Gender and Gender Equality in the wdr serves to normalise spaces of informality and insecurity, thereby expunging neoliberal-led capitalist relations of exploitation and domination, which ch...