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Bryn S Austin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Expression peer victimization and disordered weight control behaviors among u s high school students
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2021Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jordan Schultz, Carly E Guss, Jerel P Calzo, Monica L WangAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students. Methods Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived Gender Expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly Gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately Gender conforming, Gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders. Results Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among Gender nonconforming than among Gender conforming male students (p Conclusions In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by Gender Expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender Expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.
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eating related pathology at the intersection of Gender identity and Expression sexual orientation and weight status an intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy maihda of the growing up today study cohorts
Social Science & Medicine, 2021Co-Authors: Ariel L Beccia, Bryn S Austin, Jonggyu Baek, William M Jesdale, Kate L LapaneAbstract:Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate how Gender identity, the overwhelmingly prioritized dimension of social identity/position in eating-related pathology research, intersects with Gender Expression, sexual orientation, and weight status to structure the social patterning of eating disorders and disordered eating behaviors among young people in the U.S. Data were drawn from the 2010/2011 Growing Up Today Study (GUTS; N = 11,090–13,307). We conducted an intersectional Multilevel Analysis of Individual Heterogeneity and Discriminatory Accuracy (MAIHDA) by nesting participants within social strata defined by intersecting Gender identity, Gender Expression, sexual orientation, and weight status categories in a series of multilevel logistic models for four outcomes (past-year purging, overeating, and binge eating; lifetime eating disorder diagnosis). To illustrate the advantages of intersectional MAIHDA, we compared the results to those from unitary and conventional intersectional analyses. The intersectional MAIHDA revealed a complex social patterning of eating-related pathology characterized by heterogeneity and outcome-specificity. Several multiply marginalized strata (e.g., those including Gender nonconforming, sexual minority, and/or larger-bodied girls/women) had disproportionately elevated prevalence, although all estimates were driven by additive effects. Notably, these patterns were obscured within the unitary and conventional intersectional analyses. Future epidemiologic research on eating-related pathology should continue to adopt an intersectional approach through the use of appropriate methodologies.
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Gender Expression peer victimization and disordered weight control behaviors among u s high school students
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2020Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jordan Schultz, Carly E Guss, Jerel P Calzo, Monica L WangAbstract:PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students. METHODS Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived Gender Expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly Gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately Gender conforming, Gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among Gender nonconforming than among Gender conforming male students (p < .001). In adjusted models, Gender nonconforming male students had greater odds of fasting (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.0 [2.0-4.7]), diet pill use (6.1 [3.7-9.9]), and purging (7.2 [3.6-14.8]), relative to moderately conforming males. No significant associations were found among female students. Adding peer victimization to models modestly attenuated the association between Gender nonconformity and DWCBs for male students. CONCLUSIONS In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by Gender Expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender Expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.
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nonconforming Gender Expression and associated mental distress and substance use among high school students
JAMA Pediatrics, 2018Co-Authors: Richard Lowry, Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Michelle M Johns, Leah Robin, Laura KannAbstract:Importance The cultural roles and expectations attributed to individuals based on their sex often shape health behaviors and outcomes. Gender nonconformity (GNC) (ie, Gender Expression that differs from societal expectations for feminine or masculine appearance and behavior) is an underresearched area of adolescent health that is often linked to negative health outcomes. Objective To examine the associations of GNC with mental distress and substance use among high school students. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study based on data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) conducted in 2015. The setting was 3 large urban US school districts (2 in California and 1 in Florida). Participants were a racially/ethnically diverse population-based sample of 6082 high school students representative of all public school students in grades 9 through 12 attending these 3 school districts. Main Outcomes and Measures Sex-stratified adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) (adjusted for race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual identity) for high Gender-nonconforming students (very/mostly/somewhat feminine male students or very/mostly/somewhat masculine female students) and moderate Gender-nonconforming students (equally feminine and masculine students) relative to a referent group of low Gender-nonconforming students (very/mostly/somewhat masculine male students or very/mostly/somewhat feminine female students). Results Among 6082 high school students, 881 (15.9%) were white, 891 (19.1%) black, 3163 (55.1%) Hispanic, and 1008 (9.9%) other race/ethnicity. Among female students (2919 [50.0% of the study population]), moderate GNC was significantly associated with feeling sad and hopeless (APR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05-1.41), seriously considering attempting suicide (APR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.14-1.74), and making a suicide plan (APR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.22-1.89); however, substance use was not associated with GNC. Among male students (3139 [50.0% of the study population]), moderate GNC was associated with feeling sad and hopeless (APR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.25-1.92); high GNC was associated with seriously considering attempting suicide (APR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.16-2.56), making a suicide plan (APR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.17-2.73), and attempting suicide (APR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.75-4.40), as well as nonmedical use of prescription drugs (APR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.23-2.67), cocaine use (APR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.80-4.47), methamphetamine use (APR, 4.52; 95% CI, 2.68-7.61), heroin use (APR, 4.59; 95% CI, 2.48-8.47), and injection drug use (APR, 8.05; 95% CI, 4.41-14.70). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests mental distress is associated with GNC among female and male students. Substance use also appeared to be strongly associated with GNC among male students. These findings underscore and suggest the importance of implementing school-based programs to prevent substance use and promote student mental health that are inclusive of Gender diversity in students.
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Gender Expression violence and bullying victimization findings from probability samples of high school students in 4 us school districts
Journal of School Health, 2018Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jerel P Calzo, Kerith J Conron, Matthew T White, Sari L ReisnerAbstract:BACKGROUND Young people may experience school-based violence and bullying victimization related to their Gender Expression, independent of sexual orientation identity. However, the associations between Gender Expression and bullying and violence have not been examined in racially and ethnically diverse population-based samples of high school students. METHODS This study includes 5469 students (13-18 years) from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 4 urban school districts. Respondents were 51% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, 14% white. Generalized additive models were used to examine the functional form of relationships between self-reported Gender Expression (range: 1 = Most Gender conforming, 7 = Most Gender nonconforming) and 5 indicators of violence and bullying victimization. We estimated predicted probabilities across Gender Expression by sex, adjusting for sexual orientation identity and potential confounders. RESULTS Statistically significant quadratic associations indicated that girls and boys at the most Gender conforming and nonconforming ends of the scale had elevated probabilities of fighting and fighting-related injury, compared to those in the middle of the scale (p < .05). There was a significant linear relationship between Gender Expression and bullying victimization; every unit increase in Gender nonconformity was associated with 15% greater odds of experiencing bullying (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS School-based victimization is associated with conformity and nonconformity to Gender norms. School violence prevention programs should include Gender diversity education.
Allegra R Gordon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Expression peer victimization and disordered weight control behaviors among u s high school students
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2021Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jordan Schultz, Carly E Guss, Jerel P Calzo, Monica L WangAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students. Methods Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived Gender Expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly Gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately Gender conforming, Gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders. Results Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among Gender nonconforming than among Gender conforming male students (p Conclusions In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by Gender Expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender Expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.
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Gender Expression peer victimization and disordered weight control behaviors among u s high school students
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2020Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jordan Schultz, Carly E Guss, Jerel P Calzo, Monica L WangAbstract:PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students. METHODS Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived Gender Expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly Gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately Gender conforming, Gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among Gender nonconforming than among Gender conforming male students (p < .001). In adjusted models, Gender nonconforming male students had greater odds of fasting (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.0 [2.0-4.7]), diet pill use (6.1 [3.7-9.9]), and purging (7.2 [3.6-14.8]), relative to moderately conforming males. No significant associations were found among female students. Adding peer victimization to models modestly attenuated the association between Gender nonconformity and DWCBs for male students. CONCLUSIONS In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by Gender Expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender Expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.
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nonconforming Gender Expression and associated mental distress and substance use among high school students
JAMA Pediatrics, 2018Co-Authors: Richard Lowry, Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Michelle M Johns, Leah Robin, Laura KannAbstract:Importance The cultural roles and expectations attributed to individuals based on their sex often shape health behaviors and outcomes. Gender nonconformity (GNC) (ie, Gender Expression that differs from societal expectations for feminine or masculine appearance and behavior) is an underresearched area of adolescent health that is often linked to negative health outcomes. Objective To examine the associations of GNC with mental distress and substance use among high school students. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional study based on data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) conducted in 2015. The setting was 3 large urban US school districts (2 in California and 1 in Florida). Participants were a racially/ethnically diverse population-based sample of 6082 high school students representative of all public school students in grades 9 through 12 attending these 3 school districts. Main Outcomes and Measures Sex-stratified adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) (adjusted for race/ethnicity, grade, and sexual identity) for high Gender-nonconforming students (very/mostly/somewhat feminine male students or very/mostly/somewhat masculine female students) and moderate Gender-nonconforming students (equally feminine and masculine students) relative to a referent group of low Gender-nonconforming students (very/mostly/somewhat masculine male students or very/mostly/somewhat feminine female students). Results Among 6082 high school students, 881 (15.9%) were white, 891 (19.1%) black, 3163 (55.1%) Hispanic, and 1008 (9.9%) other race/ethnicity. Among female students (2919 [50.0% of the study population]), moderate GNC was significantly associated with feeling sad and hopeless (APR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.05-1.41), seriously considering attempting suicide (APR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.14-1.74), and making a suicide plan (APR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.22-1.89); however, substance use was not associated with GNC. Among male students (3139 [50.0% of the study population]), moderate GNC was associated with feeling sad and hopeless (APR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.25-1.92); high GNC was associated with seriously considering attempting suicide (APR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.16-2.56), making a suicide plan (APR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.17-2.73), and attempting suicide (APR, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.75-4.40), as well as nonmedical use of prescription drugs (APR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.23-2.67), cocaine use (APR, 2.84; 95% CI, 1.80-4.47), methamphetamine use (APR, 4.52; 95% CI, 2.68-7.61), heroin use (APR, 4.59; 95% CI, 2.48-8.47), and injection drug use (APR, 8.05; 95% CI, 4.41-14.70). Conclusions and Relevance This study suggests mental distress is associated with GNC among female and male students. Substance use also appeared to be strongly associated with GNC among male students. These findings underscore and suggest the importance of implementing school-based programs to prevent substance use and promote student mental health that are inclusive of Gender diversity in students.
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Gender Expression violence and bullying victimization findings from probability samples of high school students in 4 us school districts
Journal of School Health, 2018Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jerel P Calzo, Kerith J Conron, Matthew T White, Sari L ReisnerAbstract:BACKGROUND Young people may experience school-based violence and bullying victimization related to their Gender Expression, independent of sexual orientation identity. However, the associations between Gender Expression and bullying and violence have not been examined in racially and ethnically diverse population-based samples of high school students. METHODS This study includes 5469 students (13-18 years) from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 4 urban school districts. Respondents were 51% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, 14% white. Generalized additive models were used to examine the functional form of relationships between self-reported Gender Expression (range: 1 = Most Gender conforming, 7 = Most Gender nonconforming) and 5 indicators of violence and bullying victimization. We estimated predicted probabilities across Gender Expression by sex, adjusting for sexual orientation identity and potential confounders. RESULTS Statistically significant quadratic associations indicated that girls and boys at the most Gender conforming and nonconforming ends of the scale had elevated probabilities of fighting and fighting-related injury, compared to those in the middle of the scale (p < .05). There was a significant linear relationship between Gender Expression and bullying victimization; every unit increase in Gender nonconformity was associated with 15% greater odds of experiencing bullying (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS School-based victimization is associated with conformity and nonconformity to Gender norms. School violence prevention programs should include Gender diversity education.
Vasu Reddy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Expression and Mental Health in Black South African Men Who Have Sex with Men: Further Explorations of Unexpected Findings
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 2018Co-Authors: Theo G. M. Sandfort, Vasu ReddyAbstract:Unlike studies conducted in Western countries, two studies among Black South African men who have sex with men (MSM) found no support for the association between Gender nonconformity and mental distress, even though Gender-nonconforming men experienced more discrimination and discrimination was associated with mental distress (Cook, Sandfort, Nel, & Rich, 2013 ; Sandfort, Bos, Knox, & Reddy, 2016 ). In Sandfort et al., Gender nonconformity was assessed as a continuous variable, validated by comparing scores between a categorical assessment of Gender presentation (masculine, feminine, no preference). Using the same dataset, we further explored this topic by (1) testing differences between Gender Expression groups in sexual minority stressors, resilience factors, and mental distress; (2) testing whether the impact of elevated discrimination in the feminine group was counterbalanced by lower scores on other stressors or higher scores on resilience factors; and (3) exploring whether relationships of stressors and resilience factors with mental distress varied between Gender Expression groups. Controlling for demographics, we found several differences between the Gender Expression groups in the stressors and resilience factors, but not in mental distress. We found no support for the idea that the lack of differences in mental distress between the Gender Expression groups was a consequence of factors working in opposite directions. However, internalized homophobia had a differential impact on depression in feminine men compared to masculine men. In our discussion of these findings, we explored the meaning of our participants’ self-categorization as it might relate to Gender instead of sexual identities.
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Gender Expression and risk of hiv infection among black south african men who have sex with men
Aids and Behavior, 2015Co-Authors: Theo G. M. Sandfort, Tim Lane, Curtis Dolezal, Vasu ReddyAbstract:To explore demographic, behavioral and psychosocial risk factors for HIV infection in South African MSM we recruited 480 MSM (aged 18 and 44 years) using respondent-driven sampling. Data were collected through individual computer-assisted face-to-face interviews. Participants were tested for HIV. RDS-adjusted HIV prevalence is 30.1 % (unadjusted 35.6 %). Few participants had ever engaged in both receptive and insertive anal sex; sex with women was frequently reported. Independent demographic and behavioral correlates of HIV infection include age, education, number of male sexual partners, ever having been forced to have sex, and ever having engaged in transactional sex; engagement in sex with women was a protective factor. Psychosocial risk factors independently associated with HIV infection were feminine identification, internalized homophobia, and hazardous drinking. Our findings confirm what has been found in other studies, but also suggest that the dynamics and context of sexual transmission among MSM in South Africa differ from those among MSM in Western countries.
Jerel P Calzo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Expression peer victimization and disordered weight control behaviors among u s high school students
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2021Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jordan Schultz, Carly E Guss, Jerel P Calzo, Monica L WangAbstract:Abstract Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students. Methods Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived Gender Expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly Gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately Gender conforming, Gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders. Results Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among Gender nonconforming than among Gender conforming male students (p Conclusions In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by Gender Expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender Expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.
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Gender Expression peer victimization and disordered weight control behaviors among u s high school students
Journal of Adolescent Health, 2020Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jordan Schultz, Carly E Guss, Jerel P Calzo, Monica L WangAbstract:PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and disordered weight-control behaviors (DWCBs) in four population-based samples of U.S. high school students. METHODS Analyses include data from 5,488 U.S. high school students from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys in four jurisdictions (Broward County, FL; Chicago, IL; Los Angeles, CA; San Diego, CA). Participants were 56% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, and 14% white. Two items asked about perceived Gender Expression; responses were classified into three groups: highly Gender conforming (e.g., very masculine boys), moderately Gender conforming, Gender nonconforming (e.g., feminine boys). Sex-stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the association between Gender Expression, peer victimization, and DWCBs in previous month (fasting, using diet pills/liquids/powders, and purging [vomiting or using laxatives]), controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Overall, 12% of respondents reported fasting, 6% reported diet pill use, and 5% reported purging, with significantly higher prevalence among Gender nonconforming than among Gender conforming male students (p < .001). In adjusted models, Gender nonconforming male students had greater odds of fasting (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 3.0 [2.0-4.7]), diet pill use (6.1 [3.7-9.9]), and purging (7.2 [3.6-14.8]), relative to moderately conforming males. No significant associations were found among female students. Adding peer victimization to models modestly attenuated the association between Gender nonconformity and DWCBs for male students. CONCLUSIONS In probability samples of U.S. high school students, we observed marked differences by Gender Expression in DWCBs among male students but not among female students. Gender Expression-related stigma should be addressed within clinical and school-based interventions to prevent DWCBs.
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Gender Expression violence and bullying victimization findings from probability samples of high school students in 4 us school districts
Journal of School Health, 2018Co-Authors: Allegra R Gordon, Bryn S Austin, Jerel P Calzo, Kerith J Conron, Matthew T White, Sari L ReisnerAbstract:BACKGROUND Young people may experience school-based violence and bullying victimization related to their Gender Expression, independent of sexual orientation identity. However, the associations between Gender Expression and bullying and violence have not been examined in racially and ethnically diverse population-based samples of high school students. METHODS This study includes 5469 students (13-18 years) from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveys conducted in 4 urban school districts. Respondents were 51% Hispanic/Latino, 21% black/African American, 14% white. Generalized additive models were used to examine the functional form of relationships between self-reported Gender Expression (range: 1 = Most Gender conforming, 7 = Most Gender nonconforming) and 5 indicators of violence and bullying victimization. We estimated predicted probabilities across Gender Expression by sex, adjusting for sexual orientation identity and potential confounders. RESULTS Statistically significant quadratic associations indicated that girls and boys at the most Gender conforming and nonconforming ends of the scale had elevated probabilities of fighting and fighting-related injury, compared to those in the middle of the scale (p < .05). There was a significant linear relationship between Gender Expression and bullying victimization; every unit increase in Gender nonconformity was associated with 15% greater odds of experiencing bullying (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS School-based victimization is associated with conformity and nonconformity to Gender norms. School violence prevention programs should include Gender diversity education.
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Gender Expression associated with bmi in a prospective cohort study of us adolescents
Obesity, 2016Co-Authors: Bryn S Austin, Jerel P Calzo, Najat J Ziyadeh, Kendrin R Sonneville, Grace A Kennedy, Andrea L Roberts, Jess Haines, Emily A SchererAbstract:Objective To examine the relationship between Gender Expression (GE) and BMI in adolescence. Methods Repeated measures of weight-related behaviors and BMI were collected from 1996 to 2011 via annual/biennial self-report surveys from youth aged 10 to 23 years (6,693 females, 2,978 males) in the longitudinal Growing Up Today Study. GE (very conforming [referent], mostly conforming, nonconforming) was assessed in 2010/11. Sex-stratified, multivariable linear models estimated GE group differences in BMI and the contribution of sexual orientation and weight-related exposures to group differences. Models for males included interaction terms for GE with age. Results In females, mostly conforming youth had 0.53 kg m(-2) and nonconforming had 1.23 kg m(-2) higher BMI; when adding adjustment for sexual orientation and weight-related exposures, GE group estimates were attenuated up to 8% and remained statistically significant. In males, mostly conforming youth had -0.67 kg m(-2) and nonconforming had -1.99 kg m(-2) lower BMI (age [in years]) interactions were between -0.09 and -0.14 kg m(-2) ; when adding adjustment for sexual orientation and weight-related exposures, GE group estimates were attenuated up to 11% and remained statistically significant. Conclusions GE is a strong independent predictor of BMI in adolescence. Obesity prevention and treatment interventions with youth must address ways that Gender norms may reinforce or undermine healthful behaviors.
Adriene M Beltz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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daily Gender Expression is associated with psychological adjustment for some people but mainly men
Scientific Reports, 2021Co-Authors: Adriene M Beltz, Amy M Loviska, Alexander WeigardAbstract:To what extent does Gender Expression vary day-to-day? Are daily changes related to psychological adjustment in the same way for all individuals? A person-specific approach was used to answer these questions in a 75-day intensive longitudinal study. Fifty-seven cisGender adults (27 women) provided over 4000 reports of daily masculinity and femininity and of three indices of internalizing problems. Results revealed: (a) substantial daily fluctuations in Gender Expression, especially in women; (b) sample-level links between daily increases in femininity or reductions in masculinity and heightened anxiety, depression, and self-reproach for men, but no apparent links for women; and (c) person-specific links between Gender Expression and psychological adjustment, such that some women reported internalizing problems with reduced masculinity (average male pattern) and some men reported problems with heightened masculinity (opposite the average male pattern). Findings highlight how intensive longitudinal research can illuminate the uniqueness of Gender-related daily experiences, and their implications for the wellbeing of individuals.
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how early hormones shape Gender development
Current opinion in behavioral sciences, 2016Co-Authors: Sheri A. Berenbaum, Adriene M BeltzAbstract:Many important psychological characteristics show sex differences, and are influenced by sex hormones at different developmental periods. We focus on the role of sex hormones in early development, particularly the differential effects of prenatal androgens on aspects of Gender development. Increasing evidence confirms that prenatal androgens have facilitative effects on male-typed activity interests and engagement (including child toy preferences and adult careers), and spatial abilities, but relatively minimal effects on Gender identity. Recent emphasis has been directed to the psychological mechanisms underlying these effects (including sex differences in propulsive movement, and androgen effects on interest in people vs things), and neural substrates of androgen effects (including regional brain volumes, and neural responses to mental rotation, sexually arousing stimuli, emotion, and reward). Ongoing and planned work is focused on understanding the ways in which hormones act jointly with the social environment across time to produce varying trajectories of Gender development, and clarifying mechanisms by which androgens affect behaviors. Such work will be facilitated by applying lessons from other species, and by expanding methodology. Understanding hormonal influences on Gender development enhances knowledge of psychological development generally, and has important implications for basic and applied questions, including sex differences in psychopathology, women's underrepresentation in science and math, and clinical care of individuals with variations in Gender Expression.