The Experts below are selected from a list of 48426 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Erol Fikrig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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zika virus and Sexual Transmission a new route of Transmission for mosquito borne flaviviruses
Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 2017Co-Authors: Andrew K Hastings, Erol FikrigAbstract:Beginning in 2015, concern over a new global epidemic has spread in the media, governmental agencies, legislative bodies and the public at large. This newly emerging threat has been reported to cause symptoms ranging from mild fever, rash, and body aches, to severe birth defects and acute onset paralysis. The causative agent of this disease, Zika virus, is closely related to two other important human pathogens, dengue and West Nile Virus (WNV), but has some distinguishing features that has raised alarms from the scientific community. Like its two close relatives, this virus is a member of the Flaviviridae family, a class of single stranded RNA viruses with a positive sense genome and is spread primarily via the bite of an infected mosquito. However, this virus has demonstrated another route of Transmission that is particularly concerning for people outside of the regions where the main mosquito vector for this virus is present. Sexual Transmission of Zika virus has been increasingly reported, from both infected males and females to their partner, which has resulted in the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Center for Disease Control (CDC) issuing warnings to those living in or travelling to areas of Zika Transmission to practice abstinence and/or avoid unprotected Sexual contact for up to six months after infection with this virus. This perspective will outline the evidence for Sexual Transmission and persistence of viral infection in semen and vaginal secretions as well as review the animal models for Sexual Transmission of Zika virus.
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fetal growth restriction caused by Sexual Transmission of zika virus in mice
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2017Co-Authors: Ryuta Uraki, Erol Fikrig, Kellie A Jurado, Jesse Hwang, Klara Szigetibuck, Tamas L Horvath, Akiko IwasakiAbstract:Zika virus (ZIKV) can be transmitted by mosquito bite or Sexual contact. Using mice that lack the type I interferon receptor, we examined Sexual Transmission of ZIKV. Electron microscopy analyses showed association of virions with developing sperm within testes as well as with mature sperm within epididymis. When ZIKV-infected male mice were mated with naive female mice, the weight of fetuses at embryonic day 18.5 was significantly reduced compared with the control group. Additionally, we found ocular deformities in a minority of the fetuses. These results suggest that ZIKV causes fetal abnormalities after female mating with an infected male.
J T Brooks - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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update interim guidance for prevention of Sexual Transmission of zika virus united states july 2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2016Co-Authors: J T Brooks, Allison L Friedman, Rachel Kachur, Michael Laflam, Philip J Peters, Denise J JamiesonAbstract:Zika virus has been identified as a cause of congenital microcephaly and other serious brain defects (1). CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016, with an initial update on April 1, 2016 (2). The following recommendations apply to all men and women who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus Transmission* and their sex partners. The recommendations in this report replace those previously issued and are now updated to reduce the risk for Sexual Transmission of Zika virus from both men and women to their sex partners. This guidance defines potential Sexual exposure to Zika virus as having had sex with a person who has traveled to or lives in an area with active Zika virus Transmission when the Sexual contact did not include a barrier to protect against infection. Such barriers include male or female condoms for vaginal or anal sex and other barriers for oral sex.(†) Sexual exposure includes vaginal sex, anal sex, oral sex, or other activities that might expose a sex partner to genital secretions.(§) This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
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male to male Sexual Transmission of zika virus texas january 2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2016Co-Authors: D T Deckard, Wendy Chung, J T Brooks, S Woldai, Morgan Hennessey, Natalie A Kwit, J C Smith, Paul S. MeadAbstract:Abstract Zika virus infection has been linked to increased risk for Guillain-Barre syndrome and adverse fetal outcomes, including congenital microcephaly. In January 2016, after notification from a local health care provider, an investigation by Dallas County Health and Human Services (DCHHS) identified a case of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus between a man with recent travel to an area of active Zika virus Transmission (patient A) and his nontraveling male partner (patient B). At this time, there had been one prior case report of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus. The present case report indicates Zika virus can be transmitted through anal sex, as well as vaginal sex. Identification and investigation of cases of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus in nonendemic areas present valuable opportunities to inform recommendations to prevent Sexual Transmission of Zika virus.
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update interim guidance for prevention of Sexual Transmission of zika virus united states 2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2016Co-Authors: Alexandra M Oster, Emily E Petersen, Kate Russell, Jo Ellen Stryker, Allison L Friedman, Rachel Kachur, Denise J Jamieson, Amanda C Cohn, J T BrooksAbstract:CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016. The following recommendations apply to men who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus Transmission and their female or male sex partners. These recommendations replace the previously issued recommendations and are updated to include time intervals after travel to areas with active Zika virus Transmission or after Zika virus infection for taking precautions to reduce the risk for Sexual Transmission. This guidance defines potential Sexual exposure to Zika virus as any person who has had sex (i.e., vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, or fellatio) without a condom with a man who has traveled to or resides in an area with active Zika virus Transmission. This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
Steven A Safren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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latent class profiles of internalizing and externalizing psychosocial health indicators are differentially associated with Sexual Transmission risk findings from the cfar network of integrated clinical systems cnics cohort study of hiv infected men engaged in primary care in the united states
Health Psychology, 2015Co-Authors: Matthew J Mimiaga, Kenneth H Mayer, Katie B Biello, Sari L Reisner, Heidi M Crane, Johannes M Wilson, Chris Grasso, Mari M Kitahata, Wm Christopher Mathews, Steven A SafrenAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine whether latent class indicators of negative affect and substance use emerged as distinct psychosocial risk profiles among HIV-infected men, and if these latent classes were associated with high-risk Sexual behaviors that may transmit HIV. METHODS: Data were from HIV-infected men who reported having anal intercourse in the past 6 months and received routine clinical care at 4 U.S. sites in the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort (n = 1,210). Latent class membership was estimated using binary indicators for anxiety, depression, alcohol and/or drug use during sex, and polydrug use. Generalized estimating equations modeled whether latent class membership was associated with HIV Sexual Transmission risk in the past 6 months. RESULTS: Three latent classes of psychosocial indicators emerged: (a) internalizing (15.3%; high probability of anxiety and major depression); (b) externalizing (17.8%; high probability of alcohol and/or drug use during sex and polydrug use); (c) low psychosocial distress (67.0%; low probability of all psychosocial factors examined). Internalizing and externalizing latent class membership were associated with HIV Sexual Transmission risk, compared to low psychosocial class membership; externalizing class membership was also associated with higher Sexual Transmission risk compared to internalizing class membership. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct patterns of psychosocial health characterize this Sexually active HIV-infected male patient population and are strongly associated with HIV Sexual Transmission risk. Public Health intervention efforts targeting HIV Sexual risk Transmission may benefit from considering symptom clusters that share internalizing or externalizing properties.
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adherence to early antiretroviral therapy results from hptn 052 a phase iii multinational randomized trial of art to prevent hiv 1 Sexual Transmission in serodiscordant couples
Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 2015Co-Authors: Steven A Safren, Kenneth H Mayer, Marybeth Mccauley, Beatriz Grinsztejn, Mina C Hosseinipour, Nagalingeswaran Kumarasamy, Theresa Gamble, Irving F HoffmanAbstract:Background Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV-1 infected individuals prevents Sexual Transmission if viral load is suppressed.
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moderate levels of depression predict Sexual Transmission risk in hiv infected msm a longitudinal analysis of data from six sites involved in a prevention for positives study
Aids and Behavior, 2013Co-Authors: Steven A Safren, Kenneth H Mayer, Lara Traeger, Conall Ocleirigh, Michael E Newcomb, Margie R SkeerAbstract:Depression is highly comorbid with HIV and may contribute to increased Sexual Transmission risk behavior (TRB) amongst HIV-infected MSM, the largest risk group for HIV in the U.S. However, examinations of this effect are inconsistent. The present longitudinal analyses of 746 HIV-infected MSM is from a multi-site “prevention for positives” study. A non-linear association between depression and TRB emerged. Moderate levels of depression (compared to either low or high levels) were associated with a more modest decline in the odds of Sexual risk behavior over 12-month follow-up. Assessing depression in HIV primary care settings may help to identify those at risk and integrating the treatment of depression into secondary prevention and treatment initiatives may decrease the likelihood of Sexual risk and help to contain the epidemic among MSM.
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Anxiety Specific Pathways to HIV Sexual Transmission Risk Behavior among Young Gay and BiSexual Men.
Journal of gay & lesbian mental health, 2013Co-Authors: Conall O’cleirigh, Kenneth H Mayer, Lara Traeger, Jessica F. Magidson, Steven A SafrenAbstract:This study evaluated whether specific anxiety disorders increased the likelihood of Sexual Transmission risk behavior (TRB) in younger (ages 20-29) versus older (ages 30+) HIV positive gay and biSexual men. Participants completed screening measures for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Social Phobia, and Panic Disorder, and an assessment of recent TRB Moderated regression analyses indicated that PTSD was associated with greater risk of TRB in younger but not older men, independent of HIV disease stage or treatment status. Efficacy of secondary HIV prevention efforts for younger men may be augmented by addressing the context of trauma history and consequent mental health issues.
Myron S Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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statistical considerations for the hptn 052 study to evaluate the effectiveness of early versus delayed antiretroviral strategies to prevent the Sexual Transmission of hiv 1 in serodiscordant couples
Contemporary Clinical Trials, 2012Co-Authors: Ying Qing Chen, Myron S Cohen, Marybeth Mccauley, Theresa Gamble, Benoit Masse, Lei Wang, Deborah Donnell, Heather J Ribauldo, Thomas R FlemingAbstract:Abstract The HIV Prevention Trial Network (HPTN) 052 Study is a Phase III, two-arm, controlled, open-labeled, randomized clinical trial designed to determine whether early antiretroviral therapy (ART) can prevent the Sexual Transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). A total of 1763 couples in which one partner was HIV-1-positive and the other was HIV-1-negative were enrolled in four continents, nine countries and thirteen study sites. The HIV-1-positive partner was randomly assigned to either of the two arms: “immediate” (early) therapy with ART initiated upon enrollment plus HIV primary care, or “delayed” therapy with HIV primary care but ART initiated when the index case would have two consecutive measurements of a CD4 + cell count within or below the range of 200–250 cells/mm 3 , or develop an AIDS-defining illness. In this paper, we describe several key statistical considerations for the design of this landmark study. Despite that the observed event rates were lower than expected, which might have compromised the study power, an early release of the trial results in May 2011 showed an overwhelming 96% risk reduction for the immediate therapy in the prevention of genetically linked HIV-1 incident Transmissions. Nevertheless, the durability of its long-term effectiveness is yet to be assessed. The HPTN 052 Study is still ongoing and will not complete till 2015.
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narrative review antiretroviral therapy to prevent the Sexual Transmission of hiv 1
Annals of Internal Medicine, 2007Co-Authors: Myron S Cohen, Angela D M Kashuba, Sally Blower, Lynn A PaxtonAbstract:Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has prolonged and improved the lives of persons infected with HIV. Theoretically, it can also be used to prevent the Transmission of HIV. The pharmacology of ART in the male and female genital tract can be expected to affect the success of the intervention, and ART agents differ considerably in their ability to concentrate in genital tract secretions. Emergency ART is considered to be the standard of care after occupational exposures to fluids or tissues infected with HIV. More recently, ART for prophylaxis after nonoccupational HIV exposures has been widely used and most countries have developed specific guidelines for its implementation. However, developing clinical trials to prove the efficacy of ART postexposure prophylaxis has not been possible. Experiments with rhesus macaques suggest that therapy must be offered as soon as possible after exposure (within 72 hours) and must be continued for 28 days. Additional nonhuman primate experiments have demonstrated protection from HIV infection with ART preexposure prophylaxis, and several clinical trials are under way to evaluate the safety and efficacy of this approach. The degree to which ART offered to infected persons reduces infectiousness is of considerable public health importance, but the question has not been sufficiently answered. This article provides a review of the data on the use of ART to prevent the Sexual Transmission of HIV and identify challenges to improving and clarifying this approach.
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brief but efficient acute hiv infection and the Sexual Transmission of hiv
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2004Co-Authors: Christopher D Pilcher, Pietro Vernazza, Joseph J Eron, Hsiao Chuan Tien, Szu Yun Leu, Paul W Stewart, Li Ean Goh, Myron S CohenAbstract:Background. We examined whether viral dynamics in the genital tract during the natural history of acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection could explain efficient heteroSexual Transmission of HIV. Methods. We measured HIV-1 concentration in blood and semen samples from patients with acute and longterm HIV-1 infection. We explored the effect of changes in viral dynamics in semen on the probability of Transmission per coital act, using a probabilistic model published elsewhere. Results. Considered over time from infection, semen HIV-1 concentrations, in men with acute infection, increase and decrease in approximate parallel with changes occurring in blood. Modeling suggests that these acute dynamics alone are sufficient to increase probability of heteroSexual Transmission by 8‐10-fold between peak (day 20 after infection, based on the model) and virologic set points (day 54 and later after infection). Depending on the frequency of coitus, men with average semen HIV-1 loads and without Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) would be expected to infect 7%‐24% of susceptible female sex partners during the first 2 months of infection. The predicted infection rate would be much higher when either partner has an STD. Conclusions. Empirical biological data strongly support the hypothesis that Sexual Transmission by acutely infected individuals has a disproportionate effect on the spread of HIV-1 infection. Acute hyperinfectiousness may, in part, explain the current pandemic in heteroSexual individuals.
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Sexual Transmission of hiv infectiousness and prevention
AIDS, 1999Co-Authors: Pietro Vernazza, Joseph J Eron, Susan A Fiscus, Myron S CohenAbstract:HIV can be transmitted through contaminated blood and blood products; from a mother to her offspring during pregnancy childbirth or breast feeding; or through Sexual contact. Sexual Transmission remains by far the predominant mode of Transmission. Vertical and blood borne Transmission of HIV are highly predictable and very efficient modes. The recipient of a unit of contaminated blood nearly always becomes infected whereas only about 0.3% of people pierced with large bore needles seroconvert. This difference in efficiency most probably reflects the dissimilar concentrations of viruses inoculated. Vertical Transmission leads to infection in about 25% of newborns. Sexual Transmission of HIV however appears to be considerably less efficient and highly variable. To develop effective prevention strategies a better understanding of the factors affecting Transmission of HIV is required. (excerpt)
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Sexual Transmission of hiv
The New England Journal of Medicine, 1997Co-Authors: Rachel A Royce, Willard Cates, Arlene C Sena, Myron S CohenAbstract:Transmission through Sexual contact accounts for 75 to 85 percent of the nearly 28 million infections with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that have occurred so far.1 The probability of infection through Sexual contact, although it varies greatly, appears to be lower than that of infection through other routes of exposure (Figure 1). The variability observed among and within routes of HIV exposure depends partly on the viral dose and also on whether the virus is transmitted directly into the blood or onto a mucous membrane. In addition, these differences are influenced by a variety of host factors, including both . . .
Denise J Jamieson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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update interim guidance for prevention of Sexual Transmission of zika virus united states july 2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2016Co-Authors: J T Brooks, Allison L Friedman, Rachel Kachur, Michael Laflam, Philip J Peters, Denise J JamiesonAbstract:Zika virus has been identified as a cause of congenital microcephaly and other serious brain defects (1). CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016, with an initial update on April 1, 2016 (2). The following recommendations apply to all men and women who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus Transmission* and their sex partners. The recommendations in this report replace those previously issued and are now updated to reduce the risk for Sexual Transmission of Zika virus from both men and women to their sex partners. This guidance defines potential Sexual exposure to Zika virus as having had sex with a person who has traveled to or lives in an area with active Zika virus Transmission when the Sexual contact did not include a barrier to protect against infection. Such barriers include male or female condoms for vaginal or anal sex and other barriers for oral sex.(†) Sexual exposure includes vaginal sex, anal sex, oral sex, or other activities that might expose a sex partner to genital secretions.(§) This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
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update interim guidance for prevention of Sexual Transmission of zika virus united states 2016
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 2016Co-Authors: Alexandra M Oster, Emily E Petersen, Kate Russell, Jo Ellen Stryker, Allison L Friedman, Rachel Kachur, Denise J Jamieson, Amanda C Cohn, J T BrooksAbstract:CDC issued interim guidance for the prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika virus on February 5, 2016. The following recommendations apply to men who have traveled to or reside in areas with active Zika virus Transmission and their female or male sex partners. These recommendations replace the previously issued recommendations and are updated to include time intervals after travel to areas with active Zika virus Transmission or after Zika virus infection for taking precautions to reduce the risk for Sexual Transmission. This guidance defines potential Sexual exposure to Zika virus as any person who has had sex (i.e., vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, or fellatio) without a condom with a man who has traveled to or resides in an area with active Zika virus Transmission. This guidance will be updated as more information becomes available.
