The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Barbara Petrongolo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gender Segregation in employment contracts
Journal of the European Economic Association, 2004Co-Authors: Barbara PetrongoloAbstract:This paper presents evidence on Gender Segregation in employment contracts in 15 E.U. countries, using microdata from the ECHPS. Women are overrepresented in part-time jobs in all countries considered, but while in northern Europe such allocation roughly reflects women's preferences and their need to combine work with child care, in southern Europe part-time jobs are often involuntary and provide significantly lower job satisfaction than full-time ones. Women are also overrepresented in fixed-term contracts in southern Europe, and again this job allocation cannot be explained by preferences or productivity differentials between the two Genders. There is thus a largely unexplained residual in the Gender job allocation, which may be consistent with some degree of discrimination in a few of the labor markets considered, especially in southern Europe. (JEL: J22, J28, J71)
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Gender Segregation in employment contracts
Social Science Research Network, 2004Co-Authors: Barbara PetrongoloAbstract:This Paper presents evidence on Gender Segregation in employment contracts in 15 EU countries, using micro data from the ECHPS. Women are over-represented in part-time jobs in all countries considered, but while in northern Europe such allocation roughly reflects women's preferences and their need to combine work with childcare, in southern Europe part-time jobs are often involuntary and provide significantly lower job satisfaction than full-time ones. Women are also over-represented in fixed-term contracts in southern Europe, and again this job allocation cannot be explained by preferences or productivity differentials between the two Genders. There is, thus, a largely unexplained residual in the Gender job allocation, which may be consistent with some degree of discrimination in a few of the labour markets considered, especially in southern Europe.
Alex Bryson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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are women doing it for themselves Gender Segregation and the Gender wage gap
Social Science Research Network, 2019Co-Authors: Nikolaos Theodoropoulos, John Forth, Alex BrysonAbstract:Using matched employer-employee data from the 2004 and 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Surveys (WERS) for Britain we find a raw Gender wage gap (GWG) in hourly wages of around 0.18-0.21 log points. The regression-adjusted gap is around half that. However, the GWG declines substantially with the increasing share of female managers in the workplace. The gap closes because women's wages rise with the share female managers in the workplace while men's wages fall. Panel and instrumental variables estimates suggest the share of female managers in the workplace has a causal impact in reducing the GWG. The role of female managers in closing the GWG is more pronounced when employees are paid for performance, consistent with the proposition that women are more likely to be paid equitably when managers have discretion in the way they reward performance and those managers are women. These findings suggest a stronger presence of women in managerial positions can help tackle the GWG.
Philip N Cohen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the persistence of workplace Gender Segregation in the us
Sociology Compass, 2013Co-Authors: Philip N CohenAbstract:Occupational Gender Segregation remains one of the defining elements of Gender inequality in modern societies. Recent trends for the United States show that occupational Segregation remains high and did not substantially decline in the decade of the 2000s for the first time since 1960. Men and women work in different occupations because of a combination of forces, including culturally defined choices by workers themselves, discrimination by employers, and differences in skill levels and qualities. Research has shown that occupational Segregation is an important aspect of Gender inequality in earnings and contributes to other forms of inequality as well. The prospects for reducing Gender Segregation in the short term appear slim, based on the weak effects of educational attainment, cultural attitudes, and state intervention in the current period.
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stalled progress Gender Segregation and wage inequality among managers 1980 2000
Work And Occupations, 2009Co-Authors: Philip N Cohen, Matt L Huffman, Stefanie KnauerAbstract:Trends toward Gender equality largely stalled in the 1990s, but the progress of women in management was mixed. Given the importance of managers as actors in the reproduction of inequality, and managerial positions as rewards in their own right, this study investigates the relative status of women in management over the past two decades, using U.S. Decennial Census data from 1980 to 2000. The authors find that women’s entry into management occupations slowed markedly in the 1990s. Furthermore, after decreasing in the 1980s, Gender Segregation among managers rebounded sharply upward in the 1990s. However, greater Segregation coincided with a decreasing Gender earnings gap, which largely resulted from narrowing gaps within integrated or male‐dominated managerial occupations. Finally, there remains a substantial earnings penalty for managers who work in female‐dominated occupations.
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the Gender division of labor keeping house and occupational Segregation in the united states
Gender & Society, 2004Co-Authors: Philip N CohenAbstract:This article explores the effect of women’s movement into the labor market on the Gender Segregation of work, using the Current Population Survey from 1972 to 1993. The author includes as working those respondents who were “keeping house” and codes keeping house as an occupation. The results show higher estimates of Gender Segregation, and slightly steeper declines over time, than were seen in previous studies. Analysis of one-year longitudinal changes reveals less movement out of female-dominated occupations when keeping house is included as an occupation. Finally, a decomposition of the Segregation trend shows that the movement of women away from keeping house contributed as much to the overall decline in Gender Segregation as did the deSegregation of paid occupations. The author concludes that the movement of women’s work from the household to the labor market has been a driving force in the changing nature of Gender inequality.
Klas Gustafsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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age period and cohort effects for future employment sickness absence and disability pension by occupational Gender Segregation a population based study of all employed people in a country 3 million
Canadian Journal of Public Health-revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:OBJECTIVES The occupational Gender Segregation of the labour market is very strong, both in Sweden and in North America. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge on how this is associated with employees' future employment or morbidity. The objectives of this study were to explore age, period, and cohort effects on future employment and morbidity in terms of sickness absence (SA) or disability pension (DP) among women and men employed in numerically Gender-segregated or Gender-integrated occupations. METHODS Based on Swedish nationwide register data, three population-based cohorts of all people living in Sweden, with a registered occupation, and aged 20-56 years at inclusion in 1985 (N = 3,183,549), 1990 (N = 3,372,152), or 2003 (N = 3,565,579), respectively, were followed prospectively for 8 years each. First, descriptive statistics of employment and SA/DP at follow-up were calculated, related to level of Gender Segregation/integration of occupation at inclusion. Second, differences between birth cohorts (those born in 1929-1983, respectively) were estimated within each of the periods 1985-1993, 1990-1998, and 2003-2011, using mean polish analyses. RESULTS Women and men in Gender-segregated occupations differed in relation to future employment rates and SA/DP. However, these differences decreased over time. Furthermore, the results show a birth cohort effect; those born in 1943-1956 remained in employment to a higher extent and also had lower rates of SA/DP than all other birth cohorts. CONCLUSION Differences between people in the five categories of Gender-segregated occupations decreased over time. Although age and period are important when explaining the outcome, also birth cohort effects have to be considered, both from a public and an occupational health perspective.
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age period and cohort effects for future employment sickness absence and disability pension by occupational Gender Segregation a population based study of all employed people in a country 3 million
Canadian Journal of Public Health-revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:The occupational Gender Segregation of the labour market is very strong, both in Sweden and in North America. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge on how this is associated with employees’ future employment or morbidity. The objectives of this study were to explore age, period, and cohort effects on future employment and morbidity in terms of sickness absence (SA) or disability pension (DP) among women and men employed in numerically Gender-segregated or Gender-integrated occupations. Based on Swedish nationwide register data, three population-based cohorts of all people living in Sweden, with a registered occupation, and aged 20–56 years at inclusion in 1985 (N = 3,183,549), 1990 (N = 3,372,152), or 2003 (N = 3,565,579), respectively, were followed prospectively for 8 years each. First, descriptive statistics of employment and SA/DP at follow-up were calculated, related to level of Gender Segregation/integration of occupation at inclusion. Second, differences between birth cohorts (those born in 1929–1983, respectively) were estimated within each of the periods 1985–1993, 1990–1998, and 2003–2011, using mean polish analyses. Women and men in Gender-segregated occupations differed in relation to future employment rates and SA/DP. However, these differences decreased over time. Furthermore, the results show a birth cohort effect; those born in 1943–1956 remained in employment to a higher extent and also had lower rates of SA/DP than all other birth cohorts. Differences between people in the five categories of Gender-segregated occupations decreased over time. Although age and period are important when explaining the outcome, also birth cohort effects have to be considered, both from a public and an occupational health perspective.
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Gender Segregation of occupations and sustainable employment a prospective population based cohort study
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Marjan Vaez, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:Background: Although the labour market is characterized by a strong numerical Gender Segregation of occupations, there is little knowledge about the associations of this with the future labour mark...
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changes in the Gender Segregation of occupations in sweden between 2003 and 2011
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Marjan Vaez, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:AIM The aim of this study was to analyze possible changes in the Gender composition of occupations in Sweden, using register data covering the whole working population. METHODS Cross tabulations on Gender by occupation were computed and comparisons made of numbers and proportions of women and men aged 20-64 years to illustrate occupational Gender-Segregation categories in 2003 and 2011, respectively. All of those in working ages, employed in 2003 and 2011 (4.2 resp 4.7 millions individuals), were included. Differences in the distribution of women and men in all occupations were summarized using two Gender-Segregation indexes from 2003 and 2011, separately. RESULTS The proportion of women increased in the Gender-integrated (⩾40-<60% women) occupations. Also, the proportion of women in high-skilled professional occupations in the male-dominated category increased, as well as the proportion of men in mostly low-skilled female-dominated occupations, mainly in the service sector. The Gender-Segregation of occupations measured by the Index of Dissimilarly and the Karmel and MacLachlan Index was lower in 2011 than in 2003. CONCLUSIONS The process of de-Segregation has continued during our study period, from 2003 to 2011. The proportion of women increased in occupations that demand higher education, both in Gender-integrated and in male-dominated occupations, which can contribute to a decrease in the level of sickness absence for women. Men increased their proportion in low-skilled, female-dominated occupations - a group with high levels of sickness absence or disability pension.
Kristina Alexanderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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age period and cohort effects for future employment sickness absence and disability pension by occupational Gender Segregation a population based study of all employed people in a country 3 million
Canadian Journal of Public Health-revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:OBJECTIVES The occupational Gender Segregation of the labour market is very strong, both in Sweden and in North America. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge on how this is associated with employees' future employment or morbidity. The objectives of this study were to explore age, period, and cohort effects on future employment and morbidity in terms of sickness absence (SA) or disability pension (DP) among women and men employed in numerically Gender-segregated or Gender-integrated occupations. METHODS Based on Swedish nationwide register data, three population-based cohorts of all people living in Sweden, with a registered occupation, and aged 20-56 years at inclusion in 1985 (N = 3,183,549), 1990 (N = 3,372,152), or 2003 (N = 3,565,579), respectively, were followed prospectively for 8 years each. First, descriptive statistics of employment and SA/DP at follow-up were calculated, related to level of Gender Segregation/integration of occupation at inclusion. Second, differences between birth cohorts (those born in 1929-1983, respectively) were estimated within each of the periods 1985-1993, 1990-1998, and 2003-2011, using mean polish analyses. RESULTS Women and men in Gender-segregated occupations differed in relation to future employment rates and SA/DP. However, these differences decreased over time. Furthermore, the results show a birth cohort effect; those born in 1943-1956 remained in employment to a higher extent and also had lower rates of SA/DP than all other birth cohorts. CONCLUSION Differences between people in the five categories of Gender-segregated occupations decreased over time. Although age and period are important when explaining the outcome, also birth cohort effects have to be considered, both from a public and an occupational health perspective.
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age period and cohort effects for future employment sickness absence and disability pension by occupational Gender Segregation a population based study of all employed people in a country 3 million
Canadian Journal of Public Health-revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:The occupational Gender Segregation of the labour market is very strong, both in Sweden and in North America. Nevertheless, there is little knowledge on how this is associated with employees’ future employment or morbidity. The objectives of this study were to explore age, period, and cohort effects on future employment and morbidity in terms of sickness absence (SA) or disability pension (DP) among women and men employed in numerically Gender-segregated or Gender-integrated occupations. Based on Swedish nationwide register data, three population-based cohorts of all people living in Sweden, with a registered occupation, and aged 20–56 years at inclusion in 1985 (N = 3,183,549), 1990 (N = 3,372,152), or 2003 (N = 3,565,579), respectively, were followed prospectively for 8 years each. First, descriptive statistics of employment and SA/DP at follow-up were calculated, related to level of Gender Segregation/integration of occupation at inclusion. Second, differences between birth cohorts (those born in 1929–1983, respectively) were estimated within each of the periods 1985–1993, 1990–1998, and 2003–2011, using mean polish analyses. Women and men in Gender-segregated occupations differed in relation to future employment rates and SA/DP. However, these differences decreased over time. Furthermore, the results show a birth cohort effect; those born in 1943–1956 remained in employment to a higher extent and also had lower rates of SA/DP than all other birth cohorts. Differences between people in the five categories of Gender-segregated occupations decreased over time. Although age and period are important when explaining the outcome, also birth cohort effects have to be considered, both from a public and an occupational health perspective.
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Gender Segregation of occupations and sustainable employment a prospective population based cohort study
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Marjan Vaez, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:Background: Although the labour market is characterized by a strong numerical Gender Segregation of occupations, there is little knowledge about the associations of this with the future labour mark...
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changes in the Gender Segregation of occupations in sweden between 2003 and 2011
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2019Co-Authors: Lena Gonas, Anders Wikman, Marjan Vaez, Kristina Alexanderson, Klas GustafssonAbstract:AIM The aim of this study was to analyze possible changes in the Gender composition of occupations in Sweden, using register data covering the whole working population. METHODS Cross tabulations on Gender by occupation were computed and comparisons made of numbers and proportions of women and men aged 20-64 years to illustrate occupational Gender-Segregation categories in 2003 and 2011, respectively. All of those in working ages, employed in 2003 and 2011 (4.2 resp 4.7 millions individuals), were included. Differences in the distribution of women and men in all occupations were summarized using two Gender-Segregation indexes from 2003 and 2011, separately. RESULTS The proportion of women increased in the Gender-integrated (⩾40-<60% women) occupations. Also, the proportion of women in high-skilled professional occupations in the male-dominated category increased, as well as the proportion of men in mostly low-skilled female-dominated occupations, mainly in the service sector. The Gender-Segregation of occupations measured by the Index of Dissimilarly and the Karmel and MacLachlan Index was lower in 2011 than in 2003. CONCLUSIONS The process of de-Segregation has continued during our study period, from 2003 to 2011. The proportion of women increased in occupations that demand higher education, both in Gender-integrated and in male-dominated occupations, which can contribute to a decrease in the level of sickness absence for women. Men increased their proportion in low-skilled, female-dominated occupations - a group with high levels of sickness absence or disability pension.
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sickness absence due to musculoskeletal diagnoses association with occupational Gender Segregation
Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2004Co-Authors: Margareta Leijon, Gunnel Hensing, Kristina AlexandersonAbstract:Background: Musculoskeletal disorders represent a considerable public health problem and the most common diagnoses behind sickness absence and disability pensions. However, little is known about ho...