The Experts below are selected from a list of 120 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Orsolya Vasarhelyi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gendered Behavior as a disadvantage in open source software development
EPJ Data Science, 2019Co-Authors: Balazs Vedres, Orsolya VasarhelyiAbstract:Women are severely marginalized in software development, especially in open source. In this article we argue that disadvantage is more due to Gendered Behavior than to categorical discrimination: women are at a disadvantage because of what they do, rather than because of who they are. Using data on entire careers of users from GitHub.com, we develop a measure to capture the Gendered pattern of Behavior: We use a random forest prediction of being female (as opposed to being male) by Behavioral choices in the level of activity, specialization in programming languages, and choice of partners. We test differences in success and survival along both categorical gender and the Gendered pattern of Behavior. We find that 84.5% of women’s disadvantage (compared to men) in success and 34.8% of their disadvantage in survival are due to the female pattern of their Behavior. Men are also disadvantaged along their interquartile range of the female pattern of their Behavior, and users who don’t reveal their gender suffer an even more drastic disadvantage in survival probability. Moreover, we do not see evidence for any reduction of these inequalities in time. Our findings are robust to noise in gender recognition, and to taking into account particular programming languages, or decision tree classes of Gendered Behavior. Our results suggest that fighting categorical gender discrimination will have a limited impact on gender inequalities in open source software development, and that gender hiding is not a viable strategy for women.
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correction to Gendered Behavior as a disadvantage in open source software development
EPJ Data Science, 2019Co-Authors: Balazs Vedres, Orsolya VasarhelyiAbstract:Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that one more affiliation of the corresponding author is missing.Currently Balasz Vedres affiliation is:1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIt should be:1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;2 Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
Balazs Vedres - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gendered Behavior as a disadvantage in open source software development
EPJ Data Science, 2019Co-Authors: Balazs Vedres, Orsolya VasarhelyiAbstract:Women are severely marginalized in software development, especially in open source. In this article we argue that disadvantage is more due to Gendered Behavior than to categorical discrimination: women are at a disadvantage because of what they do, rather than because of who they are. Using data on entire careers of users from GitHub.com, we develop a measure to capture the Gendered pattern of Behavior: We use a random forest prediction of being female (as opposed to being male) by Behavioral choices in the level of activity, specialization in programming languages, and choice of partners. We test differences in success and survival along both categorical gender and the Gendered pattern of Behavior. We find that 84.5% of women’s disadvantage (compared to men) in success and 34.8% of their disadvantage in survival are due to the female pattern of their Behavior. Men are also disadvantaged along their interquartile range of the female pattern of their Behavior, and users who don’t reveal their gender suffer an even more drastic disadvantage in survival probability. Moreover, we do not see evidence for any reduction of these inequalities in time. Our findings are robust to noise in gender recognition, and to taking into account particular programming languages, or decision tree classes of Gendered Behavior. Our results suggest that fighting categorical gender discrimination will have a limited impact on gender inequalities in open source software development, and that gender hiding is not a viable strategy for women.
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correction to Gendered Behavior as a disadvantage in open source software development
EPJ Data Science, 2019Co-Authors: Balazs Vedres, Orsolya VasarhelyiAbstract:Following publication of the original article [1], we have been notified that one more affiliation of the corresponding author is missing.Currently Balasz Vedres affiliation is:1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United KingdomIt should be:1 Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom;2 Department of Network and Data Science, Central European University, Budapest, Hungary.
Jeffrey Steiger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reply to stoet and geary effects of Gendered Behavior on testosterone not sex differences as research focus
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016Co-Authors: Sari M Van Anders, Jeffrey Steiger, Katherine L GoldeyAbstract:In our report, we experimentally assessed gender-related modulation of testosterone (T) (1). Our focus—unlike the focus and basis for Stoet and Geary’s letter (2)—was not on sex difference. Stoet and Geary conflate sex with gender and with sex difference in their misread of our paper (1), resulting in confusion about the phenomena and the goal of the study. Indeed, scholars have repeatedly identified how commonly researchers and pundits assume all research on “sex” is on “sex difference,” and exclude gender and other valuable ways sex might be studied (3, 4).
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effects of Gendered Behavior on testosterone in women and men
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015Co-Authors: Sari M Van Anders, Jeffrey Steiger, Katherine L GoldeyAbstract:Testosterone is typically understood to contribute to maleness and masculinity, although it also responds to Behaviors such as competition. Competition is crucial to evolution and may increase testosterone but also is selectively discouraged for women and encouraged for men via gender norms. We conducted an experiment to test how gender norms might modulate testosterone as mediated by two possible gender→testosterone pathways. Using a novel experimental design, participants (trained actors) performed a specific type of competition (wielding power) in stereotypically masculine vs. feminine ways. We hypothesized in H1 (stereotyped Behavior) that wielding power increases testosterone regardless of how it is performed, vs. H2 (stereotyped performance), that wielding power performed in masculine but not feminine ways increases testosterone. We found that wielding power increased testosterone in women compared with a control, regardless of whether it was performed in gender-stereotyped masculine or feminine ways. Results supported H1 over H2: stereotyped Behavior but not performance modulated testosterone. These results also supported theory that competition modulates testosterone over masculinity. Our findings thus support a gender→testosterone pathway mediated by competitive Behavior. Accordingly, cultural pushes for men to wield power and women to avoid doing so may partially explain, in addition to heritable factors, why testosterone levels tend to be higher in men than in women: A lifetime of gender socialization could contribute to “sex differences” in testosterone. Our experiment opens up new questions of gender→testosterone pathways, highlighting the potential of examining nature/nurture interactions and effects of socialization on human biology.
Melissa Hines - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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20 Gendered Development
Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science, 2015Co-Authors: Melissa HinesAbstract:How does human Behavior come to be Gendered, and how do Gendered Behaviors change or remain stable over time? Although men and women, as well as girls and boys, are largely similar psychologically and Behaviorally, there are some areas of gender difference. These include gender identity; sexual orientation; childhood play Behaviors, such as toy, playmate, and activity preferences; personality characteristics, such as aggression and empathy; and some specific spatial, mathematical, and verbal abilities. The incidence of many psychiatric disorders also differs by sex. These gender differences appear to result from numerous factors and their interactions. These include genetic information on the sex chromosomes; concentrations of gonadal steroids, particularly testosterone, before and shortly after birth; socialization by parents, peers, teachers, and strangers; and cognitive developmental processes. Gender identity also is a mechanism for acquiring Gendered Behavior; based on this identity, children self-socialize Gendered Behavior. These factors have been shown to act individually to influence Gendered outcomes. They are also likely to interact with one another to shape gender development, but little research has investigated these interactions. An understanding of Gendered development is important for addressing differences between the sexes in social roles and economic status, and should also be relevant to understanding and ameliorating psychiatric disorders that differ by gender. A complete understanding will probably require developmental systems approaches to understanding change and stability over time, but, thus far, such approaches have been uncommon. Keywords: aggression; androgen; cognition; cognitive; developmental systems; disorders of sex development; empathy; finger ratio; gender; gender development; gender difference; gender identity; personality; sex difference; sexual orientation; socialization; testosterone; toy preference; 2D:4D
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Gendered Behavior across the life span
The Handbook of Life-Span Development, 2010Co-Authors: Melissa HinesAbstract:Gendered Behavior results from numerous factors, including the sex chromosomes (XX,XY), hormone concentrations during prenatal development, postnatal socialization and encouragement of sex-typical activities, and cognitive developmental processes involved in gender identity and valuing of sex-typical Behavior. This chapter reviews the evidence as to how these various factors contribute to a range of specific Behaviors that differ on average for males and females across the life span, including toy and activity preferences; core gender identity; sexual orientation; verbal, mathematical, and spatial abilities; and aggression and empathy. Although many types of factors are involved in the development of each of these gender-related Behavioral outcomes, the specific factors involved appear to differ from one outcome to another. Thus, the development of differences in Behavior between males and females, as well as individual variability within each sex in Gendered Behavior, is multi-determined. Keywords: sex; gender; hormones; socialization; cognition; play; toy; sexual orientation; gender identity; aggression; empathy
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The Handbook of Life-Span Development - Gendered Behavior Across the Life Span
The Handbook of Life-Span Development, 2010Co-Authors: Melissa HinesAbstract:Gendered Behavior results from numerous factors, including the sex chromosomes (XX,XY), hormone concentrations during prenatal development, postnatal socialization and encouragement of sex-typical activities, and cognitive developmental processes involved in gender identity and valuing of sex-typical Behavior. This chapter reviews the evidence as to how these various factors contribute to a range of specific Behaviors that differ on average for males and females across the life span, including toy and activity preferences; core gender identity; sexual orientation; verbal, mathematical, and spatial abilities; and aggression and empathy. Although many types of factors are involved in the development of each of these gender-related Behavioral outcomes, the specific factors involved appear to differ from one outcome to another. Thus, the development of differences in Behavior between males and females, as well as individual variability within each sex in Gendered Behavior, is multi-determined. Keywords: sex; gender; hormones; socialization; cognition; play; toy; sexual orientation; gender identity; aggression; empathy
Katherine L Goldey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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reply to stoet and geary effects of Gendered Behavior on testosterone not sex differences as research focus
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016Co-Authors: Sari M Van Anders, Jeffrey Steiger, Katherine L GoldeyAbstract:In our report, we experimentally assessed gender-related modulation of testosterone (T) (1). Our focus—unlike the focus and basis for Stoet and Geary’s letter (2)—was not on sex difference. Stoet and Geary conflate sex with gender and with sex difference in their misread of our paper (1), resulting in confusion about the phenomena and the goal of the study. Indeed, scholars have repeatedly identified how commonly researchers and pundits assume all research on “sex” is on “sex difference,” and exclude gender and other valuable ways sex might be studied (3, 4).
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effects of Gendered Behavior on testosterone in women and men
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015Co-Authors: Sari M Van Anders, Jeffrey Steiger, Katherine L GoldeyAbstract:Testosterone is typically understood to contribute to maleness and masculinity, although it also responds to Behaviors such as competition. Competition is crucial to evolution and may increase testosterone but also is selectively discouraged for women and encouraged for men via gender norms. We conducted an experiment to test how gender norms might modulate testosterone as mediated by two possible gender→testosterone pathways. Using a novel experimental design, participants (trained actors) performed a specific type of competition (wielding power) in stereotypically masculine vs. feminine ways. We hypothesized in H1 (stereotyped Behavior) that wielding power increases testosterone regardless of how it is performed, vs. H2 (stereotyped performance), that wielding power performed in masculine but not feminine ways increases testosterone. We found that wielding power increased testosterone in women compared with a control, regardless of whether it was performed in gender-stereotyped masculine or feminine ways. Results supported H1 over H2: stereotyped Behavior but not performance modulated testosterone. These results also supported theory that competition modulates testosterone over masculinity. Our findings thus support a gender→testosterone pathway mediated by competitive Behavior. Accordingly, cultural pushes for men to wield power and women to avoid doing so may partially explain, in addition to heritable factors, why testosterone levels tend to be higher in men than in women: A lifetime of gender socialization could contribute to “sex differences” in testosterone. Our experiment opens up new questions of gender→testosterone pathways, highlighting the potential of examining nature/nurture interactions and effects of socialization on human biology.