The Experts below are selected from a list of 168 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Zhong Lin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Generational Difference of axial length and its risk factors in urban and rural china
Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Hong Jia Zhou, Yuanbo LiangAbstract:Purpose. To compare the axial length Difference (ALD) and the estimated Generational axial length shift (ALS) from parents to their children and its risk factors in urban and rural China. Methods. Participants were enrolled from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) and the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS). Ocular biometry was performed in both parents and their children. ALD was defined as the Difference between the children’s axial length and the corresponding parental axial length. Generational ALS was estimated according to a binominal prediction model at 18 years of age. Results. 237 and 380 urban and rural Chinese children (6–17 years) and their parents from the BMPS and HOMS, respectively, were enrolled. Children’s axial length was estimated to be closest to the parental axial length at 11 and 9 years of age in the urban and rural areas, respectively; the estimated Generational ALS would be 1.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that older children (urban β = 0.26, ; rural β = 0.11, ) and males had larger ALD (urban β = 0.55, ; rural β = 0.52, ) in both areas. Furthermore, urban children with more educated parents (fathers: β = −0.30, ; mothers: β = −0.29, ) and more outdoor activity (β = −0.23, ) had a less ALD. Conclusions. The urban Generational axial length shift was estimated to be approximately 1 mm longer than that of the rural area. These results suggest different environmental effects on the ocular development in these two populations of Chinese children.
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Generational Difference of refractive error and risk factors in the handan offspring myopia study
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2014Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Peng Zhang, Guang Yun Mao, Ningli WangAbstract:PURPOSE To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China. METHODS Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 ± 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error Difference was defined as the Difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from -1.33 (-1.99, -0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (-0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (β = 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (β = 0.24, P = 0.01) tended to have a higher RED. CONCLUSIONS In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the Generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the Generational Difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure.
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Generational Difference of refractive error in the baseline study of the beijing myopia progression study
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Yuanbo Liang, Alvin L Young, Shi Song RongAbstract:Aims To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children and the estimated single Generational myopic shift in an urban area in China. Methods 395 children aged 6–17 years and their parents, who had been enrolled in the Beijing Myopia Progression Study were included. Cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refraction of the children and parents were performed, respectively. RED was defined as the Difference between the average parental spherical equivalent (SE) and the average SE of their children. Binomial fitted curves of RED were plotted as a function of the children’s age. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED according to the prediction model at the age of 18 years. Results 395 families were enrolled. The RED was positively correlated with the children’s age (rspearman=0.58, p<0.001). The RED (median (25th and 75th percentile)) was −1.88 (−3.23 to −1.00) dioptres (D) in children at 6.0–7.9 years of age, and it increased to 1.53 (−0.12 to 3.44) D in children at 16.0–17.9 years of age. The SE of the children approached the average SE of their parents at the age of 11 years. At the age of 18 years, the children’s estimated myopic shift would be 1.94 D. Conclusions In this sample, children’s refractive errors at the age of 11 years were already similar to their parents. Moreover, the estimated myopia in children at the age of 18 years would be up to 2.0 D higher than their parents. This remarkable single-generation myopic shift indicates that there are likely effects of environmental factors on myopia development in urban Chinese children.
Yuanbo Liang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Generational Difference of axial length and its risk factors in urban and rural china
Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Hong Jia Zhou, Yuanbo LiangAbstract:Purpose. To compare the axial length Difference (ALD) and the estimated Generational axial length shift (ALS) from parents to their children and its risk factors in urban and rural China. Methods. Participants were enrolled from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) and the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS). Ocular biometry was performed in both parents and their children. ALD was defined as the Difference between the children’s axial length and the corresponding parental axial length. Generational ALS was estimated according to a binominal prediction model at 18 years of age. Results. 237 and 380 urban and rural Chinese children (6–17 years) and their parents from the BMPS and HOMS, respectively, were enrolled. Children’s axial length was estimated to be closest to the parental axial length at 11 and 9 years of age in the urban and rural areas, respectively; the estimated Generational ALS would be 1.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that older children (urban β = 0.26, ; rural β = 0.11, ) and males had larger ALD (urban β = 0.55, ; rural β = 0.52, ) in both areas. Furthermore, urban children with more educated parents (fathers: β = −0.30, ; mothers: β = −0.29, ) and more outdoor activity (β = −0.23, ) had a less ALD. Conclusions. The urban Generational axial length shift was estimated to be approximately 1 mm longer than that of the rural area. These results suggest different environmental effects on the ocular development in these two populations of Chinese children.
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Generational Difference of refractive error in the baseline study of the beijing myopia progression study
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Yuanbo Liang, Alvin L Young, Shi Song RongAbstract:Aims To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children and the estimated single Generational myopic shift in an urban area in China. Methods 395 children aged 6–17 years and their parents, who had been enrolled in the Beijing Myopia Progression Study were included. Cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refraction of the children and parents were performed, respectively. RED was defined as the Difference between the average parental spherical equivalent (SE) and the average SE of their children. Binomial fitted curves of RED were plotted as a function of the children’s age. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED according to the prediction model at the age of 18 years. Results 395 families were enrolled. The RED was positively correlated with the children’s age (rspearman=0.58, p<0.001). The RED (median (25th and 75th percentile)) was −1.88 (−3.23 to −1.00) dioptres (D) in children at 6.0–7.9 years of age, and it increased to 1.53 (−0.12 to 3.44) D in children at 16.0–17.9 years of age. The SE of the children approached the average SE of their parents at the age of 11 years. At the age of 18 years, the children’s estimated myopic shift would be 1.94 D. Conclusions In this sample, children’s refractive errors at the age of 11 years were already similar to their parents. Moreover, the estimated myopia in children at the age of 18 years would be up to 2.0 D higher than their parents. This remarkable single-generation myopic shift indicates that there are likely effects of environmental factors on myopia development in urban Chinese children.
Balamurali Vasudevan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Generational Difference of axial length and its risk factors in urban and rural china
Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Hong Jia Zhou, Yuanbo LiangAbstract:Purpose. To compare the axial length Difference (ALD) and the estimated Generational axial length shift (ALS) from parents to their children and its risk factors in urban and rural China. Methods. Participants were enrolled from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) and the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS). Ocular biometry was performed in both parents and their children. ALD was defined as the Difference between the children’s axial length and the corresponding parental axial length. Generational ALS was estimated according to a binominal prediction model at 18 years of age. Results. 237 and 380 urban and rural Chinese children (6–17 years) and their parents from the BMPS and HOMS, respectively, were enrolled. Children’s axial length was estimated to be closest to the parental axial length at 11 and 9 years of age in the urban and rural areas, respectively; the estimated Generational ALS would be 1.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that older children (urban β = 0.26, ; rural β = 0.11, ) and males had larger ALD (urban β = 0.55, ; rural β = 0.52, ) in both areas. Furthermore, urban children with more educated parents (fathers: β = −0.30, ; mothers: β = −0.29, ) and more outdoor activity (β = −0.23, ) had a less ALD. Conclusions. The urban Generational axial length shift was estimated to be approximately 1 mm longer than that of the rural area. These results suggest different environmental effects on the ocular development in these two populations of Chinese children.
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Generational Difference of refractive error and risk factors in the handan offspring myopia study
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2014Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Peng Zhang, Guang Yun Mao, Ningli WangAbstract:PURPOSE To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China. METHODS Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 ± 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error Difference was defined as the Difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from -1.33 (-1.99, -0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (-0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (β = 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (β = 0.24, P = 0.01) tended to have a higher RED. CONCLUSIONS In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the Generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the Generational Difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure.
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Generational Difference of refractive error in the baseline study of the beijing myopia progression study
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Yuanbo Liang, Alvin L Young, Shi Song RongAbstract:Aims To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children and the estimated single Generational myopic shift in an urban area in China. Methods 395 children aged 6–17 years and their parents, who had been enrolled in the Beijing Myopia Progression Study were included. Cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refraction of the children and parents were performed, respectively. RED was defined as the Difference between the average parental spherical equivalent (SE) and the average SE of their children. Binomial fitted curves of RED were plotted as a function of the children’s age. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED according to the prediction model at the age of 18 years. Results 395 families were enrolled. The RED was positively correlated with the children’s age (rspearman=0.58, p<0.001). The RED (median (25th and 75th percentile)) was −1.88 (−3.23 to −1.00) dioptres (D) in children at 6.0–7.9 years of age, and it increased to 1.53 (−0.12 to 3.44) D in children at 16.0–17.9 years of age. The SE of the children approached the average SE of their parents at the age of 11 years. At the age of 18 years, the children’s estimated myopic shift would be 1.94 D. Conclusions In this sample, children’s refractive errors at the age of 11 years were already similar to their parents. Moreover, the estimated myopia in children at the age of 18 years would be up to 2.0 D higher than their parents. This remarkable single-generation myopic shift indicates that there are likely effects of environmental factors on myopia development in urban Chinese children.
Tie Ying Gao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Generational Difference of axial length and its risk factors in urban and rural china
Journal of Ophthalmology, 2019Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Hong Jia Zhou, Yuanbo LiangAbstract:Purpose. To compare the axial length Difference (ALD) and the estimated Generational axial length shift (ALS) from parents to their children and its risk factors in urban and rural China. Methods. Participants were enrolled from two longitudinal cohort studies, the Beijing Myopia Progression Study (BMPS) and the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS). Ocular biometry was performed in both parents and their children. ALD was defined as the Difference between the children’s axial length and the corresponding parental axial length. Generational ALS was estimated according to a binominal prediction model at 18 years of age. Results. 237 and 380 urban and rural Chinese children (6–17 years) and their parents from the BMPS and HOMS, respectively, were enrolled. Children’s axial length was estimated to be closest to the parental axial length at 11 and 9 years of age in the urban and rural areas, respectively; the estimated Generational ALS would be 1.53 and 0.57 mm, respectively. Multivariable regression analysis revealed that older children (urban β = 0.26, ; rural β = 0.11, ) and males had larger ALD (urban β = 0.55, ; rural β = 0.52, ) in both areas. Furthermore, urban children with more educated parents (fathers: β = −0.30, ; mothers: β = −0.29, ) and more outdoor activity (β = −0.23, ) had a less ALD. Conclusions. The urban Generational axial length shift was estimated to be approximately 1 mm longer than that of the rural area. These results suggest different environmental effects on the ocular development in these two populations of Chinese children.
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Generational Difference of refractive error and risk factors in the handan offspring myopia study
Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 2014Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Kenneth J Ciuffreda, Peng Zhang, Guang Yun Mao, Ningli WangAbstract:PURPOSE To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children, and its risk factors, in a rural area of China. METHODS Children (6-17 years) and their parents (36.2 ± 4.1 years) from the Handan Offspring Myopia Study (HOMS) were enrolled. Cycloplegic autorefraction (cyclopentolate 1%, Topcon KR8800) of the children and noncycloplegic autorefraction of their parents were assessed. A detailed vision-based questionnaire was also completed. Refractive error Difference was defined as the Difference between the parental spherical equivalent (SE) and their children's SE. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED when a child would be 18 years old according to a prediction model. RESULTS Three hundred fifty-six pairs of parents and 585 children were enrolled. The RED (median, quartiles) increased from -1.33 (-1.99, -0.98) diopters (D) in children aged 6 to 7 years to 0.81 (-0.16, 2.28) D in children aged 16 to 17 years. The children's SE was predicted to approach the parental SE at 14 years of age. Moreover, the children's estimated myopic shift would be 1.03 D. Multiple linear regression revealed that older children (β = 0.23 D/y, P < 0.0001) and girls (β = 0.24, P = 0.01) tended to have a higher RED. CONCLUSIONS In this rural Chinese population, the children's refraction was estimated to be similar to the parental refraction at 14 years of age. Moreover, the Generational myopic shift was estimated to be approximately 1 D at 18 years of age. These data suggest that the Generational Difference reflects the increasing prevalence of myopia in the younger generation, which is likely due to changes in environmental exposure.
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Generational Difference of refractive error in the baseline study of the beijing myopia progression study
British Journal of Ophthalmology, 2013Co-Authors: Zhong Lin, Tie Ying Gao, Balamurali Vasudevan, Vishal Jhanji, Yuanbo Liang, Alvin L Young, Shi Song RongAbstract:Aims To report the refractive error Difference (RED) between parents and their children and the estimated single Generational myopic shift in an urban area in China. Methods 395 children aged 6–17 years and their parents, who had been enrolled in the Beijing Myopia Progression Study were included. Cycloplegic and non-cycloplegic refraction of the children and parents were performed, respectively. RED was defined as the Difference between the average parental spherical equivalent (SE) and the average SE of their children. Binomial fitted curves of RED were plotted as a function of the children’s age. Generational myopic shift was defined as the estimated RED according to the prediction model at the age of 18 years. Results 395 families were enrolled. The RED was positively correlated with the children’s age (rspearman=0.58, p<0.001). The RED (median (25th and 75th percentile)) was −1.88 (−3.23 to −1.00) dioptres (D) in children at 6.0–7.9 years of age, and it increased to 1.53 (−0.12 to 3.44) D in children at 16.0–17.9 years of age. The SE of the children approached the average SE of their parents at the age of 11 years. At the age of 18 years, the children’s estimated myopic shift would be 1.94 D. Conclusions In this sample, children’s refractive errors at the age of 11 years were already similar to their parents. Moreover, the estimated myopia in children at the age of 18 years would be up to 2.0 D higher than their parents. This remarkable single-generation myopic shift indicates that there are likely effects of environmental factors on myopia development in urban Chinese children.
Stanislaw Gomulka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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growth versus security choice and the Generational Difference in preferences
Social Science Research Network, 2008Co-Authors: Stanislaw GomulkaAbstract:The primary purpose of the paper is to capture in a growth model the conflict of interests between the generation of the young and entrepreneurial on the one hand and the generation of the old and pensioners on the other. The model is applied to assess the size of the gap between optimal economic policies for these two groups. The key role of the time preference rate is shown. The theoretical results obtained are then used to interpret the Differences in actual economic policies between Central Europe and China.
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growth versus security choice and the Generational Difference in preferences
Bank i Kredyt, 2008Co-Authors: Stanislaw GomulkaAbstract:The choice of an optimal economic system can be viewed as a problem linked to preferences of individuals with respect to the income that might need to be forgone in order to enjoy a desirable level of job or income security. A highly competitive, market-oriented economic system has proved to be more innovative and more efficient, thus also more productive, than any centrally planned system. Therefore, the expected lifelong income of any individual in a competitive system is higher than it would be otherwise. However, the microeconomic fundamentals of such a system rest on the widespread use of strong incentives: both positive — such as bonuses, promotions and higher status, as well as negative — such as loss of income, demotion and loss of job. The result of such an incentive system is the prevalence of high uncertainty with respect to incomes, jobs and social position.