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Salih M Awadh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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geochemical exploration using surveys of spring water hydrocarbon and gas seepage and Geobotany for determining the surface extension of abu jir fault zone in iraq a new way for determining geometrical shapes of computational simulation models
2013Co-Authors: Salih M Awadh, Abbas Taha AlazzawiAbstract:Abstract The Abu-Jir Fault Zone (AJFZ) is a known fault zone and, as one of the typical structures in Iraq, extends NW-SE for a considerable distance on the western side of the Mesopotamian basin. The feature of this fault zone on the ground surface is mysterious and unclear. Surface extension evaluation of the fault zone requires the selection of valid parameters from among numerous geological factors. The present study focuses on the evidence of the existence of traces of the fault zone on the surface, such as springs, sites of hydrocarbon seepage, and Geobotany, so as to employ them as tools in geochemical exploration for detecting the surface extension of the fault zone. For this purpose, direct and indirect geochemical methods including spring water survey (SWS), hydrocarbon accumulation and H2S gas survey (HAGS), and geobotanical survey (GS) were performed along the AJFZ. Hydrocarbon accumulations exist in many types of features. First, massive amounts of hydrocarbons ascend upward under high pressure piercing the gypsum of the Fatha Formation and exposed on the surface. Second, the hydrocarbon intrudes into the gypsum bed along the cleavage plane but is not exposed on the surface. Third, the light hydrocarbon ascends from the depth with the spring water and floats on the water surface. Anomaly in the distribution of hydrocarbon, total dissolved solid (TDS), H2S gas emission, abnormality in growth of palm trees (such as stem curvature and overturn, dwarfism), and the development of an isolated local aqueous environment around the springs along the AJFZ as well as computational simulation can be used to draw the geometrical shape of the fault zone on the surface. The surface extension of the AJFZ has been computed to be 467 km long with an average width of 48 km. This study has conclusively demonstrated the validity of the use of geochemical anomalies along with the computational simulation to estimate the dimensions of the fault zone.
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hydrocarbon seepage spring waters and Geobotany surveys as tool for detecting fault extension abu jir fault zone case
2012Co-Authors: Salih M AwadhAbstract:Abu-Jir Fault Zone is a known fault and as one structural features in Iraq which extend NW- SE for long distance on the western side of the Mesopotamian basin. The feature of this fault on surface is mysterious and not clear. Surface extension evaluation of fault requires the selection of valid parameters among numerous geological factors. The present study focuses on the evidence of the existence of the fault traces on the surface such as springs, hydrocarbon seepages and Geobotany in order to employ them as tools in geochemical exploration for determining fault extension. For this purposes, direct and indirect geochemical methods (spring water survey, hydrocarbon accumulation survey as well as Geobotany) were carried out along Abu-Jir Fault Zone. The hydrocarbon accumulation features are existed in many types. The first is intruded massive hydrocarbon under high pressure penetrating the gypsum of Fatha Formation and exposed on surface. The second one is that the hydrocarbon intruded gypsum bed along cleavage plane but hasn't exposed on surface. The third type is light hydrocarbon ascending from depth associating the spring water and floating on the water surface. This study invested the anomaly of hydrocarbon, total dissolved solid (TDS), H2S gas emission, abnormality in growth of palm trees such as curvature and overturn the stem of palm trees and formation an isolated local aqueous environments around the springs along Abu-Jir Fault Zone for detecting the fault extension.
Abbas Taha Alazzawi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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geochemical exploration using surveys of spring water hydrocarbon and gas seepage and Geobotany for determining the surface extension of abu jir fault zone in iraq a new way for determining geometrical shapes of computational simulation models
2013Co-Authors: Salih M Awadh, Abbas Taha AlazzawiAbstract:Abstract The Abu-Jir Fault Zone (AJFZ) is a known fault zone and, as one of the typical structures in Iraq, extends NW-SE for a considerable distance on the western side of the Mesopotamian basin. The feature of this fault zone on the ground surface is mysterious and unclear. Surface extension evaluation of the fault zone requires the selection of valid parameters from among numerous geological factors. The present study focuses on the evidence of the existence of traces of the fault zone on the surface, such as springs, sites of hydrocarbon seepage, and Geobotany, so as to employ them as tools in geochemical exploration for detecting the surface extension of the fault zone. For this purpose, direct and indirect geochemical methods including spring water survey (SWS), hydrocarbon accumulation and H2S gas survey (HAGS), and geobotanical survey (GS) were performed along the AJFZ. Hydrocarbon accumulations exist in many types of features. First, massive amounts of hydrocarbons ascend upward under high pressure piercing the gypsum of the Fatha Formation and exposed on the surface. Second, the hydrocarbon intrudes into the gypsum bed along the cleavage plane but is not exposed on the surface. Third, the light hydrocarbon ascends from the depth with the spring water and floats on the water surface. Anomaly in the distribution of hydrocarbon, total dissolved solid (TDS), H2S gas emission, abnormality in growth of palm trees (such as stem curvature and overturn, dwarfism), and the development of an isolated local aqueous environment around the springs along the AJFZ as well as computational simulation can be used to draw the geometrical shape of the fault zone on the surface. The surface extension of the AJFZ has been computed to be 467 km long with an average width of 48 km. This study has conclusively demonstrated the validity of the use of geochemical anomalies along with the computational simulation to estimate the dimensions of the fault zone.
Penatti, Natasha Costa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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not available
2015Co-Authors: Penatti, Natasha CostaAbstract:A variabilidade fenológica do Pantanal é discutida em função de sua geologia (diferentes tratos deposicionais, granulometria dominante dos sedimentos e neotectônica), seus solos e suas coberturas vegetais. O cerne da pesquisa é a fenologia da superfície terrestre, um complexo parâmetro que depende - e pode informar - do conjunto dos meios físico e biótico desta peculiar bacia sedimentar, demonstrando que sua heterogeneidade ambiental é fortemente influenciada pela geologia. A expressão das relações da cobertura vegetal com a geologia - a geobotânica - no caso do Pantanal se expressa florística e fenologicamente em solos formados sobre sedimentos terrígenos de composição comum na crosta. A intensa dinâmica da região, com alter nância sazonal de secas rigorosas e enchentes, indica a importância de abordar a fenologia, a menos utilizada das expressões geobotânicas. São feitas diversas leituras de dados de diferentes sistemas sensores, com apoio de dados de campo e da literatura, sempre tendo como norte a variabilidade ambiental do Pantanal e sua relação com a geologia local. Partindo-se dessa premissa três principais abordagens foram feitas. A primeira abordagem, de caráter mais geral, é uma análise multi-sensor, multi-escala e multi-temporal do balanço hídrico do Pantanal, a partir de séries temporais (2001-2012) de dados remotos de mudanças totais na espessura equivalente de água (GRACE), precipitação pluviométrica mensal (TRMM) e de índices de vegetação e evapotranspiração (MODIS), com o apoio de dados da variação do nível do rio Paraguai em Ladário (MS). Embora os pulsos de inundação não tenham sido visualizados, ficou confirmada a maior variação sazonal dos níveis de água na porção Norte do Pantanal, como indicado na literatura. Foram detectados dois comportamentos distintos em alterações sazonais no armazenamento de água, com maiores amplitudes ao norte, nas proximidades de cabeceiras e na região mais chuvosa. Na primeira das abordagens, com viés de geobotânica por fenologia, foram discutidas as relações estatísticas entre dez métricas fenológicas de uso corrente na literatura específica, obtidas a partir da série temporal de 2001 a 2012 de imagens MODIS, nos pixels onde houve coleta de amostras em campo. Foram considerados os seguintes fatores ambientais: tipo de vegetação (literatura e campo), granulometria e fertilidade das amostras de solo coletadas em campo, relevo (SRTM) e pluviosidade (TRMM). O tipo de vegetação foi o fator que melhor explicou as métricas, seguido por granulometria, fertilidade e relevo, especialmente quando esses fatores foram combinados. Na segunda abordagem fenológica, aplicou-se uma análise por principais componentes em uma série temporal anual média de EVI2 para o mesmo período. Com base na distribuição temporal dos autovetores das três primeiras componentes é discutido o essencial da vegetação (a densidade da cobertura vegetal, a senescência precoce e a tardia) e suas relações com aspectos da geologia local. Ao fim, aplicou-se a técnica SOM sobre dez métricas fenológicas , permitindo propor limites externos do Pantanal e sua subdivisão em seis classes fenologicamente características (feno-regiões) que, por não serem contínuas, não se confundem com sub-regiões como as que a literatura divide o Pantanal. A tese mostra a fenologia como dependente e ao mesmo tempo informadora de aspectos da geologia e, por outro lado, apresenta um inédito conjunto de abordagens sobre o Pantanal, aumentando o conhecimento da maior área úmida contínua do planeta.The phenological variability of the Pantanal is discussed in terms of its geology (different depositional tracts, sediments dominant grain size and neotectonics), its soil and its vegetation cover. The core of the research is the land surface phenology, a complex parameter that depends -and can tell - of a set of physical and biotic environment of this peculiar sedimentary basin, demonstrating that its environmental heterogeneity is strongly influenced by geology. The expression of the relations between vegetation cover and geology - the Geobotany - in the case of the Pantanal is expressed floristic and phenologically in soils formed on terrigenous sediments of common composition in the crust. The intense dynamic of the region, with seasonal alternation of severe droughts and floods, indicates the importance of addressing the phenology, the least used of Geobotany expressions. Many data readings from different sensor systems are made with the support of field and literature data, always having as direction the environmental variability of Pantanal and its relation to local geology. Starting from this premise, three main approaches have been made. The first approach, in a more general character, is a multi-sensor, multi-scale and multi-temporal water balance analysis of the Pantanal, from time series (2001-2012) of remote data changes in the total equivalent water thickness (GRACE), monthly precipitation (TRMM) and evapotranspiration and vegetation index (MODIS), with the support of variation in the water level of the Paraguay River in Ladário (MS). Although flood pulses have not been shown, it was confirmed the greater seasonal variation of water levels in the northern portion of the Pantanal, as indicated in the literature. Two distinct seasonal water storage behaviors were detected, with greater amplitudes in the north, near the headwaters and in the rainier region. In the first approach using phenology based on Geobotany, it was discussed the statistical relationships between ten phenological metrics commonly used in the literature, obtained from the 2001 to 2012 MODIS images time series, for the pixels where there was field samples. Vegetation type (literature and field), particle size and soil fertility obtained from field samples, relief (SRTM) and rainfall (TRMM) where considered. The vegetation type was the factor that best explained the phenological metrics, followed by granulometry, fertility and relief, especially when these factors were combined. In the second phenological approach, a principal component analysis was applied to an annual average EVI2 time series for the same period. Based on the temporal distribution of the eigenvectors of the first three principal components the essential aspects of vegetation (the density of vegetation cover, early and later senescence) and their relationship to aspects of the local geology are discussed. At the end the SOM technique was applied to ten phenological metrics, that allowed to propose the external boundaries of the Pantanal and its subdivision into six phenological classes (phenoregions), that are not continuous, presenting no similarity with the literature proposed sub-regions. The thesis shows the phenology as dependent and at the same time informant about the aspects of geology and, on the other hand, it present an unique set of approaches over the Pantanal increasing knowledge of the world\'s largest continuous wetland
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Geobotânica por sensoriamento remoto em Floresta de Restinga na Estação Ecológica Jureia-Itatins, Iguape-SP
2013Co-Authors: Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro De ,almeida, Tuaf Carolina, Cibele Hummel Do Amaral, Penatti, Natasha CostaAbstract:Geobotany studies the relation between the physical environment and the physiognomic, morphological, taxonomic, phenological and physiological expressions of the vegetation. Traditionally utilized in exploration geology, in which the intense geological variability extends up to the soil, Geobotany can be applied to geologically-common terrains. The Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, located in southeastern Brazils Iguape municipality, contains several phytophysiognomies associated with the Atlantic Forest biome, including the Restinga Forest. This forest, of significant biodiversity, grows on sediments deposited during sea-level variations in the Quaternary. The joint analysis of sediment granulometry, soil fertility, water table depth, leaf area, number of trees per plot, floristic similarity and species density allowed to separate homologous areas, here called geobotanical units. Remote sensing has been successfully applied to Geobotany and, in this study, we analyzed the relationship between the canopies spectral response from the studied mosaic of forests and the aforementioned set of field parameters i.e., the relationship between the canopies and the geobotanical units. Bands of the reflected spectrum of ASTER Images, processed accordingly to the systemic method, revealed the correlation between the canopy spectral behaviour and the set of field parameters. There are three important advances: (i) an indication that the set of parameters of the physical environment and the forestry characteristics may define the local environment, (ii) the set of parameters is manifested in the canopy and (iii) multispectral optical images with medium spectral and spatial resolution could partially identify this canopy variability and its relation to the physical environment.Pages: 3720-372
Espírito-santo, María Dalila - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dinâmica serial e contactos catenais das comunidades herbáceas anuais e vivazes do interior de Portugal continental (Beira Interior e Alentejo)
2018Co-Authors: Ribeiro Sílvia, Espírito-santo, María DalilaAbstract:This study present a phytosociological classification based on relevés conducted, according to the phytosociological methodology in perennial and annual herbaceous communities in Lusitan-Extremadurean, Carpetanian-Leonese and Atlantic Orolusitanian subprovinces, covering the centre-east and southeast of mainland Portugal. The main objective of this work is the characterisation of herbaceous communities, from the point of view of their floristic composition and variability, ecology, distribution and abundance in the studied area, syntaxonomy, catenal contacts, syndynamic and conservation status, based on data collected in the field or obtained from the literature. Nine classes of herbaceous vegetation have been identified, as well as three classes of shrubby vegetation, three classes of arboreous vegetation and a total of 65 associations. The surveyed communities are distributed by the classes: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea; Magnocarici elatae-Phragmitetea australis; Stellarietea mediae; Tuberarietea guttatae; Poetea bulbosae; Festuco-Brometea; Lygeo-Stipetea; Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. In the set of annual and perennial communities we identified 14 orders, 20 alliances, 43 associations and 7 subassociations that spread in oligotrophic, nitrophilous, hygrophilous or mesophytic biotopes. We obtained a total of 12 syntaxa that correspond to habitats of Directive 92/43/CE, some of them classified as priority habitats for conservation. It is present an approach to a dynamic-catenal model in which it is identified the response patterns of herbaceous communities to several disturbance factors. We conclude that the knowledge provided by Geobotany, namely by Synphytosociology, is an essential tool for the development of a sustainable management of the territory.Neste estudo apresenta-se uma classificação fitossociológica com base em inventários próprios realizados, de acordo com a metodologia fitossociológica, em comunidades herbáceas vivazes e anuais, nas subprovíncias Luso-Estremadurense, Carpetana-Leonesa e Orolusitana Atlântica, abrangendo o SE & CE de Portugal continental. O objetivo principal é a descrição das comunidades herbáceas do ponto de vista da composição e variabilidade florística, da ecologia, da distribuição e abundância na área de estudo, da sintaxonomia, dos contactos catenais, da sindinâmica e do estatuto de conservação, tendo como base os dados recolhidos no campo e obtidos através de pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram identificadas 9 classes de vegetação herbácea, 3 classes de vegetação arbustiva, 3 classes de vegetação arbórea e 65 associações no total. Assim, as comunidades inventariadas distribuem-se pelas classes: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea; Magnocarici elatae-Phragmitetea australis; Stellarietea mediae; Tuberarietea guttatae; Poetea bulbosae; Festuco-Brometea; Lygeo-Stipetea; Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae e Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Foram identificadas 14 ordens, 20 alianças, 43 associações e 7 subassociações, no conjunto das comunidades terofíticas e vivazes estudadas, desde biótopos oligotróficos, nitrófilos e higrófilos a mesofíticos. Obtiveram-se 12 sintaxa que correspondem a habitats da Diretiva Habitats, alguns dos quais prioritários para conservação. É apresentada uma aproximação a um modelo dinâmico-catenal no qual se identificam os padrões de resposta das comunidades herbáceas a vários fatores de perturbação. Conclui-se que o conhecimento obtido a partir da Geobotânica, nomeadamente da Sinfitossociologia, constitui uma ferramenta essencial para uma gestão sustentável do território.Neste estudo apresenta-se uma classificação fitossociológica com base em inventários próprios realizados, de acordo com a metodologia fitossociológica, em comunidades herbáceas vivazes e anuais, nas subprovíncias Luso-Estremadurense, Carpetana-Leonesa e Orolusitana Atlântica, abrangendo o SE & CE de Portugal continental. O objetivo principal é a descrição das comunidades herbáceas do ponto de vista da composição e variabilidade florística, da ecologia, da distribuição e abundância na área de estudo, da sintaxonomia, dos contactos catenais, da sindinâmica e do estatuto de conservação, tendo como base os dados recolhidos no campo e obtidos através de pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram identificadas 9 classes de vegetação herbácea, 3 classes de vegetação arbustiva, 3 classes de vegetação arbórea e 65 associações no total. Assim, as comunidades inventariadas distribuem-se pelas classes: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea; Magnocarici elatae-Phragmitetea australis; Stellarietea mediae; Tuberarietea guttatae; Poetea bulbosae; Festuco-Brometea; Lygeo-Stipetea; Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae e Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Foram identificadas 14 ordens, 20 alianças, 43 associações e 7 subassociações, no conjunto das comunidades terofíticas e vivazes estudadas, desde biótopos oligotróficos, nitrófilos e higrófilos a mesofíticos. Obtiveram-se 12 sintaxa que correspondem a habitats da Diretiva Habitats, alguns dos quais prioritários para conservação. É apresentada uma aproximação a um modelo dinâmico-catenal no qual se identificam os padrões de resposta das comunidades herbáceas a vários fatores de perturbação. Conclui-se que o conhecimento obtido a partir da Geobotânica, nomeadamente da Sinfitossociologia, constitui uma ferramenta essencial para uma gestão sustentável do território
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Dinâmica serial e contactos catenais das comunidades herbáceas anuais e vivazes do interior de Portugal continental (Beira Interior e Alentejo)
2015Co-Authors: Ribeiro Sílvia, Espírito-santo, María DalilaAbstract:Neste estudo apresenta-se uma classificação fitossociológica com base em inventários próprios realizados, de acordo com a metodologia fitossociológica, em comunidades herbáceas vivazes e anuais, nas subprovíncias Luso-Estremadurense, Carpetana-Leonesa e Orolusitana Atlântica, abrangendo o SE and CE de Portugal continental. O objetivo principal é a descrição das comunidades herbáceas do ponto de vista da composição e variabilidade florística, da ecologia, da distribuição e abundância na área de estudo, da sintaxonomia, dos contactos catenais, da sindinâmica e do estatuto de conservação, tendo como base os dados recolhidos no campo e obtidos através de pesquisa bibliográfica. Foram identificadas 9 classes de vegetação herbácea, 3 classes de vegetação arbustiva, 3 classes de vegetação arbórea e 65 associações no total. Assim, as comunidades inventariadas distribuem-se pelas classes: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea; Magnocarici elatae-Phragmitetea australis; Stellarietea mediae; Tuberarietea guttatae; Poetea bulbosae; Festuco-Brometea; Lygeo-Stipetea; Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae e Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. Foram identificadas 14 ordens, 20 alianças, 43 associações e 7 subassociações, no conjunto das comunidades terofíticas e vivazes estudadas, desde biótopos oligotróficos, nitrófilos e higrófilos a mesofíticos. Obtiveram-se 12 sintaxa que correspondem a habitats da Diretiva Habitats, alguns dos quais prioritários para conservação. É apresentada uma aproximação a um modelo dinâmico-catenal no qual se identificam os padrões de resposta das comunidades herbáceas a vários fatores de perturbação. Conclui-se que o conhecimento obtido a partir da Geobotânica, nomeadamente da Sinfitossociologia, constitui uma ferramenta essencial para uma gestão sustentável do território.; This study present a phytosociological classification based on relevés conducted, according to the phytosociological methodology in perennial and annual herbaceous communities in Lusitan-Extremadurean, Carpetanian-Leonese and Atlantic Orolusitanian subprovinces, covering the centre-east and southeast of mainland Portugal. The main objective of this work is the characterisation of herbaceous communities, from the point of view of their floristic composition and variability, ecology, distribution and abundance in the studied area, syntaxonomy, catenal contacts, syndynamic and conservation status, based on data collected in the field or obtained from the literature. Nine classes of herbaceous vegetation have been identified, as well as three classes of shrubby vegetation, three classes of arboreous vegetation and a total of 65 associations. The surveyed communities are distributed by the classes: Isoeto-Nanojuncetea; Magnocarici elatae-Phragmitetea australis; Stellarietea mediae; Tuberarietea guttatae; Poetea bulbosae; Festuco-Brometea; Lygeo-Stipetea; Stipo giganteae-Agrostietea castellanae and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. In the set of annual and perennial communities we identified 14 orders, 20 alliances, 43 associations and 7 subassociations that spread in oligotrophic, nitrophilous, hygrophilous or mesophytic biotopes. We obtained a total of 12 syntaxa that correspond to habitats of Directive 92/43/CE, some of them classified as priority habitats for conservation. It is present an approach to a dynamic-catenal model in which it is identified the response patterns of herbaceous communities to several disturbance factors. We conclude that the knowledge provided by Geobotany, namely by Synphytosociology, is an essential tool for the development of a sustainable management of the territory
Cibele Hummel Do Amaral - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Geobotany in a fault in the world s largest continuous wetland in central south america
2019Co-Authors: Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro De ,almeida, Cibele Hummel Do Amaral, Moreno Botelho, Eduardo Francisco Ribeiro, Natasha Costa PenattiAbstract:The Pantanal is located in the center of South America in a tectonically active sedimentary basin of Quaternary age. Even though the relief is flat and the diversity of the sediments is low, its vegetation cover has high variability resulting from seasonal fluctuations in water levels and the presence of four surrounding biomes. Changes in elevation of less than 1 m influence the length and intensity of floods, powerfully affecting the vegetation. Faults with small vertical displacement can generate abrupt vegetation changes and, consequently, expressive vegetation lineaments. This study characterizes a lineament in the northern Pantanal, considering Land Surface Phenology, estimates of precipitation, and floristic survey. The phenological metrics, obtained from a 15-year time series from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer processed by TIMESAT software, discriminate evergreen forests in the NW of this lineament from savanna-like physiognomies in the SE region. Plant taxonomic identification shows two distinct regional strata with a clear separation between species adapted to prolonged floods in the NW and typical species of the Cerrado biome, mostly xeromorphic, in the SE. Data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission complemented the analysis, showing different dependence on local rains on different sides of the lineament. The entire dataset defines this geological structure as a driver of the Pantanal’s plant communities, being a boundary for the extensive establishment of propagules of the Amazon biome. This research, in addition to advancing knowledge of this singular region, which is essential for management studies, can be a stimulus to biological and forest investigations.
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Hyperspectral remote sensing and definition of indicator species applied to Geobotany in the Cerrado biome.
2015Co-Authors: Cibele Hummel Do AmaralAbstract:A Geobotânica por sensoriamento remoto é uma técnica de obtenção de informações geológicas indiretas em ambientes cobertos por vegetação e apresenta grandes perspectivas por sua capacidade de otimizar trabalhos de campo e gerar possíveis alvos a serem examinados. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a discriminação espectral, em escala de folha e de copa, de espécies arbóreas neotropicais associadas localmente a diferentes formações e fácies geológicas, bem como defini-las remotamente como indicadoras geológicas na Estação Ecológica de Mogi-Guaçu, São Paulo, Brasil. Dados obtidos em 70 unidades amostrais, como texturais de solos e sedimentos, químicos de solos, de nível do freático, altitudinais (modelo digital de terreno),fitossociológicos e fisiológicos/estruturais de vegetação (índices hiperespectrais de vegetação), foram minerados e analisados através da técnica de quantização vetorial Self-Organizing Maps (SOM). Inga veraWilld. subsp. affinis (DC.) T.D. Penn (INVE) e Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (CABR) mostraram-se associadas à planície de inundação, incluindo meandros abandonados (Depósitos Aluvionares), com amplo domínio das frações argila e silte nos sedimentos. Qualea grandifloraMart. (QUGR) e Tabebuia ochracea(Cham.) Standl. (TAOC) foram identificadas apenas nas colinas e platôs da Formação Aquidauana,com altas porcentagens das frações areia fina, média e grossa, e escasso silte. Cedrela fissilisVell. (CEFI) e Zeyheria tuberculosa(Vell.) Bur. (ZETU) demonstraram estar associadas a uma fácies aflorante da Formação Aquidauana, com distinta presença das frações de areia grossa e muito grossa, além da baixa porcentagem das frações silte e areiafina. As cinco primeiras espécies tiveram dados bioquímicos e espectrais (400-2.500 nm, FieldSpec 3 Hi-Res) coletados, em escala de folha, tanto no período chuvoso quanto noseco. Seus espectros foram classificados através da técnica Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis(MESMA). As espécies foram bem discriminadas em ambos os momentos sazonais, nessa escala de trabalho. Dentre os melhores resultados por intervalo espectral, as exatidões do produtor e do usuário não foram inferiores a 87,5%. Esse sucesso mostrou estar intimamente ligado à alta variabilidade bioquímica observada em suas folhas. As variações intra e interespecíficas em compostos bioquímicos puderam ser correlacionadas às suas variações espectrais. A discriminação espectral em escala de copa foi realizada com dois membros-finais (MF) via MESMA para CEFI, INVE e QUGR. Os pixels das imagenspré-processadas do sistema de sensores aeroportados ProSpecTIR-VS (530-2.532 nm, 1 m de resolução espacial) foram modelados por três MF: MF da classe de espécie-alvo, MF de outras classes de vegetação e sombra fotométrica. A falta de comissão espectrale a relativa baixa omissão espectral atingidas por QUGR na modelagem com dois MF, que incluiu outras classes de vegetação, refletiu em um mapeamento satisfatório de sua fração espectral. As tendências em distribuição dessa espécie indicaram claramente as colinas e platôs da Formação Aquidauana na área estudada.Geobotany via remote sensing is a technique for obtaining indirect geological information in vegetated areas and presents great perspectives by its capability for field work optimization and target generation to be evaluated afterwards. The aim of this research was to perform the spectral discrimination of Neotropical tree species (at leaf and crown levels) which are locally associated to geological facies and formations in the Mogi-Guaçu Ecological Station, in southeastern Brazil. Data from 70 sampling units, such as soils and sediments texture, soils chemistry, groundwater level, elevation (digital terrain model), plant sociology and vegetation physiology/structure (hyperspectral vegetation indices), were mined and analyzed through the vetorial quantization method called Self-Organizing Maps (SOM; Kohonen, 1982). Inga veraWilld. subsp. affinis(DC.) T.D. Penn (INVE) and Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (CABR) demonstrated to be associated to the floodplain, including paleochannels (Alluvial Deposits sequence), with clayey-silty sediments. Qualea grandifloraMart. (QUGR) and Tabebuia ochracea(Cham.) Standl. (TAOC) were sampled on hills and plateaus of the Aquidauna Formation, which stood out for higher fine, medium and coarse sand contents and lower silt content. Cedrela fissilisVell. (CEFI) and Zeyheria tuberculosa(Vell.) Bur. (ZETU) showed be associated to one outcrop facies of the Aquidauna Formation, with distinctive presence of coarse and very coarse sandas well as lower silt and very fine sand contents. Biochemical and spectral (400-2.500 nm, FieldSpec Hi-Res 3) data were collected from the leaves of the first five species, during both rainy and dry seasons. Their spectra were classified through Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis(MESMA). All target species were well discriminated at leaf scale. Considering the best classification results per spectral range, user\'s and producer\'s accuracies were always higher than 87,5%. These results seem to be linked to the great biochemical variability of their leaves. The intra and interspecific variability of biochemical compounds were correlated with spectral variability. The spectral discrimination at crown scale was performed with two endmembers (EM) via MESMA for CEFI, INVE e QUGR. The 1-m pixels of the preprocessed ProSpecTIR-VS images (530-2.532 nm) were modeled by three EM: EM of the target species, EM of other vegetation classes, and photometric shade. The QUGRclass achieved a relatively lower spectral omission and had no spectra erroneously assigned to its class in the two EM classification, which included other vegetation classes. This classification result was reproduced in the three EM image unmixing. The distribution tendency of that species clearly indicated the hills and plateaus of the Aquidauana Formation in the study area
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Geobotânica por sensoriamento remoto em Floresta de Restinga na Estação Ecológica Jureia-Itatins, Iguape-SP
2013Co-Authors: Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro De ,almeida, Tuaf Carolina, Cibele Hummel Do Amaral, Penatti, Natasha CostaAbstract:Geobotany studies the relation between the physical environment and the physiognomic, morphological, taxonomic, phenological and physiological expressions of the vegetation. Traditionally utilized in exploration geology, in which the intense geological variability extends up to the soil, Geobotany can be applied to geologically-common terrains. The Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, located in southeastern Brazils Iguape municipality, contains several phytophysiognomies associated with the Atlantic Forest biome, including the Restinga Forest. This forest, of significant biodiversity, grows on sediments deposited during sea-level variations in the Quaternary. The joint analysis of sediment granulometry, soil fertility, water table depth, leaf area, number of trees per plot, floristic similarity and species density allowed to separate homologous areas, here called geobotanical units. Remote sensing has been successfully applied to Geobotany and, in this study, we analyzed the relationship between the canopies spectral response from the studied mosaic of forests and the aforementioned set of field parameters i.e., the relationship between the canopies and the geobotanical units. Bands of the reflected spectrum of ASTER Images, processed accordingly to the systemic method, revealed the correlation between the canopy spectral behaviour and the set of field parameters. There are three important advances: (i) an indication that the set of parameters of the physical environment and the forestry characteristics may define the local environment, (ii) the set of parameters is manifested in the canopy and (iii) multispectral optical images with medium spectral and spatial resolution could partially identify this canopy variability and its relation to the physical environment.Pages: 3720-372