The Experts below are selected from a list of 297 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Brent Cully - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Raccoon roundworm encephalitis
Pediatric Radiology, 2010Co-Authors: Pareen Mehta, Zachary Boyd, Brent CullyAbstract:Raccoon roundworm encephalitis is a rare but devastating infection characterized by progressive neurological decline despite attempted therapy. Patients present with deteriorating neurological function, eosinophilia, and history of pica or Geophagia resulting in ingestion of the parasite. Neuroimaging studies demonstrate nonspecific findings of progressive white matter inflammation and cortical atrophy.
Kevin R. Kazacos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Raccoon roundworm encephalitis.
Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2004Co-Authors: Larry J. Strausbaugh, William J. Murray, Kevin R. KazacosAbstract:The raccoon roundworm, Baylisascaris procyonis, is increasingly recognized as a cause of zoonotic visceral, ocular, and neural larva migrans and, in particular, of devastating encephalitis in young children. Exposure occurs mainly at raccoon latrines, where large numbers of infective eggs may be accidentally ingested. Risk factors for infection include contact with raccoon latrines, pica/Geophagia, age of
Lf Mogongoa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Efficacy of oral iron therapy in geophagic women with iron deficiency anaemia residing in Botshabelo, South Africa
Journal of Medical Laboratory Science & Technology of South Africa, 2020Co-Authors: Lf MogongoaAbstract:Background: Iron deficiency anaemia is the most commonly encountered form of anaemia in females worldwide. This form of anaemia is, amongst others, associated with Geophagia that is defined as the consumption of soil. The two main reasons for the association of Geophagia with anaemia are that soil is thought to supplement mineral deficiency and Geophagia is seen as a symptom of the anaemia. However, it is hypothesised that soil consumption interferes with iron absorption instead of supplementing it. The first line of therapy for iron deficiency anaemia is oral iron. Therefore, if soil consumption interferes with iron absorption it could interfere with oral iron therapy leading to patients being burdened with symptoms of anaemia as treatment is not effective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral iron therapy in female participants afflicted with iron deficiency anaemia associated with Geophagia. Methods: In this prospective randomised intervention study, 84 geophagic women with iron deficiency anaemia were divided into two groups. One group continued with soil consumption while the other stopped consumption. Oral iron therapy was administered for ten weeks at increasing therapy doses for both groups. Red cell and iron study parameters were evaluated at different time intervals to ascertain the efficacy of iron replacement therapy. Results: The group that stopped soil consumption showed a statistically significant change in haemoglobin (9.4 to 10.0 g/dL, p = 0.029), mean corpuscular volume (73.6 to 75.7 fl), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (23.7 to 24.6 pg), serum iron (22.5 to 28 μg/dL, p < 0.001, transferrin saturation (4.8 to 6.9%, p < 0.001) and total iron-binding capacity (467 to 441 μg/L, p = 0.001). These findings were contrary to the group that continued with consumption, where the statistical changes were only observed for the iron study parameters (serum iron: 21 to 28 μg/dL, p = 0.038; transferrin saturation: 4.3 to 6.9%, p = 0.011; total iron-binding capacity: 496 to 421 μg/L, p = 0.002). Nevertheless, the changes for both groups were clinically insignificant. Oral iron therapy did not correct the anaemia in geophagic females of both groups, this could be explained by two hypotheses where soil affected the gastrointestinal lining and soil directly interfered with therapy iron absorption. This is evidenced by the group that continued with consumption showing fewer changes than the group that abstained from soil consumption. These results were consistent with a case study where oral iron therapy was implemented. Conclusion: Oral iron therapy was not effective in Geophagia cases of iron deficiency anaemia.
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Efficacy of oral iron therapy in geophagic women with iron deficiency anaemia residing in Botshabelo, South Africa
Journal of Medical Laboratory Science & Technology of South Africa, 2020Co-Authors: Lf MogongoaAbstract:Background: Iron deficiency anaemia is the most commonly encountered form of anaemia in females worldwide. This form of anaemia is, amongst others, associated with Geophagia that is defined as the consumption of soil. The two main reasons for the association of Geophagia with anaemia are that soil is thought to supplement mineral deficiency and Geophagia is seen as a symptom of the anaemia. However, it is hypothesised that soil consumption interferes with iron absorption instead of supplementing it. The first line of therapy for iron deficiency anaemia is oral iron. Therefore, if soil consumption interferes with iron absorption it could interfere with oral iron therapy leading to patients being burdened with symptoms of anaemia as treatment is not effective. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of oral iron therapy in female participants afflicted with iron deficiency anaemia associated with Geophagia. Methods: In this prospective randomised intervention study, 84 geophagic women with iron deficiency anaemia were divided into two groups. One group continued with soil consumption while the other stopped consumption. Oral iron therapy was administered for ten weeks at increasing therapy doses for both groups. Red cell and iron study parameters were evaluated at different time intervals to ascertain the efficacy of iron replacement therapy. Results: The group that stopped soil consumption showed a statistically significant change in haemoglobin (9.4 to 10.0 g/dL, p = 0.029), mean corpuscular volume (73.6 to 75.7 fl), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (23.7 to 24.6 pg), serum iron (22.5 to 28 μg/dL, p < 0.001, transferrin saturation (4.8 to 6.9%, p < 0.001) and total iron-binding capacity (467 to 441 μg/L, p = 0.001). These findings were contrary to the group that continued with consumption, where the statistical changes were only observed for the iron study parameters (serum iron: 21 to 28 μg/dL, p = 0.038; transferrin saturation: 4.3 to 6.9%, p = 0.011; total iron-binding capacity: 496 to 421 μg/L, p = 0.002). Nevertheless, the changes for both groups were clinically insignificant. Oral iron therapy did not correct the anaemia in geophagic females of both groups, this could be explained by two hypotheses where soil affected the gastrointestinal lining and soil directly interfered with therapy iron absorption. This is evidenced by the group that continued with consumption showing fewer changes than the group that abstained from soil consumption. These results were consistent with a case study where oral iron therapy was implemented. Conclusion: Oral iron therapy was not effective in Geophagia cases of iron deficiency anaemia. The full article is available at https://doi.org/10.36303/JMLSTSA.2020.2.1.38
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Haematological and iron status of Qwa Qwa women in South Africa who ingest clays
Medical technology SA, 2011Co-Authors: Lf Mogongoa, L. De Jager, C.e. Brand, G.e. EkosseAbstract:Geophagia is the deliberate habitual consumption of soil and clay. This habit is practiced worldwide and is also common in southern Africa. There are many reasons given for the practice of Geophagia like cultural, medicinal, religious and mineral deficiency. Geophagia has been associated with anaemia and recently, specifically with iron deficiency anaemia. The reason for this association includes, among others that clay could actually lead to decreased bioavailability of iron for absorption in the body through kaolinite. The aim of was to investigate the link between iron deficiency anaemia and Geophagia in QwaQwa women since this link has not been investigated in South Africa. In this pilot study, blood was drawn from five women who do not consume soil (control group), and twelve women who consumed soil (geophagic group). The participants were from the same vicinity (area) or household, with the expectation that they follow similar diets. Full blood count and iron studies were performed in order to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia. The results indicated that iron deficiency anaemia was not evident in the control group. In contrast half of the geophagic group had iron deficiency anaemia while the rest of the participants had a state of iron deficiency without anaemia. In conclusion, iron deficiency anaemia is associated with Geophagia, and Geophagia predisposes or contributes to the development of iron deficiency.
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Haematological and iron status of Qwa Qwa women in South Africa who ingest clays : peer reviewed original article
Medical technology SA, 2011Co-Authors: Lf Mogongoa, L. De Jager, C.e. Brand, G.e. EkosseAbstract:Geophagia is the deliberate habitual consumption of soil and clay. This habit is practiced worldwide and is also common in southern Africa. There are many reasons given for the practice of Geophagia like cultural, medicinal, religious and mineral deficiency. Geophagia has been associated with anaemia and recently, specifically with iron deficiency anaemia. The reason for this association includes, among others that clay could actually lead to decreased bioavailability of iron for absorption in the body through kaolinite. The aim of was to investigate the link between iron deficiency anaemia and Geophagia in QwaQwa women since this link has not been investigated in South Africa. In this pilot study, blood was drawn from five women who do not consume soil (control group), and twelve women who consumed soil (geophagic group). The participants were from the same vicinity (area) or household, with the expectation that they follow similar diets. Full blood count and iron studies were performed in order to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anaemia. The results indicated that iron deficiency anaemia was not evident in the control group. In contrast half of the geophagic group had iron deficiency anaemia while the rest of the participants had a state of iron deficiency without anaemia. In conclusion, iron deficiency anaemia is associated with Geophagia, and Geophagia predisposes or contributes to the development of iron deficiency.
J. A. Neser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Environmental Application of Regional Geochemical Mapping in Understanding Enzootic Geophagia of Calves in the Reivilo Area, South Africa
Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 2002Co-Authors: J.h. Elsenbroek, J. A. NeserAbstract:A specific enzootic form of Geophagia (the deliberate ingestion of soil) occurs in young cattle and sheep in restricted areas of the Barkley-West, Postmasburg and Vryburg Districts of the Northern Cape- and North West Provinces of the Republic of South Africa. It results in severe, subacute to chronic hepatitis and jaundice, with a high mortality rate in untreated cases. An association between the disease and high concentrations of manganese in soils was shown since all the affected farms are situated on outcrops of the Reivilo Formation of the Campbell Rand Subgroup, which consists mainly of manganiferous dolomite. Furthermore high concentrations of manganese were found in the analysis of liver specimens from affected calves and the characteristic microscopic pathological changes in the liver could be induced experimentally in a calf and lamb by oral administration of manganese sulphate. The highest incidence of Geophagia occurs at 7 to 14 days, whereas calves older than about 2 months are rarely affected. The symptoms usually start with intermittent, progressive Geophagia, followed by constipation, dehydration and death within ca. 7–10 days in untreated cases. Young calves and lambs display an insatiable appetite for soil and sometimes lick iron poles. The treatment of calves by the parenteral injection of commercial iron-dextran- and vitamin B12 preparations at 1 to 2 days after birth, and at 14 days of age, at the registered therapeutic doses, appeared to have a marked preventative effect on the occurrence of Geophagia and its complications. Regional geochemical maps show a northeast–southwest trending anomaly in MnO, Zn and Pb, visually correlating with the distribution of the affected farms. Anomalously high distributions of Pb and Zn are also spatially related to the Pering (Pb,Zn) Mine. In this study, two farms were selected for comparative purposes. Gam, a farm situated on the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup was chosen where a high incidence of Geophagia occurred, as well as the farm Holpan on the Lyttelton Formation of the Malmani Subgroup where the problem was not known to be present. The farm Holpan was chosen as a control area, and is situated close to an old manganese mine on dolomite with a high MnO content. Geographically, Holpan is situated in an area with a high rainfall, with leaching and the formation of deep red soils on the dolomite, together with a hilly relief and low soil pHH2O. Gam is situated in an area with lower rainfall, where precipitation would be less than evapotranspiration. The dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup and the Reivilo Formation are significantly different in their soil geochemistry. The MnO, Fe2O3T and Co contents are significantly higher in the soils of the Malmani Subgroup than in the Reivilo Formation. The MnO, Zn and Pb contents on Gam are higher than on Holpan, whereas the Fe2O3T and Co contents are lower. Soil on Holpan contains iron-minerals such as haematite, while no iron minerals were detected in the soils of Gam. The concretions, found in the soils on both farms, differs remarkably in iron-contents. Concretions on both farms have similar high concentrations of MnO, whereas the FeO content are low for the concretions on Gam and high for Holpan. Preliminary comparative analytical results of the colostrum, sampled from cows with new born calves within three days of birth, do not entirely reflect the soil geochemistry of the different farms. Whereas the soils on Gam have higher MnO, Zn and Pb, and lower Fe2O3T and Co than Holpan, the colostrum produced on Gam has lower Mn, Fe and Co than on Holpan. The Pb and Zn concentrations in the colostrum on both farms do not differ significantly. The comparative regional geochemical soil data, together with the colostrum data, suggest that young calves on the farm Gam probably suffer from Fe and Co deficiency. Conversely, it was illustrated that the Fe and Co content in the soils are high and the Fe is abundant in the concretions on the farm Holpan. These findings, together with the apparent absence of Geophagia at Holpan, as well as the observed effect of iron and cobalt supplementation in the prevention of Geophagia on the farm Gam, suggests an association of Geophagia with iron and cobalt deficiencies on the farm Gam.
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Enzootic Geophagia of calves and lambs in the Northern Cape and North-West Provinces of the Republic of South Africa, and the possible role of chronic manganese poisoning
2001Co-Authors: J. A. NeserAbstract:Enzootic Geophagia Geophagia, the deliberate ingestion of soil, has been classified as a form of pica. Geophagia in mammals has been associated with deficiencies of elements such as phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, sulphur, copper, cobalt and manganese (Kreulen & Jaeger, 1984). Geophagia may also be an instinctive behavioural response to gastro-intestinal disturbances (Kreulen, 1985; Johns & Duquette, 1991; Reid, 1992). In this presentation a specific enzootic form of Geophagia is described which occurs in young beef calves and lambs born under ranching conditions at very specific locations in the Northern Cape and North-West Provinces of South Africa.
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The possible role of manganese poisoning in enzootic Geophagia and hepatitis of calves and lambs : to the editor
Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 1997Co-Authors: J. A. Neser, M.a. De Vries, M. De Vries, A. J. Van Der Merwe, A. H. Loock, H.j.c. Smith, F.h. Van Der Vyver, J.h. Elsenbroek, Rhena DelportAbstract:Extracted from text ... The possible role of manganese poisoning in enzootic Geophagia and hepatitis of calves and lambs Geophagia, or the deliberate ingestion of soil, has been classified as a form of pica, which is usually defined as the compul-sive ingestion of inappropriate or foreign material 1, 5, 8, 9 . A specific enzootic form of Geophagia occurs in young cattle and sheep on manganese-rich soil derived from the weathering of superficial dolomitic (carbonate) rock formations in the Northern Cape and North-West Prov-inces. It results in severe subacute to chronic cholangiohepatitis, icterus and a high mortality rate in untreated cases. Organ specimens ..
A Kelly - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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sero epidemiology of toxocariasis in school children
Parasitology, 1995Co-Authors: C V Holland, P Olorcain, M R H Taylor, A KellyAbstract:The seroprevalence of toxocariasis was investigated in 2129 school children ranging in age from 4 to 19 years. Infection, as measured by titre, was found to be high compared to values obtained from children in other countries, with 31% having a titre of > or = 1:50 and 3.1% having titres of > or = 1:800. Relationships between seroprevalence and host factors including age, sex and location, and risk factors including Geophagia, thumbsucking and pet ownership were explored. Age was found to be a significant factor in relation to infection with Toxocara. Males were significantly more infected than females, as were the inhabitants of rural schools versus urban schools. The percentage of seropositive children varied widely from school to school. Geophagia and pet ownership were found to be significantly associated with toxocariasis. Logistic regression analysis was used to model the relative contribution of these factors to infection with Toxocara. While this analysis identified factors which were highly significantly associated with Toxocara titre, the odds ratios were generally low indicating the low specificity of the model.