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Patrizia Mecocci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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is the 15 item Geriatric Depression Scale a fair screening tool a differential item functioning analysis across gender and age
Psychological Reports, 2018Co-Authors: Francesca Chiesi, Caterina Primi, Martina Pigliautile, Sara Ercolani, Virginia Boccardi, Marta Baroni, Carmelinda Ruggiero, Patrizia MecocciAbstract:The 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) is widely employed to assess Depression in old people, but it is unclear if there are biases in the total score depending on respondents' gender and age. In the current study, we investigated the measurement equivalence of the GDS-15 to provide evidence that the test is a fair screening tool when administered to young-old, old-old, and oldest-old men and women. Item Response Theory-based Differential Item Functioning analyses were applied on a large sample of Italian old people. One item exhibited Differential Item Functioning when comparing men and women, and one item showed Differential Item Functioning across different age-groups. Nonetheless, the magnitude of Differential Item Functioning was small and did not produce any differential test functioning. The gender and age measurement equivalence of the GDS-15 confirms that the test can be used for clinical and research screening purposes.
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does the 15 item Geriatric Depression Scale function differently in old people with different levels of cognitive functioning
Journal of Affective Disorders, 2018Co-Authors: Francesca Chiesi, Caterina Primi, Martina Pigliautile, Sara Ercolani, Virginia Boccardi, Marta Baroni, Lucia Paolacci, Patrizia MecocciAbstract:Abstract Background The 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) is widely employed to screen Depression among elderly but little is known about the Scale functioning in cognitively impaired individuals when compared to normal ones. The aim of the current study is to investigate Differential Item Functioning (DIF) across groups of older people that differ in terms of cognitive functioning applying Item Response Theory (IRT)-based analyses. Methods Data from an Italian multi-centric clinical-based study on cognitive impairment and dementia in old people were employed (N = 1903; Age: M = 77.33, SD = 7.05, 62% women). All the participants underwent a comprehensive evaluation (including clinical examination, laboratory screening, neuroimaging, and cognitive and behavioral assessments) and they were assigned to three different groups on the basis of their cognitive functioning (normal, mild cognitive impairment, cognitive impairment) Results Two items showed uniform DIF but their differential functioning does not propagate to the GDS-15 total scores in such a way that a differential interpretation is needed Limitations Whereas an advantage of the study is the large sample size, the relatively small size of the mild cognitive impairment group might reduce the stability of the present results Conclusions Since a screening tool for elderly is intended to apply to everyone in the target population, the current findings support the clinical utility of the GDS-15 as screening tool for Depression.
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the local reliability of the 15 item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale an item response theory irt study
Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2017Co-Authors: Francesca Chiesi, Caterina Primi, Martina Pigliautile, Sara Ercolani, Manuela Conestabile Della Staffa, Annalisa Longo, Virginia Boccardi, Patrizia MecocciAbstract:The 15-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) is a self-report screening instrument widely used. The current study aimed at providing evidence of the measurement precision of the GDS-15 applying Item Response Theory (IRT). The relative contribution of each item and the reliability of the whole Scale in measuring the trait level around the cutoffs were investigated employing data collected from a sample consisting of 1344 old people (M=76.44years, SD=5.13; 58.7% women) involved in a large gerontological research project. The unidimensional two-parameter (2PL) logistic model was employed to item estimate location and slope parameters as well as the Test Information Function (TIF). Nine out of fifteen items were located around the cutoffs and the slopes showed that the majority of the items had substantial discrimination ability. The TIF peaked in correspondence of the cutoffs attesting the good local reliability of the Scale. These findings support to the utility of the GDS-15 in detecting Depression among older people.
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validation of the five item Geriatric Depression Scale in elderly subjects in three different settings
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2003Co-Authors: Patrizia Rinaldi, Sara Ercolani, Patrizia Mecocci, Claudia Benedetti, Mario Bregnocchi, Giuseppe Menculini, Marco Catani, Umberto Senin, Antonio CherubiniAbstract:OBJECTIVES: To test the effectiveness of a five-item version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) for the screening of Depression in community-dwelling older subjects, hospitalized older patients, and nursing home residents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: A Geriatric acute care ward, a Geriatric outpatient clinic, and a nursing home. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-one cognitively intact older subjects. MEASUREMENT: All the participants had a comprehensive Geriatric assessment including a neuropsychological evaluation by a Geriatrician experienced in the management of Depression. The five-item GDS was compared with the 15-item version of the GDS using the clinical diagnosis according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria as the criterion standard. The sensitivity, the specificity, the overall accuracy, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were calculated. The agreement between each of two different versions of the GDS and the clinical diagnosis and the test-retest and the interrater reliability of the five-item Scale were also evaluated. RESULTS: In the whole sample, 48.1% of the subjects were depressed. The five-item GDS had a sensitivity of 0.94 (0.91‐0.98), a specificity of 0.81 (0.75‐0.87), a positive predictive value of 0.81 (0.75‐0.87), a negative predictive value of 0.94 (0.90‐0.97), a positive likelihood ratio of 4.92 (4.39‐5.5), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.07 (0.06‐0.08). The five-item GDS and the 15-item GDS showed a significant agreement with the clinical diagnosis of Depression ( � � 0.74 for both Scales). The five-item GDS had good interrater reliability ( � � 0.88) and testretest reliability ( � � 0.84). Similar values were obtained in each setting and in both sexes. CONCLUSION: The five-item GDS is as effective as the 15-item GDS for the screening of Depression in cognitively intact older subjects. J Am Geriatr Soc 51:694‐698, 2003.
M W Ribbe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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construction and validation of a patient and user friendly nursing home version of the Geriatric Depression Scale
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2007Co-Authors: K Jongenelis, Debby L Gerritsen, Anne Margriet Pot, Aartjan T F Beekman, A M H Eisses, Herman Kluiter, M W RibbeAbstract:SUMMARY Objective To construct a patient- and user-friendly shortened version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) that is especially suitable for nursing home patients. Methods The study was carried out on two different data bases including 23 Dutch nursing homes. Data on the GDS (n ¼410), the Mini Mental State Examination (n ¼410) and a diagnostic interview (SCAN; n ¼333), were collected by trained clinicians. Firstly, the items of the GDS-15 were judged on their clinical applicability by three clinical experts. Subsequently, items that were identified as unsuitable were removed using the data of the Assess project (n ¼77), and internal consistency was calculated. Secondly, with respect to criterion validity (sensitivity, specitivity, area under ROC and positive and negative predictivevalues), the newly constructed shortened GDS was validated in the AGED data set (n ¼333), using DSM-IV diagnosis for Depression as measured by the SCAN as ‘gold standard’. Results The eight-item GDS that resulted from stage 1 showed good internal consistency in both the Assess data set (a ¼0.86) and the AGED dataset (a ¼0.80). In the AGED dataset, high sensitivity rates of 96.3% for major Depression and 83.0% for minor Depression were found, with a specificity rate of 71.7% at a cut-off point of 2/3. Conclusion The GDS-8 has good psychometric properties. Given that the GDS-8 is less burdening for the patient, more comfortable to use and less time consuming, it may be a more feasible screening test for the frail nursing home population. Copyright # 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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diagnostic accuracy of the original 30 item and shortened versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale in nursing home patients
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: K Jongenelis, Debby L Gerritsen, Anne Margriet Pot, A M H Eisses, Herman Kluiter, M Derksen, A T F Beekman, M W RibbeAbstract:Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the 30-item and shortened versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in diagnosing Depression in older nursing home patients. Method Three hundred and thirty-three older nursing home patients participated in a prospective cross-sectional study in the Netherlands. Sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and the area under the receiver operating curve (ROC) were assessed. Cronbach alphas were also calculated. Both major Depression (MDD) and minor Depression (MinD) according to the DSM-IV criteria, measured with the Schedules of Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), were used as ‘gold standard’. Results The cut-off point ≥ 11 on the GDS-30 gave a sensitivity of 96.3% for MDD and 85.1% for MinD, with a specificity of 69.1%. The sensitivity of most of the shortened versions was sufficient, varying between 88.9% and 100% for MDD, and between 63.8% and 97.9% for MinD. With regard to the shortened versions, best sensitivity (96.3% and 78.7%) and specificity (69.5%) were found for the GDS-10 developed by D'Ath et al. (1994). The specificity rates for most of the shortened versions were found to be less satisfactory, varying between 18.9% and 74.1%. Sufficient internal consistency was found for the GDS-30, the GDS-15, the GDS-12 and the GDS-10, with Cronbach's alphas varying between 0.88 and 0.72. Conclusions The GDS-30 was found to be a valid and reliable case-finding tool for both major and minor Depression in nursing home patients with no cognitive impairment and in patients with mild to moderate cognitively impairment (MMSE ≥ 15). The GDS-10 (D'Ath et al., 1994) appeared to be the best least time-consuming alternative for the nursing home setting. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jacobijn Gussekloo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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validity of the three apathy items of the Geriatric Depression Scale gds 3a in measuring apathy in older persons
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2017Co-Authors: Anne Suzanne Bertens, Jacobijn Gussekloo, Justine E F Moonen, Margot W M De Waal, Jessica C Fosterdingley, Wouter De Ruijter, Roos C Van Der Mast, Anton J M De CraenAbstract:OBJECTIVE The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)-3A, a three-item subset of the GDS-15, is increasingly used as a measure for apathy in research settings to assess factors associating with this neuropsychiatric syndrome. We aimed to assess how accurately the GDS-3A discriminates between presence and absence of apathy in two populations of community-dwelling older persons, using the Apathy Scale as reference standard. METHODS Baseline data were used from 427 participants of the Discontinuation of Antihypertensive Treatment in Elderly people (DANTE) Study Leiden and 1118 participants of the PROactive Management Of Depression in the Elderly (PROMODE) Study, all ≥75 years and with available GDS-3A and Apathy Scale measurements. A cut-off score of ≥14 was used for presence of apathy according to the Apathy Scale. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated. Based on the likelihood ratios for GDS-3A scores, a cut-off of ≥2 was used for presence of apathy according to the GDS-3A to calculate test characteristics. RESULTS The AUC was 0.68 (95% confidence interval 0.62-0.73) in the DANTE Study and 0.72 (0.67-0.77) in the PROMODE Study. In the DANTE Study sensitivity was 29.3% (21.4-38.1) and specificity was 88.5% (84.4-91.8), whereas in the PROMODE Study sensitivity was 32.8% (24.5-41.1) and specificity 92.6% (90.9-94.2). Stratification on population characteristics did not yield more favourable test characteristics. CONCLUSION The GDS-3A has low sensitivity and high specificity as a measure of apathy in two populations of older persons. Using the GDS-3A in research might yield estimates biassed towards the null in case of non-differential misclassification. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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accuracy of the 15 item Geriatric Depression Scale gds 15 in a community sample of the oldest old
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2003Co-Authors: Anton J M De Craen, Thea J Heeren, Jacobijn GusseklooAbstract:Background Cognitive impairment is common in the oldest old. This might influence the sensitivity and specificity of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). Few studies, however, have included subjects older than 85 years to evaluate the GDS-15 as a screening instrument for Depression. Objective To assess the sensitivity and specificity of the GDS-15 in a community sample of the oldest old. Methods Seventy-nine subjects aged 85 and over were enrolled in the study. The GDS-15 and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) were administered by a trained interviewer. Within two days the Geriatric Mental State (GMS)/AGECAT, was administered to obtain a clinical diagnosis of Depression. Results Eight subjects (10%) were diagnosed with clinical Depression. At a cut-off point of 3/4 the sensitivity and specificity of the GDS-15 were 88% and 76% respectively. In the group with MMSE scores of 28 and higher sensitivity was unaffected at all cut-off points while specificity increased. In the group with MMSE scores below 28 sensitivity was also unaffected at all cut-off points while specificity decreased. Conclusion The GDS-15 is a suitable instrument to diagnose Depression in the general population of the oldest old. The optimal cut-off point depends on its intended use. In subjects with cognitive impairment the accuracy should be investigated further. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alfred C M Chan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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comparative performance of long and short forms of the Geriatric Depression Scale in mildly demented chinese
International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: Sheungtak Cheng, Alfred C M ChanAbstract:Objective This study aims to investigate if a brief version (four items) of the Geriatric Depression Scale works equally well with mildly demented as with nondemented patients in young-old and old-old persons, and to compare its diagnostic performances with those of the 15- and the 30-item version of the Scale. Method Four hundred and forty-two older persons were given a GDS interview and received an independent psychiatric evaluation. Receiver operating characteristic curves were separately plotted for the young-old demented, old-old demented, young-old nondemented, and old-old nondemented. Results The four-item version yielded comparable performance to the 15- and the 30-item version of the GDS, regardless of age and dementia status. It is reasonably robust to the effects of age and mild dementia, whether alone or in combination. Nonetheless, among the old-old demented, only a third of those tested positive were actually positive, but this problem was not specific to the four-item version. Conclusions The four-item version can be used in lieu of the longer versions to conserve clinical and research resources where appropriate, and a cutoff of 1/2 can be applied across the board. Little, if any, information is lost when this brief version is used instead of the longer ones. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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a brief version of the Geriatric Depression Scale for the chinese
Psychological Assessment, 2004Co-Authors: Sheungtak Cheng, Alfred C M ChanAbstract:Elderly persons (N = 310) attending outpatient psychiatric clinics were given an interview on the 30-item Geriatric Depression Scale (T. L. Brink et al., 1982; J. A. Yesavage et al., 1983) and received an independent psychiatric evaluation. A 3-step binary logistic regression showed that 2 items measuring positive affect and 2 others measuring negative affect combined to produce diagnostic performance comparable with the full Scale. This result was cross-validated on a different sample (N = 134). A hierarchical measurement model in which the 4 items tapped 2 first-order factors (positive and negative affect), which in turn tapped a higher order construct of Depression, provided excellent fit to the data.
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clinical validation of the Geriatric Depression Scale gds chinese version
Journal of Aging and Health, 1996Co-Authors: Alfred C M ChanAbstract:This study has attempted to validate the Geriatric Depression Scale translated version (Chinese) with a psychiatric outpatient sample (N= 461) of males and females aged 60 or above, from 10 government-maintained psychiatric outpatient clinics between January 1992 and February 1993. Reliabilities and validities were exceptional. Internal consistency reliability was .89 (alpha), and the test-retest reliability was .85 (alpha). Criterion-related (psychiatrist diagnosis) validity was good at .95, and concurrent validity (with CES-D) was .96. Item analysis also confirmed consistency—all 30 items were significantly correlated with the full GDS. However, its sensitivity (70.6%), specificity (70.1%), false negatives (29.4%), and false positives (29.9%), though acceptable, were not as impressive. The overall result has shown that the GDS is generally applicable to the Chinese elderly population and is good for measuring depressive symptoms. The Scale can be easily applied in the community by health care profession...
Steven P Wengel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a prospective evaluation of the Geriatric Depression Scale in an outpatient Geriatric assessment center
Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1992Co-Authors: William J Burke, William H Roccaforte, Rodney L Nitcher, Steven P WengelAbstract:Objective: To prospectively evaluate the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) in cognitively intact and impaired patients undergoing outpatient Geriatric assessment. Subjects: One hundred ninety-four Geriatric patients evaluated in a 1-year period. Setting: The outpatient Geriatric Assessment Center of the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Measurements: The 30-item GDS was completed by all patients. The patients were then evaluated by one of three Geriatric psychiatrists who were blind to the GDS results. The prospective clinical diagnosis of major Depression was compared to the GDS results. Patients were categorized as cognitively impaired or intact on the basis of the Mini-Mental State Examination. Data were analyzed using ROC curves. An optimal cutoff was identified which was the total score on the GDS with the highest combined sensitivity and specificity. Results: ROC curve analyses showed good agreement between the clinical diagnosis and the GDS in both cognitively intact and impaired subjects. Cognitively intact, euthymic patients reported a mean of 8.4 symptoms, while cognitively impaired, euthymic patients, reported a mean of 8.7. Cognitively intact, depressed patients reported a mean of 14.7 symptoms, while cognitively impaired, depressed patients reported a mean of 15.0. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that the GDS is as accurate a screening test for Depression in cognitively impaired as in intact patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 40:1227–1230, 1992
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the short form of the Geriatric Depression Scale a comparison with the 30 item form
Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 1991Co-Authors: William J Burke, William H Roccaforte, Steven P WengelAbstract:The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) exists in both short and long forms. The original 30-item form of the GDS has been shown to be an effective screening test for Depression in a variety of settings. However, its utility in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is questionable. The short, 15-item version of the GDS was developed primarily for brevity and, in particular, for use in populations such as the medically ill or those with dementia, where the longer form might be burdensome. How well this short form works in these populations, however, is largely undetermined. In this paper, the sensitivity and specificity of the 15- and 30-item GDS are compared in a group of patients who were either cognitively intact or had mild DAT. The findings suggest that the short version of the GDS, like its longer predecessor, is an effective screening tool in the cognitively intact. However, in a population of subjects with mild DAT, it does not appear to retain its validity.