The Experts below are selected from a list of 3135 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Johan Wagemans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception i perceptual grouping and figure ground organization
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Stephen E Palmer, James H Elder, Michael Kubovy, Mary A Peterson, Manish Singh, Rudiger Von Der Heydt
    Abstract:

    In 1912, Max Wertheimer published his paper on phi motion, widely recognized as the start of Gestalt Psychology. Because of its continued relevance in modern Psychology, this centennial anniversary is an excellent opportunity to take stock of what Gestalt Psychology has offered and how it has changed since its inception. We first introduce the key findings and ideas in the Berlin school of Gestalt Psychology, and then briefly sketch its development, rise, and fall. Next, we discuss its empirical and conceptual problems, and indicate how they are addressed in contemporary research on perceptual grouping and figure–ground organization. In particular, we review the principles of grouping, both classical (e.g., proximity, similarity, common fate, good continuation, closure, symmetry, parallelism) and new (e.g., synchrony, common region, element and uniform connectedness), and their role in contour integration and completion. We then review classic and new image-based principles of figure–ground organization, how it is influenced by past experience and attention, and how it relates to shape and depth perception. After an integrated review of the neural mechanisms involved in contour grouping, border ownership, and figure–ground perception, we conclude by evaluating what modern vision science has offered compared to traditional Gestalt Psychology, whether we can speak of a Gestalt revival, and where the remaining limitations and challenges lie. A better integration of this research tradition with the rest of vision science requires further progress regarding the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is the focus of a second review article.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception ii conceptual and theoretical foundations
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Jacob Feldman, Sergei Gepshtein, Ruth Kimchi, James R Pomerantz, Peter A Van Der Helm, Cees Van Leeuwen
    Abstract:

    Our first review article (Wagemans et al., 2012) on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Gestalt Psychology focused on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. It concluded that further progress requires a reconsideration of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is provided here. In particular, we review contemporary formulations of holism within an information-processing framework, allowing for operational definitions (e.g., integral dimensions, emergent features, configural superiority, global precedence, primacy of holistic/configural properties) and a refined understanding of its psychological implications (e.g., at the level of attention, perception, and decision). We also review 4 lines of theoretical progress regarding the law of Pragnanz-the brain's tendency of being attracted towards states corresponding to the simplest possible organization, given the available stimulation. The first considers the brain as a complex adaptive system and explains how self-organization solves the conundrum of trading between robustness and flexibility of perceptual states. The second specifies the economy principle in terms of optimization of neural resources, showing that elementary sensors working independently to minimize uncertainty can respond optimally at the system level. The third considers how Gestalt percepts (e.g., groups, objects) are optimal given the available stimulation, with optimality specified in Bayesian terms. Fourth, structural information theory explains how a Gestaltist visual system that focuses on internal coding efficiency yields external veridicality as a side effect. To answer the fundamental question of why things look as they do, a further synthesis of these complementary perspectives is required.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception ii conceptual and theoretical foundations
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Jacob Feldman, Sergei Gepshtein, Ruth Kimchi, James R Pomerantz, Peter A Van Der Helm, Cees Van Leeuwen
    Abstract:

    Our first review paper on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Gestalt Psychology focused on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. It concluded that further progress requires a reconsideration of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is provided here. In particular, we review contemporary formulations of holism within an information-processing framework, allowing for operational definitions (e.g., integral dimensions, emergent features, configural superiority, global precedence, primacy of holistic/configural properties) and a refined understanding of its psychological implications (e.g., at the level of attention, perception, and decision). We also review four lines of theoretical progress regarding the law of Pragnanz—the brain’s tendency of being attracted towards states corresponding to the simplest possible organization, given the available stimulation. The first considers the brain as a complex adaptive system and explains how self-organization solves the conundrum of trading between robustness and flexibility of perceptual states. The second specifies the economy principle in terms of optimization of neural resources, showing that elementary sensors working independently to minimize uncertainty can respond optimally at the system level. The third considers how Gestalt percepts (e.g., groups, objects) are optimal given the available stimulation, with optimality specified in Bayesian terms. Fourth, Structural Information Theory explains how a Gestaltist visual system that focuses on internal coding efficiency yields external veridicality as a side-effect. To answer the fundamental question of why things look as they do, a further synthesis of these complementary perspectives is required.

Rudiger Von Der Heydt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception i perceptual grouping and figure ground organization
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Stephen E Palmer, James H Elder, Michael Kubovy, Mary A Peterson, Manish Singh, Rudiger Von Der Heydt
    Abstract:

    In 1912, Max Wertheimer published his paper on phi motion, widely recognized as the start of Gestalt Psychology. Because of its continued relevance in modern Psychology, this centennial anniversary is an excellent opportunity to take stock of what Gestalt Psychology has offered and how it has changed since its inception. We first introduce the key findings and ideas in the Berlin school of Gestalt Psychology, and then briefly sketch its development, rise, and fall. Next, we discuss its empirical and conceptual problems, and indicate how they are addressed in contemporary research on perceptual grouping and figure–ground organization. In particular, we review the principles of grouping, both classical (e.g., proximity, similarity, common fate, good continuation, closure, symmetry, parallelism) and new (e.g., synchrony, common region, element and uniform connectedness), and their role in contour integration and completion. We then review classic and new image-based principles of figure–ground organization, how it is influenced by past experience and attention, and how it relates to shape and depth perception. After an integrated review of the neural mechanisms involved in contour grouping, border ownership, and figure–ground perception, we conclude by evaluating what modern vision science has offered compared to traditional Gestalt Psychology, whether we can speak of a Gestalt revival, and where the remaining limitations and challenges lie. A better integration of this research tradition with the rest of vision science requires further progress regarding the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is the focus of a second review article.

Cees Van Leeuwen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception ii conceptual and theoretical foundations
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Jacob Feldman, Sergei Gepshtein, Ruth Kimchi, James R Pomerantz, Peter A Van Der Helm, Cees Van Leeuwen
    Abstract:

    Our first review paper on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Gestalt Psychology focused on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. It concluded that further progress requires a reconsideration of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is provided here. In particular, we review contemporary formulations of holism within an information-processing framework, allowing for operational definitions (e.g., integral dimensions, emergent features, configural superiority, global precedence, primacy of holistic/configural properties) and a refined understanding of its psychological implications (e.g., at the level of attention, perception, and decision). We also review four lines of theoretical progress regarding the law of Pragnanz—the brain’s tendency of being attracted towards states corresponding to the simplest possible organization, given the available stimulation. The first considers the brain as a complex adaptive system and explains how self-organization solves the conundrum of trading between robustness and flexibility of perceptual states. The second specifies the economy principle in terms of optimization of neural resources, showing that elementary sensors working independently to minimize uncertainty can respond optimally at the system level. The third considers how Gestalt percepts (e.g., groups, objects) are optimal given the available stimulation, with optimality specified in Bayesian terms. Fourth, Structural Information Theory explains how a Gestaltist visual system that focuses on internal coding efficiency yields external veridicality as a side-effect. To answer the fundamental question of why things look as they do, a further synthesis of these complementary perspectives is required.

Cees Van Leeuwen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception ii conceptual and theoretical foundations
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Jacob Feldman, Sergei Gepshtein, Ruth Kimchi, James R Pomerantz, Peter A Van Der Helm, Cees Van Leeuwen
    Abstract:

    Our first review article (Wagemans et al., 2012) on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Gestalt Psychology focused on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. It concluded that further progress requires a reconsideration of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is provided here. In particular, we review contemporary formulations of holism within an information-processing framework, allowing for operational definitions (e.g., integral dimensions, emergent features, configural superiority, global precedence, primacy of holistic/configural properties) and a refined understanding of its psychological implications (e.g., at the level of attention, perception, and decision). We also review 4 lines of theoretical progress regarding the law of Pragnanz-the brain's tendency of being attracted towards states corresponding to the simplest possible organization, given the available stimulation. The first considers the brain as a complex adaptive system and explains how self-organization solves the conundrum of trading between robustness and flexibility of perceptual states. The second specifies the economy principle in terms of optimization of neural resources, showing that elementary sensors working independently to minimize uncertainty can respond optimally at the system level. The third considers how Gestalt percepts (e.g., groups, objects) are optimal given the available stimulation, with optimality specified in Bayesian terms. Fourth, structural information theory explains how a Gestaltist visual system that focuses on internal coding efficiency yields external veridicality as a side effect. To answer the fundamental question of why things look as they do, a further synthesis of these complementary perspectives is required.

Ruth Kimchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception ii conceptual and theoretical foundations
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Jacob Feldman, Sergei Gepshtein, Ruth Kimchi, James R Pomerantz, Peter A Van Der Helm, Cees Van Leeuwen
    Abstract:

    Our first review article (Wagemans et al., 2012) on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Gestalt Psychology focused on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. It concluded that further progress requires a reconsideration of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is provided here. In particular, we review contemporary formulations of holism within an information-processing framework, allowing for operational definitions (e.g., integral dimensions, emergent features, configural superiority, global precedence, primacy of holistic/configural properties) and a refined understanding of its psychological implications (e.g., at the level of attention, perception, and decision). We also review 4 lines of theoretical progress regarding the law of Pragnanz-the brain's tendency of being attracted towards states corresponding to the simplest possible organization, given the available stimulation. The first considers the brain as a complex adaptive system and explains how self-organization solves the conundrum of trading between robustness and flexibility of perceptual states. The second specifies the economy principle in terms of optimization of neural resources, showing that elementary sensors working independently to minimize uncertainty can respond optimally at the system level. The third considers how Gestalt percepts (e.g., groups, objects) are optimal given the available stimulation, with optimality specified in Bayesian terms. Fourth, structural information theory explains how a Gestaltist visual system that focuses on internal coding efficiency yields external veridicality as a side effect. To answer the fundamental question of why things look as they do, a further synthesis of these complementary perspectives is required.

  • a century of Gestalt Psychology in visual perception ii conceptual and theoretical foundations
    2012
    Co-Authors: Johan Wagemans, Jacob Feldman, Sergei Gepshtein, Ruth Kimchi, James R Pomerantz, Peter A Van Der Helm, Cees Van Leeuwen
    Abstract:

    Our first review paper on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of Gestalt Psychology focused on perceptual grouping and figure-ground organization. It concluded that further progress requires a reconsideration of the conceptual and theoretical foundations of the Gestalt approach, which is provided here. In particular, we review contemporary formulations of holism within an information-processing framework, allowing for operational definitions (e.g., integral dimensions, emergent features, configural superiority, global precedence, primacy of holistic/configural properties) and a refined understanding of its psychological implications (e.g., at the level of attention, perception, and decision). We also review four lines of theoretical progress regarding the law of Pragnanz—the brain’s tendency of being attracted towards states corresponding to the simplest possible organization, given the available stimulation. The first considers the brain as a complex adaptive system and explains how self-organization solves the conundrum of trading between robustness and flexibility of perceptual states. The second specifies the economy principle in terms of optimization of neural resources, showing that elementary sensors working independently to minimize uncertainty can respond optimally at the system level. The third considers how Gestalt percepts (e.g., groups, objects) are optimal given the available stimulation, with optimality specified in Bayesian terms. Fourth, Structural Information Theory explains how a Gestaltist visual system that focuses on internal coding efficiency yields external veridicality as a side-effect. To answer the fundamental question of why things look as they do, a further synthesis of these complementary perspectives is required.