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Asaf Rotem - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gila a replacement for the soft agar assay that permits high throughput drug and genetic screens for cellular transformation
Current protocols in molecular biology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Izar, Asaf RotemAbstract:For the last five decades, measuring the ability of cells to grow in soft agar has served as the gold standard assay for in vitro cellular transformation. Nevertheless, the soft agar colony formation assay is time consuming and ill-suited for high-throughput screens. This unit describes an equally qualitative and quantitative assay known as growth in low attachment or Gila. The Gila assay is suitable for high-throughput pharmacological or genetic screens and allows the simultaneous examination of multiple cell lines and experimental perturbations. Gila conditions are specific and relevant to the transformed state because they depend on a property of cancer cells that is not shared by non-transformed cells. The Gila assay enables ex vivo drug sensitivity testing of patient-derived tumor cells to define precise treatments for individual patients. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Current Protocols in Molecular Biology - Gila, a Replacement for the Soft‐Agar Assay that Permits High‐Throughput Drug and Genetic Screens for Cellular Transformation
Current protocols in molecular biology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Izar, Asaf RotemAbstract:For the last five decades, measuring the ability of cells to grow in soft agar has served as the gold standard assay for in vitro cellular transformation. Nevertheless, the soft agar colony formation assay is time consuming and ill-suited for high-throughput screens. This unit describes an equally qualitative and quantitative assay known as growth in low attachment or Gila. The Gila assay is suitable for high-throughput pharmacological or genetic screens and allows the simultaneous examination of multiple cell lines and experimental perturbations. Gila conditions are specific and relevant to the transformed state because they depend on a property of cancer cells that is not shared by non-transformed cells. The Gila assay enables ex vivo drug sensitivity testing of patient-derived tumor cells to define precise treatments for individual patients. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Gila a replacement for the soft agar assay that permits high throughput drug and genetic screens for cellular transformation
Current protocols in molecular biology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Izar, Asaf RotemAbstract:For the last five decades, measuring the ability of cells to grow in soft agar has served as the gold standard assay for in vitro cellular transformation. Nevertheless, the soft agar colony formation assay is time consuming and ill-suited for high-throughput screens. This unit describes an equally qualitative and quantitative assay known as growth in low attachment or Gila. The Gila assay is suitable for high-throughput pharmacological or genetic screens and allows the simultaneous examination of multiple cell lines and experimental perturbations. Gila conditions are specific and relevant to the transformed state because they depend on a property of cancer cells that is not shared by non-transformed cells. The Gila assay enables ex vivo drug sensitivity testing of patient-derived tumor cells to define precise treatments for individual patients. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: sphere; soft agar; anchorage-independent growth; transformation; cancer; 3D
Bruce D. Demarais - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Taxonomy of Chubs (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Genus Gila) in the American Southwest with Comments on Conservation
Copeia, 2000Co-Authors: W. L. Minckley, Bruce D. DemaraisAbstract:Abstract Chubs of the Gila River basin have been variously classified as nominal species, subspecies of Gila robusta, or a “complex.” Three full species, robusta, intermedia, and nigra are here recognized, the last possibly arising through more than one hybrization event between robusta and intermedia. Following resolution of a nomenclatural problem, G. nigra is characterized in a key for species identification. Listing under the Endangered Species Act is suggested for all species of Gila in the Colorado River basin.
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DID VICARIANCE MOLD PHENOTYPES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN FISHES? EVIDENCE FROM Gila RIVER CYPRINIDS.
Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 1999Co-Authors: Michael E. Douglas, W. L. Minckley, Bruce D. DemaraisAbstract:Pairwise, two- and three-way Mantel tests were used to evaluate a null hypothesis of no significant covariation when morphological features of three cyprinid fish taxa of the genus Gila were compared. Tests involved ecological conditions and past and present hydrography in the Gila River Basin of western North America. A vicariance hypothesis was the only model statistically proficient in explaining diversity of fish phenotypes. Of paleohydrographic reconstructions compared, those of the mid-Miocene and Pliocene epochs were significantly associated with present-day distributions of phenotypes. Of these, the Pliocene was paramount.
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Origin of Gila seminuda (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: implications for evolution and conservation
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1992Co-Authors: Bruce D. Demarais, Thomas E. Dowling, Michael E. Douglas, W. L. Minckley, Paul C. MarshAbstract:Morphological and genetic characters from cyprinid fishes of the genus Gila were examined to assess a hypothesized hybrid origin of Gila seminuda from the Virgin River, Arizona-Nevada-Utah. The presumed parents, Gila robusta robusta and Gila elegans, are clearly differentiated from one another based on morphology, allozymes, and mtDNA haplotypes. G. seminuda is morphologically intermediate and polymorphic at allozyme loci diagnostic for the parental species. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mtDNA showed G. seminuda nearly identical to G. elegans. These results support an origin of the bisexual taxon G. seminuda through introgressive hybridization. The Gila population in the Moapa River, Nevada, also appears to be of hybrid origin and is considered a distinctive population of G. seminuda. Inter-specific hybridization is potentially an important mode of evolution among western North American fishes, and valid species of hybrid origin may exist in other groups as well. Consideration of this mode of evolution argues for the need to conserve entire species complexes.
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Gila eremica, A New Cyprinid Fish from Northwestern Sonora, México
Copeia, 1991Co-Authors: Bruce D. DemaraisAbstract:Gila eremica is described from drainage basins of the Sonora, Mitape, and upper Yaqui rivers of northwestern Sonora, Mexico. It differs from its nearest relative G. purpurea, with which it has been long confused, in having a larger mouth, a smaller distance between the origins of pectoral and pelvic fins, and a more slender caudal peduncle. Gila eremica and G. purpurea are allopatric in the Rio Yaqui basin. The new species differs from G. ditaenia, of the adjacent Rio de la Concepcion, in both meristic and morphometric features. Gila eremica, es descrita por primera vez en las cuencas de los rios Sonora, Matape y en la parte alta del Yaqui, en el noroeste de Sonora, Mexico. Esta especie, se caracteriza por tener una boca mas grande que su pariente mas cercano, G. purpurea, con quien ha sido largamente confundida, ademas de que la primera posee una distancia menor entre los origenes de la aleta pectoral y pelvica, y un pedunculo caudal mas delgado. Gila eremica y G. purpurea son alopatricas en la cuenca del Rio Yaqui. La especie nueva difiere tanto meristicamente como morfometricamente de G. ditaenia, encontrada en el cercano Rio de la Concepcion.
Richard L Mayden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Phylogenetic relationships of North American western chubs of the genus Gila (Cyprinidae, Teleostei), with emphasis on southern species.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 2013Co-Authors: Susana Schönhuth, Anabel Perdices, Lourdes Lozano-vilano, Francisco J. García-de-león, Héctor Espinosa, Richard L MaydenAbstract:Species of Gila comprise a heterogeneous and widespread group of freshwater fishes inhabiting drainage systems of western North America. The classification of species of Gila and relatives has been complicated and sometimes compromised by differences in body shapes, sizes, habitats, variable taxonomic placement by early taxonomists, and instances of hypothesized hybridization. While most attention on Gila has focused on hybridization in USA, little is actually know about their intra and intergeneric relationships. We present a molecular phylogeny using 173 specimens for all 19 recognized species of Gila, covering their entire distributions in 31 major drainages. Using one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, specimens of Gila were analyzed with 10 other North American genera that comprise the Revised Western Clade. All analyses identified most species of Gila in a lineage that always included the monotypic genera Moapa and Acrocheilus, and we recommend the synonymy of both genera with Gila. The composition of this Gila lineage varied depending on the genes analyzed. Within the Gila lineage, similar morphotypes (forms adapted to fast currents vs. general forms) were not resolved as closest relatives. Analyses of mitochondrial DNA resolved all species of Gila from Mexico in reciprocally monophyletic clades except G. modesta. Most species of Gila in the USA were nested in 3 major clades, potentially indicating some level of historic or contemporary interspecific hybridization. Herein, we redefine the ranges for all species of Gila in Mexico. Relevant taxonomic and conservation implications stemming from the results are discussed.
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phylogenetic relationships of the western north american phoxinins actinopterygii cyprinidae as inferred from mitochondrial 12s and 16s ribosomal rna sequences
Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 1998Co-Authors: Andrew M Simons, Richard L MaydenAbstract:Abstract Parsimony analysis of the mitochondrial 12S and 16S rRNA sequences of North American phoxinin taxa indicated the existence of three major clades, the Western Clade, the Creek Chub Clade, and the Open Posterior Myodome Clade. The monophyletic Western Clade identified in this paper contained fewer taxa than that identified by previous authors. This clade contained species restricted to drainages west of the Continental Divide, such as Gila, Acrocheilus, Relictus, Eremichthys, Siphateles, Ptychocheilus, Lavinia, and Orthodon, and the wide-ranging genus Phoxinus found in eastern North America and Eurasia. Within this Western Clade Phoxinus was the basal sister group. Gila was recognized as a monophyletic group exclusive of Siphateles and Snyderichthys, clades traditionally recognized as subgenera of Gila. The genus Gila was most closely related to the genus Acrocheilus and together these formed the sister group to the genus Relictus. These relationships were supported independent of weighting schemes used in analyses. Identification of Phoxinus as the basal sister taxon of the Western clade implies that other major clades of North American Phoxinins likely have Asian or European relatives.
Benjamin Izar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Gila a replacement for the soft agar assay that permits high throughput drug and genetic screens for cellular transformation
Current protocols in molecular biology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Izar, Asaf RotemAbstract:For the last five decades, measuring the ability of cells to grow in soft agar has served as the gold standard assay for in vitro cellular transformation. Nevertheless, the soft agar colony formation assay is time consuming and ill-suited for high-throughput screens. This unit describes an equally qualitative and quantitative assay known as growth in low attachment or Gila. The Gila assay is suitable for high-throughput pharmacological or genetic screens and allows the simultaneous examination of multiple cell lines and experimental perturbations. Gila conditions are specific and relevant to the transformed state because they depend on a property of cancer cells that is not shared by non-transformed cells. The Gila assay enables ex vivo drug sensitivity testing of patient-derived tumor cells to define precise treatments for individual patients. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Current Protocols in Molecular Biology - Gila, a Replacement for the Soft‐Agar Assay that Permits High‐Throughput Drug and Genetic Screens for Cellular Transformation
Current protocols in molecular biology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Izar, Asaf RotemAbstract:For the last five decades, measuring the ability of cells to grow in soft agar has served as the gold standard assay for in vitro cellular transformation. Nevertheless, the soft agar colony formation assay is time consuming and ill-suited for high-throughput screens. This unit describes an equally qualitative and quantitative assay known as growth in low attachment or Gila. The Gila assay is suitable for high-throughput pharmacological or genetic screens and allows the simultaneous examination of multiple cell lines and experimental perturbations. Gila conditions are specific and relevant to the transformed state because they depend on a property of cancer cells that is not shared by non-transformed cells. The Gila assay enables ex vivo drug sensitivity testing of patient-derived tumor cells to define precise treatments for individual patients. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Gila a replacement for the soft agar assay that permits high throughput drug and genetic screens for cellular transformation
Current protocols in molecular biology, 2016Co-Authors: Benjamin Izar, Asaf RotemAbstract:For the last five decades, measuring the ability of cells to grow in soft agar has served as the gold standard assay for in vitro cellular transformation. Nevertheless, the soft agar colony formation assay is time consuming and ill-suited for high-throughput screens. This unit describes an equally qualitative and quantitative assay known as growth in low attachment or Gila. The Gila assay is suitable for high-throughput pharmacological or genetic screens and allows the simultaneous examination of multiple cell lines and experimental perturbations. Gila conditions are specific and relevant to the transformed state because they depend on a property of cancer cells that is not shared by non-transformed cells. The Gila assay enables ex vivo drug sensitivity testing of patient-derived tumor cells to define precise treatments for individual patients. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Keywords: sphere; soft agar; anchorage-independent growth; transformation; cancer; 3D
W. L. Minckley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Taxonomy of Chubs (Teleostei, Cyprinidae, Genus Gila) in the American Southwest with Comments on Conservation
Copeia, 2000Co-Authors: W. L. Minckley, Bruce D. DemaraisAbstract:Abstract Chubs of the Gila River basin have been variously classified as nominal species, subspecies of Gila robusta, or a “complex.” Three full species, robusta, intermedia, and nigra are here recognized, the last possibly arising through more than one hybrization event between robusta and intermedia. Following resolution of a nomenclatural problem, G. nigra is characterized in a key for species identification. Listing under the Endangered Species Act is suggested for all species of Gila in the Colorado River basin.
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DID VICARIANCE MOLD PHENOTYPES OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICAN FISHES? EVIDENCE FROM Gila RIVER CYPRINIDS.
Evolution; international journal of organic evolution, 1999Co-Authors: Michael E. Douglas, W. L. Minckley, Bruce D. DemaraisAbstract:Pairwise, two- and three-way Mantel tests were used to evaluate a null hypothesis of no significant covariation when morphological features of three cyprinid fish taxa of the genus Gila were compared. Tests involved ecological conditions and past and present hydrography in the Gila River Basin of western North America. A vicariance hypothesis was the only model statistically proficient in explaining diversity of fish phenotypes. Of paleohydrographic reconstructions compared, those of the mid-Miocene and Pliocene epochs were significantly associated with present-day distributions of phenotypes. Of these, the Pliocene was paramount.
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Origin of Gila seminuda (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) through introgressive hybridization: implications for evolution and conservation
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1992Co-Authors: Bruce D. Demarais, Thomas E. Dowling, Michael E. Douglas, W. L. Minckley, Paul C. MarshAbstract:Morphological and genetic characters from cyprinid fishes of the genus Gila were examined to assess a hypothesized hybrid origin of Gila seminuda from the Virgin River, Arizona-Nevada-Utah. The presumed parents, Gila robusta robusta and Gila elegans, are clearly differentiated from one another based on morphology, allozymes, and mtDNA haplotypes. G. seminuda is morphologically intermediate and polymorphic at allozyme loci diagnostic for the parental species. Restriction endonuclease analysis of mtDNA showed G. seminuda nearly identical to G. elegans. These results support an origin of the bisexual taxon G. seminuda through introgressive hybridization. The Gila population in the Moapa River, Nevada, also appears to be of hybrid origin and is considered a distinctive population of G. seminuda. Inter-specific hybridization is potentially an important mode of evolution among western North American fishes, and valid species of hybrid origin may exist in other groups as well. Consideration of this mode of evolution argues for the need to conserve entire species complexes.