The Experts below are selected from a list of 27954 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Donghyun Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Gut microbiota-mediated pharmacokinetics of ginseng saponins
    Elsevier, 2018
    Co-Authors: Donghyun Kim
    Abstract:

    Orally administered ginsengs come in contact with the gut microbiota, and their hydrophilic constituents, such as Ginsenosides, are metabolized to hydrophobic compounds by gastric juice and gut microbiota: protopanxadiol-type Ginsenosides are mainly transformed into compound K and ginsenoside Rh2; protopanaxatriol-type Ginsenosides to ginsenoside Rh1 and protopanaxatriol, and ocotillol-type Ginsenosides to ocotillol. Although this metabolizing activity varies between individuals, the metabolism of Ginsenosides to compound K by gut microbiota in individuals treated with ginseng is proportional to the area under the blood concentration curve for compound K in their blood samples. These metabolites such as compound K exhibit potent pharmacological effects, such as antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiallergic, and neuroprotective effects compared with the parent Ginsenosides, such as Rb1, Rb2, and Re. Therefore, to monitor the potent pharmacological effects of ginseng, a novel probiotic fermentation technology has been developed to produce absorbable and bioactive metabolites. Based on these findings, it is concluded that gut microbiota play an important role in the pharmacological action of orally administered ginseng, and probiotics that can replace gut microbiota can be used in the development of beneficial and bioactive ginsengs. Keywords: fermentation, ginseng, ginsenoside, gut microbiota, metabolis

  • Ginsenosides rg5 and rh3 protect scopolamine induced memory deficits in mice
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013
    Co-Authors: Eunjin Kim, Ilhoon Jung, Thi Kim Van Le, Jinju Jeong, Namjae Kim, Donghyun Kim
    Abstract:

    Abstract Ethnopharmacological relevance Panax ginseng (family Araliaceae) is traditionally used as a remedy for cancer, inflammation, stress and aging. Aim of study To explore whether Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3, the main constituents of heat-processed ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng ), could protect memory deficit. Materials and methods We isolated Ginsenosides Rh3 and Rg5 from heated-processed ginseng treated with and without human feces, respectively. Then we investigated their protective effects on memory impairment using the passive avoidance, Y-maze and Morris water maze tasks in mice. Memory deficit was induced in mice by the intraperitoneal injection of scopolamine. Results Ginsenosides Rg5 or Rh3 increased the latency time reduced by scopolamine in passive avoidance test. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg5 or Rh3 significantly reversed the lowered spontaneous alteration induced by scopolamine in Y-maze task. Ginsenoisde Rg5 or Rh3 (10 mg/kg) significantly shortened the escape latencies prolonged by treatment with scopolamine on the last day of training trial sessions in Morris water maze task. Furthermore, Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 inhibited acetylcholinesterase activity in a dose-dependent manner, with IC 50 values of 18.4 and 10.2 μM, respectively. The inhibitory potency of ginsenoside Rh3 is comparable with that of donepezil (IC 50 =9.9 μM). These Ginsenosides also reversed hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation reduced by scopolamine. Of them, ginsenoside Rh3 more potently protected memory deficit. Conclusions Ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 may protect memory deficit by inhibiting AChE activity and increasing BDNF expression and CREB activation.

  • Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg5 and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 in an oxazolone-induced mouse chronic dermatitis model.
    Archives of Pharmacal Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: Yongwook Shin, Eunah Bae, Donghyun Kim
    Abstract:

    The effect of a main constituent ginsenoside Rg5 isolated from red ginseng and its metabolite ginsenoside Rh3 in a chronic dermatitis model was investigated. Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 suppressed swelling of oxazolone-induced mouse ear contact dermatitis. These Ginsenosides also reduced mRNA expressions of cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ. The inhibition of ginsenoside Rh3 was more potent than that of ginsenoside Rg5. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Rh3 metabolized from ginsenoside Rg5 may improve chronic dermatitis or psoriasis by the regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α produced by macrophage cells and of IFN-γ produced by Th cells.

  • Transformation of Ginsenosides Rb2 and Rc from Panax ginseng by food microorganisms.
    Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2005
    Co-Authors: Hyun Chi, Donghyun Kim
    Abstract:

    Protopanaxadiol Ginsenosides Rb2 and Rc were transformed using cell-free extracts from various edible food microorganisms and then analyzed by TLC and HPLC. Rb2 and Rc were transformed into compound K via Rd and F2 by Bifidobacterium sp. Int57 and Bifidobacterium sp. SJ32. Lactobacillus delbrueckii transformed Rb2 and Rc into ginsenoside Rh2. Bifidobacterium sp. SH5 transformed Rb2 and Rc into F2. Aspergillus niger transformed Rb2 into compound K via compound O and compound Y, whereas it transformed Rc into compound K via Mc. Taken together, these processes would allow a specific bioconversion process to obtain specific Ginsenosides using an appropriate combination of ginsenoside substrates and specific microbial enzymes.

Deokchun Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Molecular signaling of Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 and their mode of actions
    Elsevier, 2018
    Co-Authors: Padmanaban Mohanan, Sathiyamoorthy Subramaniyam, Ramya Mathiyalagan, Deokchun Yang
    Abstract:

    Ginseng has gained its popularity as an adaptogen since ancient days because of its triterpenoid saponins, known as Ginsenosides. These triterpenoid saponins are unique and classified as protopanaxatriol and protopanaxadiol saponins based on their glycosylation patterns. They play many protective roles in humans and are under intense research as various groups continue to study their efficacy at the molecular level in various disorders. Ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 are the most abundant Ginsenosides present in ginseng roots, and they confer the pharmacological properties of the plant, whereas ginsenoside Rg3 is abundantly present in Korean Red Ginseng preparation, which is highly known for its anticancer effects. These Ginsenosides have a unique mode of action in modulating various signaling cascades and networks in different tissues. Their effect depends on the bioavailability and the physiological status of the cell. Mostly they amplify the response by stimulating phosphotidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway, caspase-3/caspase-9-mediated apoptotic pathway, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling. Furthermore, they trigger receptors such as estrogen receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. This review critically evaluates the signaling pathways attenuated by Ginsenosides Rb1, Rg1, and Rg3 in various tissues with emphasis on cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. Keywords: ginsenoside, signaling, review, PPD, Rg

  • Investigation of Ginsenosides in different tissues after elicitor treatment in Panax ginseng.
    Journal of Ginseng Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Ji Yeon Oh, Moon-gi Jang, Woo-saeng Kwon, Seok-kyu Jung, Deokchun Yang
    Abstract:

    Background: The effect of methyl jasmonate (MJ) on ginsenoside production in different organs of ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) was evaluated after the whole plant was dipped in an MJ-containing solution. MJ can induce the production of antioxidant defense genes and secondary metabolites in plants. In ginseng, MJ treatment in adventitious root resulted in the increase of dammarenediol synthase expression but a decrease of cycloartenol synthase expression, thereby enhancing ginsenoside biosynthesis. Although a previous study focused on the application of MJ to affect ginsenoside production in adventitious roots, we conducted our research on entire plants by evaluating the effect of exogenous MJ on ginsenoside production with the aim of obtaining new approaches to study ginsenoside biosynthesis response to MJ in vivo. Methods: Different parts of MJ-treated ginseng plants were analyzed for ginsenoside contents (fine root, root body, epidermis, rhizome, stem, and leaf) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: The total ginsenoside content of the ginseng root significantly increased after 2 d of MJ treatment compared with the control not subjected to MJ. Our results revealed that MJ treatment enhances ginsenoside production not in the epidermis but in the stele of the ginseng root, implying transportation of Ginsenosides from the root vasculature to the epidermis. Application of MJ enhanced protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Ginsenosides, whereas chilling treatment induced protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type Ginsenosides. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the production of PPD-type and PPT-type Ginsenosides is differently affected by abiotic and biotic stresses in the ginseng plant, and they might play different defense mechanism roles.

  • Biotransformation of Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 into Ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1 by recombinant β-glucosidase.
    Biotechnology Letters, 2012
    Co-Authors: Lin-hu Quan, Jin-woo Min, Subramaniyam Sathiyamoorthy, Dong-uk Yang, Yeon-ju Kim, Deokchun Yang
    Abstract:

    Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 were transformed by recombinant β-glucosidase (Bgp1) to Ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, respectively. The bgp1 gene consists of 2,496 bp encoding 831 amino acids which have homology to the glycosyl hydrolase families 3 protein domain. Using 0.1 mg enzyme ml−1 in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer at 37°C and pH 7.0, the glucose moiety attached to the C-20 position of Ginsenosides Re and Rg1, was removed: 1 mg ginsenoside Re ml−1 was transformed into 0.83 mg Rg2 ml−1 (100% molar conversion) after 2.5 h and 1 mg ginsenoside Rg1 ml−1 was transformed into 0.6 mg ginsenoside Rh1 ml−1 (78% molar conversion) in 15 min. Using Bgp1 enzyme, almost all initial Ginsenosides Re and Rg1 were converted completely to Ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1. This is the first report of the conversion of ginsenoside Re to ginsenoside Rg2 and ginsenoside Rg1 to ginsenoside Rh1 using the recombinant β-glucosidase.

  • Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb 1 to Prosapogenins, Gypenoside XVII, Ginsenoside Rd, Ginsenoside F 2 , and Compound K by Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102
    Journal of Ginseng Research, 2011
    Co-Authors: Lin-hu Quan, Jin-woo Min, Dong-uk Yang, Jin-ying Piao, Ho-bin Kim, Sang-rae Kim, Deokchun Yang
    Abstract:

    Ginsenoside Rb 1 is the main component in Ginsenosides. It is a protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside that has a dammarane-type triterpenoid as an aglycone. In this study, ginsenoside Rb 1 was transformed into gypenoside XVII, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside F 2 and compound K by glycosidase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides DC102. The optimum time for the conversion was about 72 h at a constant pH of 6.0 to 8.0 and the optimum temperature was about 30℃. Under optimal conditions, ginsenoside Rb 1 was decomposed and converted into compound K by 72 h post-reaction (99%). The enzymatic reaction was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, suggesting the transformation pathway: ginsenoside Rb 1 →gypenoside XVII and ginsenoside Rd→ginsenoside F 2 →compound K.

Yukihiro Shoyama - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Chunying Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Dynamic changes of multi-notoginseng stem-leaf Ginsenosides in reaction with ginsenosidase type-I
    Elsevier, 2019
    Co-Authors: Yongkun Xiao, Chunying Liu, Shuang Chen, Kangze Zuo, Jianguo Song, Fengxie Jin
    Abstract:

    Background: Notoginseng stem-leaf (NGL) Ginsenosides have not been well used. To improve their utilization, the biotransformation of NGL Ginsenosides was studied using ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848. Methods: NGL Ginsenosides were reacted with a crude enzyme in the RAT-5D bioreactor, and the dynamic changes of multi-Ginsenosides of NGL were recognized by HPLC. The reaction products were separated using a silica gel column and identified by HPLC and NMR. Results: All the NGL Ginsenosides are protopanaxadiol-type Ginsenosides; the main ginsenoside contents are 27.1% Rb3, 15.7% C-Mx1, 13.8% Rc, 11.1% Fc, 7.10% Fa, 6.44% C-Mc, 5.08% Rb2, and 4.31% Rb1. In the reaction of NGL Ginsenosides with crude enzyme, the main reaction of Rb3 and C-Mx1 occurred through Rb3→C-Mx1→C-Mx; when reacted for 1 h, Rb3 decreased from 27.1% to 9.82 %, C-Mx1 increased from 15.5% to 32.3%, C-Mx was produced to 6.46%, finally into C-Mx and a small amount of C-K. When reacted for 1.5 h, all the Rb1, Rd, and Gyp17 were completely reacted, and the reaction intermediate F2 was produced to 8.25%, finally into C-K. The main reaction of Rc (13.8%) occurred through Rc→C-Mc1→C-Mc→C-K. The enzyme barely hydrolyzed the terminal xyloside on 3-O or 20-O-sugar-moiety of the substrate; therefore, 9.43 g C-Mx, 6.85 g C-K, 4.50 g R7, and 4.71 g Fc (hardly separating from the substrate) were obtained from 50 g NGL Ginsenosides by the crude enzyme reaction. Conclusion: Four monomer Ginsenosides were successfully produced and separated from NGL Ginsenosides by the enzyme reaction. Keywords: dynamic changes, enzyme reaction, ginsenosidase type-I, notoginseng, notoginseng stem-leaf ginsenoside

  • preparation of minor Ginsenosides c mc c y f2 and c k from american ginseng ppd ginsenoside using special ginsenosidase type i from aspergillus niger g 848
    Journal of Ginseng Research, 2015
    Co-Authors: Chunying Liu, Ruixin Zhou, Changkai Sun, Yinghua Jin, Tianyang Zhang, Fengxie Jin
    Abstract:

    Background Minor Ginsenosides, those having low content in ginseng, have higher pharmacological activities. To obtain minor Ginsenosides, the biotransformation of American ginseng protopanaxadiol (PPD)-ginsenoside was studied using special ginsenosidase type-I from Aspergillus niger g.848.

Chun-su Yuan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Remarkable Impact of Acidic Ginsenosides and Organic Acids on Ginsenoside Transformation from Fresh Ginseng to Red Ginseng
    Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2016
    Co-Authors: Zhi Liu, Juan Xia, Chong-zhi Wang, Jin-qiu Zhang, Chang-chun Ruan, Guang-zhi Sun, Chun-su Yuan
    Abstract:

    Panax ginseng contains many chemical components, including acidic Ginsenosides and organic acids. However, whether these acidic substances play a role in ginsenoside transformation during steaming treatment has not yet been explored. In this paper, the content of neutral Ginsenosides, acidic Ginsenosides, and their degradation products in unsteamed and steamed P. ginseng were simultaneously quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. We observed that neutral Ginsenosides were converted to rare Ginsenosides during the root steaming but not during the individual ginsenoside steaming. In contrast, acidic malonyl Ginsenosides released malonic acid and acetic acid through demalonylation, decarboxylation, deacetylation reactions during the steaming at 120 °C. These malonyl Ginsenosides not only were converted to rare Ginsenosides but also promoted the degradation of neutral Ginsenosides. Further studies indicated that a low concentration of organic acid was the determining factor for the ginsenoside c...

  • Isolation of ginsenoside Rb1 from Kalopanax pictus by eastern blotting using anti-ginsenoside Rb1 monoclonal antibody.
    Phytotherapy research : PTR, 2005
    Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Tanaka, Susumu Isoda, Chun-su Yuan, Noriko Fukuda, Shoji Yahara, Yukihiro Shoyama
    Abstract:

    Araliaceous species containing Ginsenosides, the major active component in Panax species, were surveyed using ELISA and eastern blotting with anti-ginsenoside Rb1 monoclonal antibody. Immunoassay-guided fractionation of the methanol-soluble extracts of Araliaceous species led to the isolation of a known compound in the bark of Kalopanax pictus Nakai. The known compound was identified as ginsenoside Rb1 by spectroscopic methods and by comparison with an authentic sample. The result provided evidence that a combination of two immunoassays using monoclonal antibodies against Ginsenosides is a powerful means of surveying new ginsenoside resources.