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Jonathan Gershenzon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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How Glucosinolates Affect Generalist Lepidopteran Larvae: Growth, Development and Glucosinolate Metabolism
Frontiers Media S.A., 2017Co-Authors: Verena Jeschke, Jonathan Gershenzon, Emily E. Kearney, Katharina Schramm, Grit Kunert, Anton Shekhov, Daniel G. VassãoAbstract:Multiple lepidopteran larvae feed successfully on plants containing Glucosinolates despite the diverse array of toxic and deterrent breakdown products, such as isothiocyanates (ITCs), formed upon plant damage. While much is known about how specialist lepidopterans metabolize and tolerate Glucosinolates, there is little information about the metabolic fate of these plant defense compounds in specialized herbivores. Employing 13C- and 14C-labeled 4-methylsulfinylbutyl Glucosinolate (glucoraphanin), we identified and quantified the major detoxification products of Glucosinolates and ITCs in selected specialized and generalist larvae. While specialists prevented Glucosinolate hydrolysis or diverted hydrolysis to form nitriles, hydrolysis in generalists proceeded to toxic ITCs, of which a portion were conjugated to glutathione. However, a large amount of ITCs remained unmodified, which may have led to the observed negative effects on growth and development. The performance of two generalist-feeding caterpillars, Spodoptera littoralis (African cotton leafworm) and Mamestra brassicae (cabbage moth) on Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 and various Glucosinolate-deficient mutants was investigated from hatching until pupation. We found that Glucosinolates negatively affected larval growth and development, but not survival, with aliphatic Glucosinolates having stronger effects than indolic Glucosinolates, and the combination of the two Glucosinolate types being even more detrimental to growth and development. Curiously, last instar larvae grew better on wild type than on non-Glucosinolate-containing plant lines, but this could not be attributed to a change in detoxification rate or feeding behavior. Glucosinolates thus appear to be effective defenses against generalist lepidopteran herbivores at least during most stages of larval development. Nevertheless, the reversal of negative effects in the oldest instar is intriguing, and further investigation of this phenomenon may shed light on how generalists adjust their physiology to feed on diets with many different types of plant defense compounds
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Glucosinolate Desulfation by the Phloem-Feeding Insect Bemisia tabaci
Journal of Chemical Ecology, 2016Co-Authors: Osnat Malka, Jonathan Gershenzon, Anton Shekhov, Daniel G. Vassão, Michael Reichelt, Shai MorinAbstract:Glucosinolates are plant secondary defense metabolites confined nearly exclusively to the order Brassicales. Upon tissue rupture, Glucosinolates are hydrolyzed to various bioactive breakdown products by the endogenous plant enzyme myrosinase. As the feeding of chewing insect herbivores is associated with plant tissue damage, these insects have developed several independent strategies for coping with the Glucosinolate-myrosinase defense system. On the other hand, our knowledge of how phloem-feeding insects interact with the Glucosinolate-myrosinase system is much more limited. In fact, phloem feeders might avoid contact with myrosinase altogether so their susceptibility to intoxication by Glucosinolate hydrolysis products is unclear. Previous studies utilizing Arabidopsis thaliana plants accumulating high levels of aliphatic- or indolic-Glucosinolates indicated that both Glucosinolate groups have moderate negative effects on the reproductive performance of Bemisia tabaci , a generalist phloem-feeding insect. To get a deeper understanding of the interaction between B. tabaci and Glucosinolate-defended plants, adults were allowed to feed on artificial diet containing intact Glucosinolates or on Brussels sprout and A. thaliana plants, and their honeydew was analyzed for the presence of possible metabolites. We found that B. tabaci is capable of cleaving off the sulfate group of intact Glucosinolates, producing desulfoGlucosinolates that cannot be activated by myrosinases, a mechanism described to date only in several chewing insect herbivores. The presence of desulfated Glucosinolates in the honeydew of a generalist phloem-feeder may indicate the necessity to detoxify Glucosinolates, likely due to some level of cellular damage during feeding, which results in Glucosinolate activation, or as a mechanism to circumvent the non-enzymatic breakdown of indolic Glucosinolates.
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interaction of Glucosinolate content of arabidopsis thaliana mutant lines and feeding and oviposition by generalist and specialist lepidopterans
Phytochemistry, 2013Co-Authors: Francisco Ruben Badenesperez, Jonathan Gershenzon, Michael Reichelt, David G HeckelAbstract:Abstract The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is an insect specialized on Glucosinolate-containing Brassicaceae that uses Glucosinolates in host-plant recognition. We used wild-type and mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae) to investigate the interaction between plant Glucosinolate and myrosinase content and herbivory by larvae of the generalist Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and the specialist P. xylostella . We also measured Glucosinolate changes as a result of herbivory by these larvae to investigate whether herbivory and Glucosinolate induction had an effect on oviposition preference by P. xylostella . Feeding by H. armigera and P. xylostella larvae was 2.1 and 2.5 times less, respectively, on apk1 apk2 plants (with almost no aliphatic Glucosinolates) than on wild-type plants. However, there were no differences in feeding by H. armigera and P. xylostella larvae on wild-type, gsm1 (different concentrations of aliphatic Glucosinolates compared to wild-type plants), and tgg1 tgg2 plants (lacking major myrosinases). Glucosinolate induction (up to twofold) as a result of herbivory occurred in some cases, depending on both the plant line and the herbivore. For H. armigera , induction, when observed, was noted mostly for indolic Glucosinolates, while for P. xylostella , induction was observed in both aliphatic and indolic Glucosinolates, but not in all plant lines. For H. armigera , Glucosinolate induction, when observed, resulted in an increase of Glucosinolate content, while for P. xylostella , induction resulted in both a decrease and an increase in Glucosinolate content. Two-choice tests with wild-type and mutant plants were conducted with larvae and ovipositing moths. There were no significant differences in preference of larvae and ovipositing moths between wild-type and gsm1 mutants and between wild-type and tgg1 tgg2 mutants. However, both larvae and ovipositing moths preferred wild-type over apk1 apk2 mutants. Two-choice oviposition tests were also conducted with P. xylostella moths comparing undamaged plants to plants being attacked by larvae of either P. xylostella or H. armigera . Oviposition preference by P. xylostella was unaffected as a result of larval plant damage, even in the cases where herbivory resulted in Glucosinolate induction.
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Herbivore induction of the Glucosinolate–myrosinase defense system: major trends, biochemical bases and ecological significance
Phytochemistry Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Susanne Textor, Jonathan GershenzonAbstract:Like many other plant defense compounds, Glucosinolates are present constitutively in plant tissues, but are also induced to higher levels by herbivore attack. Of the major Glucosinolate types, indolic Glucosinolates are most frequently induced regardless of the type of herbivore involved. Over 90% of previous studies found that herbivore damage to Glucosinolate-containing plants led to an increased accumulation of indolic Glucosinolates at levels ranging up to 20-fold. Aliphatic and aromatic Glucosinolates are also commonly induced by herbivores, though usually at much lower magnitudes than indolic Glucosinolates, and aliphatic and aromatic Glucosinolates may even undergo declines following herbivory. The Glucosinolate defense system also requires another partner, the enzyme myrosinase, to hydrolyze the parent Glucosinolates into biologically active derivatives. Much less is known about myrosinase induction after herbivory compared to Glucosinolate induction, and no general trends are evident. However, it is clear that insect feeding stimulates the formation of various myrosinase associated proteins whose function is not yet understood. The biochemical mechanism of Glucosinolate induction involves a jasmonate signaling cascade that leads eventually to increases in the transcript levels of Glucosinolate biosynthetic genes. Several recently described transcription factors controlling Glucosinolate biosynthesis are activated by herbivory or wounding. Herbivore induction of Glucosinolates has sometimes been demonstrated to increase protection against subsequent herbivore attack, but more research is needed to evaluate the costs and benefits of this phenomenon.
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herbivore induction of the Glucosinolate myrosinase defense system major trends biochemical bases and ecological significance
Phytochemistry Reviews, 2009Co-Authors: Susanne Textor, Jonathan GershenzonAbstract:Like many other plant defense compounds, Glucosinolates are present constitutively in plant tissues, but are also induced to higher levels by herbivore attack. Of the major Glucosinolate types, indolic Glucosinolates are most frequently induced regardless of the type of herbivore involved. Over 90% of previous studies found that herbivore damage to Glucosinolate-containing plants led to an increased accumulation of indolic Glucosinolates at levels ranging up to 20-fold. Aliphatic and aromatic Glucosinolates are also commonly induced by herbivores, though usually at much lower magnitudes than indolic Glucosinolates, and aliphatic and aromatic Glucosinolates may even undergo declines following herbivory. The Glucosinolate defense system also requires another partner, the enzyme myrosinase, to hydrolyze the parent Glucosinolates into biologically active derivatives. Much less is known about myrosinase induction after herbivory compared to Glucosinolate induction, and no general trends are evident. However, it is clear that insect feeding stimulates the formation of various myrosinase associated proteins whose function is not yet understood. The biochemical mechanism of Glucosinolate induction involves a jasmonate signaling cascade that leads eventually to increases in the transcript levels of Glucosinolate biosynthetic genes. Several recently described transcription factors controlling Glucosinolate biosynthesis are activated by herbivory or wounding. Herbivore induction of Glucosinolates has sometimes been demonstrated to increase protection against subsequent herbivore attack, but more research is needed to evaluate the costs and benefits of this phenomenon.
William C. Bridges - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variation of Glucosinolates in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) accessions.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Mayank S. Malik, Melissa B. Riley, Jason K. Norsworthy, William C. BridgesAbstract:Glucosinolate composition was determined in wild radish accessions from eight states in the northeastern and southern United States to determine the variability of production among accessions. Glucosinolates were evaluated from roots, leaves, flowers, primary, and secondary branches. Seventeen Glucosinolates were identified, with glucoerucin, glucoraphenin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin contributing 90% to 100% of the total Glucosinolates. Flowers contained the highest Glucosinolate concentrations, 12.07 to 55.36 μmol/g, but flowers contributed only 5.3 to 21.3% to the total Glucosinolates. Of the eight accessions, the Mississippi accession produced significantly higher levels of total Glucosinolates and Glucosinolates which can be degraded to isothiocyanates per plant, totals of 618.97 and 563.53 μmol/plant, respectively. Total plant biomass did not differ between accessions indicating a difference in the ability of the Mississippi accession to produce Glucosinolates. Further studies are needed to determine if this accession would consistently produce higher Glucosinolate levels under different environmental conditions.
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variation of Glucosinolates in wild radish raphanus raphanistrum accessions
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Mayank S. Malik, Melissa B. Riley, Jason K. Norsworthy, William C. BridgesAbstract:Glucosinolate composition was determined in wild radish accessions from eight states in the northeastern and southern United States to determine the variability of production among accessions. Glucosinolates were evaluated from roots, leaves, flowers, primary, and secondary branches. Seventeen Glucosinolates were identified, with glucoerucin, glucoraphenin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin contributing 90% to 100% of the total Glucosinolates. Flowers contained the highest Glucosinolate concentrations, 12.07 to 55.36 μmol/g, but flowers contributed only 5.3 to 21.3% to the total Glucosinolates. Of the eight accessions, the Mississippi accession produced significantly higher levels of total Glucosinolates and Glucosinolates which can be degraded to isothiocyanates per plant, totals of 618.97 and 563.53 μmol/plant, respectively. Total plant biomass did not differ between accessions indicating a difference in the ability of the Mississippi accession to produce Glucosinolates. Further studies are needed to ...
Barbara Ann Halkier - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Characterization of methylsulfinylalkyl Glucosinolate specific polyclonal antibodies
Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2016Co-Authors: Nadia Mirza, Alexander Schulz, Barbara Ann HalkierAbstract:Antibodies towards small molecules, like plant specialized metabolites, are valuable tools for developing quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques. Glucosinolates are the specialized metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order. Here we describe the characterization of polyclonal rabbit antibodies raised against the 4-methylsulfinylbutyl Glucosinolate, glucoraphanin that is one of the major Glucosinolates in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (hereafter Arabidopsis). Analysis of the cross-reactivity of the antibodies against a number of Glucosinolates demonstrated that it was highly selective for methionine-derived aliphatic Glucosinolates with a methyl-sulfinyl group in the side chain. Use of crude plant extracts from Arabidopsis mutants with different Glucosinolate profiles showed that the antibodies recognized aliphatic Glucosinolates in a plant extract and did not cross-react with other metabolites. These methylsulfinylalkyl Glucosinolate specific antibodies have prospective use in multiple applications such as ELISA, co-immunoprecipitation and immunolocalization of Glucosinolates.
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General Introduction to Glucosinolates
Advances in Botanical Research, 2016Co-Authors: Barbara Ann HalkierAbstract:Abstract As the major specialized metabolites of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana , Glucosinolates have become model specialized metabolites with all the advantages this brings to Glucosinolate research, e.g. in the form of extensive 'omics tools, natural variation and mutant collections. Here will be presented a general introduction to Glucosinolates ranging from the evolution of Glucosinolates to the many roles Glucosinolates have for humans as well as an overview of the current knowledge on the orchestration of the Glucosinolate biosynthetic pathway. The latter includes an introduction to the genes in the biosynthetic pathway, localization of the enzymes at the cellular level and the storage of the Glucosinolates in the S-cells. In addition, the status on transport of Glucosinolates is presented with focus on the lessons learnt from the first identified Glucosinolate transporters, namely the importers localized to the plasma membrane. Examples of how the knowledge gained from basic research has been translated into applied Glucosinolate research through pathway and transport engineering will be presented.
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Elucidating the Role of Transport Processes in Leaf Glucosinolate Distribution
Plant physiology, 2014Co-Authors: Svend Roesen Madsen, Carl Erik Olsen, Hussam Hassan Nour-eldin, Barbara Ann HalkierAbstract:In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), a strategy to defend its leaves against herbivores is to accumulate Glucosinolates along the midrib and at the margin. Although it is generally assumed that Glucosinolates are synthesized along the vasculature in an Arabidopsis leaf, thereby suggesting that the margin accumulation is established through transport, little is known about these transport processes. Here, we show through leaf apoplastic fluid analysis and Glucosinolate feeding experiments that two Glucosinolate transporters, GTR1 and GTR2, essential for long-distance transport of Glucosinolates in Arabidopsis, also play key roles in Glucosinolate allocation within a mature leaf by effectively importing apoplastically localized Glucosinolates into appropriate cells. Detection of Glucosinolates in root xylem sap unambiguously shows that this transport route is involved in root-to-shoot Glucosinolate allocation. Detailed leaf dissections show that in the absence of GTR1 and GTR2 transport activity, Glucosinolates accumulate predominantly in leaf margins and leaf tips. Furthermore, we show that Glucosinolates accumulate in the leaf abaxial epidermis in a GTR-independent manner. Based on our results, we propose a model for how Glucosinolates accumulate in the leaf margin and epidermis, which includes symplasmic movement through plasmodesmata, coupled with the activity of putative vacuolar Glucosinolate importers in these peripheral cell layers.
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biosynthesis of Glucosinolates gene discovery and beyond
Trends in Plant Science, 2010Co-Authors: Ida E Sonderby, Fernando Geuflores, Barbara Ann HalkierAbstract:Glucosinolates are sulfur-rich secondary metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order with important biological and economic roles in plant defense and human nutrition. Application of systems biology tools continues to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of Glucosinolates. Recent progress includes genes in all three phases of the pathway, i.e. side-chain elongation of precursor amino acids, formation of the core Glucosinolate structure and side-chain decoration. Major breakthroughs include the ability to produce Glucosinolates in Nicotiana benthamiana, the finding that specific Glucosinolates play a key role in Arabidopsis innate immune response, and a better understanding of the link between primary sulfur metabolism and Glucosinolate biosynthesis.
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Biosynthesis of Glucosinolates – gene discovery and beyond
Trends in plant science, 2010Co-Authors: Ida E Sonderby, Fernando Geu-flores, Barbara Ann HalkierAbstract:Glucosinolates are sulfur-rich secondary metabolites characteristic of the Brassicales order with important biological and economic roles in plant defense and human nutrition. Application of systems biology tools continues to identify genes involved in the biosynthesis of Glucosinolates. Recent progress includes genes in all three phases of the pathway, i.e. side-chain elongation of precursor amino acids, formation of the core Glucosinolate structure and side-chain decoration. Major breakthroughs include the ability to produce Glucosinolates in Nicotiana benthamiana, the finding that specific Glucosinolates play a key role in Arabidopsis innate immune response, and a better understanding of the link between primary sulfur metabolism and Glucosinolate biosynthesis.
Mayank S. Malik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Variation of Glucosinolates in wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) accessions.
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Mayank S. Malik, Melissa B. Riley, Jason K. Norsworthy, William C. BridgesAbstract:Glucosinolate composition was determined in wild radish accessions from eight states in the northeastern and southern United States to determine the variability of production among accessions. Glucosinolates were evaluated from roots, leaves, flowers, primary, and secondary branches. Seventeen Glucosinolates were identified, with glucoerucin, glucoraphenin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin contributing 90% to 100% of the total Glucosinolates. Flowers contained the highest Glucosinolate concentrations, 12.07 to 55.36 μmol/g, but flowers contributed only 5.3 to 21.3% to the total Glucosinolates. Of the eight accessions, the Mississippi accession produced significantly higher levels of total Glucosinolates and Glucosinolates which can be degraded to isothiocyanates per plant, totals of 618.97 and 563.53 μmol/plant, respectively. Total plant biomass did not differ between accessions indicating a difference in the ability of the Mississippi accession to produce Glucosinolates. Further studies are needed to determine if this accession would consistently produce higher Glucosinolate levels under different environmental conditions.
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variation of Glucosinolates in wild radish raphanus raphanistrum accessions
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2010Co-Authors: Mayank S. Malik, Melissa B. Riley, Jason K. Norsworthy, William C. BridgesAbstract:Glucosinolate composition was determined in wild radish accessions from eight states in the northeastern and southern United States to determine the variability of production among accessions. Glucosinolates were evaluated from roots, leaves, flowers, primary, and secondary branches. Seventeen Glucosinolates were identified, with glucoerucin, glucoraphenin, glucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin contributing 90% to 100% of the total Glucosinolates. Flowers contained the highest Glucosinolate concentrations, 12.07 to 55.36 μmol/g, but flowers contributed only 5.3 to 21.3% to the total Glucosinolates. Of the eight accessions, the Mississippi accession produced significantly higher levels of total Glucosinolates and Glucosinolates which can be degraded to isothiocyanates per plant, totals of 618.97 and 563.53 μmol/plant, respectively. Total plant biomass did not differ between accessions indicating a difference in the ability of the Mississippi accession to produce Glucosinolates. Further studies are needed to ...
Jong In Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Altered Glucosinolate Profiles and Expression of Glucosinolate Biosynthesis Genes in Ringspot-Resistant and Susceptible Cabbage Lines.
International journal of molecular sciences, 2018Co-Authors: Abuyusuf, Arif Hasan Khan Robin, Jong In Park, Hoy-taek Kim, Rafiqul Islam, Ill-sup NouAbstract:Ringspot, caused by the fungus Mycosphaerella brassicicola, is a serious disease of Brassica crops worldwide. Despite noteworthy progress to reveal the role of Glucosinolates in pathogen defense, the host⁻pathogen interaction between cabbage (Brassica oleracea) and M. brassicicola has not been fully explored. Here, we investigated the Glucosinolate profiles and expression of Glucosinolate biosynthesis genes in the ringspot-resistant (R) and susceptible (S) lines of cabbage after infection with M. brassicicola. The concomitant rise of aliphatic glucoiberverin (GIV) and indolic glucobrassicin (GBS) and methoxyglucobrassicin (MGBS) was linked with ringspot resistance in cabbage. Pearson's correlation and principle component analysis showed a significant positive association between GIV contents and the expression of the Glucosinolate biosynthesis gene ST5b-Bol026202 and between GBS contents and the expression of the Glucosinolate biosynthesis gene MYB34-Bol017062. Our results confirmed that M. brassicicola infection induces the expression of Glucosinolate biosynthesis genes in cabbage, which alters the content of individual Glucosinolates. This link between the expression of Glucosinolate biosynthesis genes and the accumulation of their respective Glucosinolates with the resistance to ringspot extends our molecular sense of Glucosinolate-negotiated defense against M. brassicicola in cabbage.
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Leptosphaeria maculans Alters Glucosinolate Profiles in Blackleg Disease-Resistant and -Susceptible Cabbage Lines.
Frontiers in Plant Science, 2017Co-Authors: Arif Hasan Khan Robin, Mohammad Rashed Hossain, Go-eun Yi, Rawnak Laila, Jong In ParkAbstract:Blackleg, a fungal disease caused by Leptosphaeria maculans, is one of the most devastating diseases of Brassica crops worldwide. Despite notable progress elucidating the roles of Glucosinolates in pathogen defense, the complex interaction between B. oleracea (cabbage) and Leptosphaeria maculans infection that leads to the selective induction of genes involved in Glucosinolate production and subsequent modulation of Glucosinolate profiles remains to be fully understood. The current study was designed to identify Glucosinolate-biosynthesis genes induced by L. maculans and any associated alterations in Glucosinolate profiles to explore their roles in blackleg resistance in 3-month-old cabbage plants. The defense responses of four cabbage lines, two resistant and two susceptible, were investigated using two L. maculans isolates, 03-02s and 00-100s. A simultaneous increase in the aliphatic Glucosinolates glucoiberverin (GIV) and glucoerucin (GER) and the indolic Glucosinolates glucobrassicin (GBS) and neoglucobrassicin (NGBS) was associated with complete resistance. An increase in either aliphatic (GIV) or indolic (GBS and MGBS) Glucosinolates was associated with moderate resistance. Indolic glucobrassicin (GBS) and neoglucobrassicin (NGBS) were increased in both resistant and susceptible interactions. Pearson correlation showed position association between GER content with GSL-OH (Bol033373) expression. Expressions of MYB34 (Bol007760), ST5a (Bol026200) and CYP81F2 (Bol026044) were positively correlated with the contents of both GBS and MGBS. Our results confirm that L. maculans infection induces Glucosinolate-biosynthesis genes in cabbage, with concomitant changes in individual Glucosinolate contents. In resistant lines, both aliphatic and indolic Glucosinolates are associated with resistance, with aliphatic GIV and GER and indolic MGBS Glucosinolates particularly important. The association between the genes, the corresponding Glucosinolates, and plant resistance broaden our molecular understanding of Glucosinolate mediated defense against L. maculans in cabbage.