The Experts below are selected from a list of 360 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Walter C Willett - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Glycemic index Glycemic Load and Glycemic response an international scientific consensus summit from the international carbohydrate quality consortium icqc
    Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, 2015
    Co-Authors: L S A Augustin, Cyril W C Kendall, David J.a. Jenkins, Walter C Willett, Arne Astrup, Alan W Barclay, Inger Bjorck
    Abstract:

    Abstract Background and aims The positive and negative health effects of dietary carbohydrates are of interest to both researchers and consumers. Methods International experts on carbohydrate research held a scientific summit in Stresa, Italy, in June 2013 to discuss controversies surrounding the utility of the Glycemic index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL) and Glycemic response (GR). Results The outcome was a scientific consensus statement which recognized the importance of postprandial glycemia in overall health, and the GI as a valid and reproducible method of classifying carbohydrate foods for this purpose. There was consensus that diets low in GI and GL were relevant to the prevention and management of diabetes and coronary heart disease, and probably obesity. Moderate to weak associations were observed for selected cancers. The group affirmed that diets low in GI and GL should always be considered in the context of diets otherwise understood as healthy, complementing additional ways of characterizing carbohydrate foods, such as fiber and whole grain content. Diets of low GI and GL were considered particularly important in individuals with insulin resistance. Conclusions Given the high prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes worldwide and the consistency of the scientific evidence reviewed, the expert panel confirmed an urgent need to communicate information on GI and GL to the general public and health professionals, through channels such as national dietary guidelines, food composition tables and food labels.

  • abstract p140 Glycemic index Glycemic Load and risk of type 2 diabetes results from 3 large us cohorts and an updated meta analysis
    Circulation, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, Joann E Manson, Deidre K Tobias, Vasanti S Malik, Adela Hruby, An Pan, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    Epidemiologic evidence for the role of Glycemic index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been mixed. The American Diabetes Association’s nutrition recommendations for T2D prevention state that there is not sufficient, consistent evidence to conclude that low GL diets reduce T2D risk but acknowledge the role of low GI foods rich in fiber in preventing T2D. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) prospectively examine the association of dietary GI and GL with T2D in 3 US cohorts, and 2) conduct an updated meta-analysis of the previous literature including results from our 3 cohorts. We prospectively followed 74,248 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2008), 86,484 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2009), and 40,525 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed every 4 years using a validated questionnaire. During 3,738,507 person-years of follow-u...

  • abstract p140 Glycemic index Glycemic Load and risk of type 2 diabetes results from 3 large us cohorts and an updated meta analysis
    Circulation, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, Walter C Willett, Joann E Manson, Deidre K Tobias, Vasanti S Malik, Adela Hruby, Frank B Hu
    Abstract:

    Epidemiologic evidence for the role of Glycemic index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been mixed. The American Diabetes Association’s nutrition recommendations for T2D prevention state that there is not sufficient, consistent evidence to conclude that low GL diets reduce T2D risk but acknowledge the role of low GI foods rich in fiber in preventing T2D. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) prospectively examine the association of dietary GI and GL with T2D in 3 US cohorts, and 2) conduct an updated meta-analysis of the previous literature including results from our 3 cohorts. We prospectively followed 74,248 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2008), 86,484 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2009), and 40,525 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed every 4 years using a validated questionnaire. During 3,738,507 person-years of follow-u...

  • joint association of Glycemic Load and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes incidence in women
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011
    Co-Authors: Rania A Mekary, Edward Giovannucci, Meir J Stampfer, Walter C Willett, Eric B Rimm, David S Ludwig
    Abstract:

    Background: Little is known about the joint association between Glycemic index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL), and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether alcohol intake alters the associations between carbohydrate quality (GI) or quality and quantity (GL) and T2D incidence in women. Design: Participants from the Nurses’ Health Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer (n = 81,827) at baseline in 1980 were followed for 26 y. Cumulative averages of GI, GL, total carbohydrates, and alcohol intake were calculated every 2–4 y from validated food-frequency questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models were used to adjust for covariates. Results: We documented 6950 cases of T2D during follow-up. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary factors, the positive association between GL and T2D risk was attenuated in subjects with higher alcohol intakes. RRs that compared the top and bottom quintiles of GL were 1.29 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.49; P-trend < 0.001) in women with alcohol intakes of 0 to <5 g/d, 1.34 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.92; P-trend = 0.05) in women with alcohol intakes of 5 to <15 g/d, and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.65; P-trend = 0.82) in women with alcohol intakes ≥15 g/d (P-interaction = 0.02). However, a higher intake of alcohol did not modify the positive association between GI and T2D (P-interaction = 0.76). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a higher alcohol intake (≥15 g/d) attenuates the positive association between GL and T2D incidence.

  • dietary Glycemic index Glycemic Load insulin index fiber and whole grain intake in relation to risk of prostate cancer
    Cancer Causes & Control, 2011
    Co-Authors: Katharina Nimptsch, Mary Franz, Jennie Brandmiller, Majken K Jensen, Stacey A Kenfield, Meir J Stampfer, Laura Sampson, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    Objective Insulin may play a role in prostate cancer tumorigenesis. Postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses of foods depend importantly on the carbohydrate quality and quantity, represented by Glycemic index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL), fiber and whole-grain content, but are also influenced by intake of protein and other characteristics. The recently developed insulin index (II) quantifies the postprandial insulin secretion, also taking into account these additional characteristics.

Joann E Manson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • abstract p140 Glycemic index Glycemic Load and risk of type 2 diabetes results from 3 large us cohorts and an updated meta analysis
    Circulation, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, Walter C Willett, Joann E Manson, Deidre K Tobias, Vasanti S Malik, Adela Hruby, Frank B Hu
    Abstract:

    Epidemiologic evidence for the role of Glycemic index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been mixed. The American Diabetes Association’s nutrition recommendations for T2D prevention state that there is not sufficient, consistent evidence to conclude that low GL diets reduce T2D risk but acknowledge the role of low GI foods rich in fiber in preventing T2D. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) prospectively examine the association of dietary GI and GL with T2D in 3 US cohorts, and 2) conduct an updated meta-analysis of the previous literature including results from our 3 cohorts. We prospectively followed 74,248 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2008), 86,484 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2009), and 40,525 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed every 4 years using a validated questionnaire. During 3,738,507 person-years of follow-u...

  • abstract p140 Glycemic index Glycemic Load and risk of type 2 diabetes results from 3 large us cohorts and an updated meta analysis
    Circulation, 2014
    Co-Authors: Shilpa N Bhupathiraju, Joann E Manson, Deidre K Tobias, Vasanti S Malik, Adela Hruby, An Pan, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    Epidemiologic evidence for the role of Glycemic index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) in the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been mixed. The American Diabetes Association’s nutrition recommendations for T2D prevention state that there is not sufficient, consistent evidence to conclude that low GL diets reduce T2D risk but acknowledge the role of low GI foods rich in fiber in preventing T2D. Therefore, our objectives were to 1) prospectively examine the association of dietary GI and GL with T2D in 3 US cohorts, and 2) conduct an updated meta-analysis of the previous literature including results from our 3 cohorts. We prospectively followed 74,248 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2008), 86,484 women from the Nurses’ Health Study II (1991-2009), and 40,525 men from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2008) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. Diet was assessed every 4 years using a validated questionnaire. During 3,738,507 person-years of follow-u...

  • dietary Glycemic index dietary Glycemic Load blood lipids and c reactive protein
    Metabolism-clinical and Experimental, 2008
    Co-Authors: Emily B Levitan, Meir J Stampfer, Joann E Manson, Nancy R Cook, Paul M Ridker, Kathryn M Rexrode, Julie E Buring, Simin Liu
    Abstract:

    Carbohydrate quantity and quality may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease through blood lipid concentrations and inflammation. We measured dietary Glycemic index (GI) and dietary Glycemic Load (GL) among 18137 healthy women > or = 45 years old without diagnosed diabetes using a food-frequency questionnaire. We assayed fasting total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio; triacylglycerols (TG); and C-reactive protein (CRP). We evaluated associations with dietary GI and GL using a cross-sectional design, adjusting for age, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and other dietary factors. Dietary GI was significantly associated with HDL and LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, TG, and CRP (comparing top to bottom quintile difference in HDL cholesterol = -2.6 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol = 2.2 mg/dL, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio = 0.16, TG = 12 mg/dL, and CRP = 0.21 mg/L). Dietary GL was associated with HDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, and TG (comparing top to bottom quintile HDL cholesterol = -4.9 mg/dL, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio = 0.24, and TG = 13 mg/dL). Differences in blood lipids and CRP between extreme quintiles of dietary GI and GL were small, but may translate into a clinically meaningful difference in cardiovascular risk.

  • dietary fibers and Glycemic Load obesity and plasma adiponectin levels in women with type 2 diabetes
    Diabetes Care, 2006
    Co-Authors: James B Meigs, Joann E Manson, Simin Liu, Christos S Mantzoros
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE —The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of dietary fibers and Glycemic Load with plasma adiponectin in diabetic women and investigate the modification effect of obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 902 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses’ Health Study. Dietary information was obtained using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS —After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, aspirin use, HbA 1c , history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and postmenopausal hormone use, intakes of cereal fiber and fruit fiber ( P for trend = 0.002 and 0.036, respectively) were significantly associated with an increasing trend of plasma adiponectin concentrations. Further adjustment for BMI did not appreciably change the associations for cereal fiber but attenuated the associations for fruit fiber. Adiponectin concentrations were 24% higher in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of cereal fiber. Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic index were significantly associated with lower plasma adiponectin levels, after adjustment for BMI and other covariates ( P for trend = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). The percent differences in adiponectin concentration between the highest and the lowest quintiles of dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic index were 17 and 18%, respectively. The associations between dietary factors and plasma adiponectin were consistent across lean (BMI 2 ), overweight (25 ≤ BMI 2 ), and obese subjects (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ). CONCLUSIONS —Our data indicate that dietary cereal fiber and Glycemic Load/index are associated with the circulating adiponectin concentration. Such associations were not modified by obesity status.

  • carbohydrate intake Glycemic index Glycemic Load and dietary fiber in relation to risk of stroke in women
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Kyungwon Oh, Meir J Stampfer, Joann E Manson, Kathryn M Rexrode, Simin Liu, Frank B Hu, Eunyoung Cho, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    The associations of dietary carbohydrate, Glycemic index, and Glycemic Load with stroke risk were examined among 78,779 US women who were free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 1980 and completed a food frequency questionnaire. During an 18-year follow-up, 1,020 stroke cases were documented (including 515 ischemic and 279 hemorrhagic). In analyses adjusting for nondietary risk factors and cereal fiber, carbohydrate intake was associated with elevated risk of hemorrhagic stroke when the extreme quintiles were compared (relative risk = 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 3.83; ptrend = 0.02), but not with ischemic stroke. The positive association between carbohydrate intake and stroke risk was most evident among women with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m 2 . Likewise, dietary Glycemic Load was positively associated with total stroke among only those women whose body mass index was ≥25 kg/m 2 . Cereal fiber intake was inversely associated with total and hemorrhagic stroke risk; for total stroke, relative risk = 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.52, 0.83; ptrend = 0.001) and for hemorrhagic stroke, relative risk = 0.51 (95% confidence interval: 0.33, 0.78; ptrend = 0.01). Findings suggest that high intake of refined carbohydrate is associated with hemorrhagic stroke risk, particularly among overweight or obese women. In addition, high consumption of cereal fiber was associated with lower risk of total and hemorrhagic stroke. cerebrovascular accident; dietary carbohydrates; dietary fiber; prospective studies

Simin Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • dietary Glycemic index dietary Glycemic Load blood lipids and c reactive protein
    Metabolism-clinical and Experimental, 2008
    Co-Authors: Emily B Levitan, Meir J Stampfer, Joann E Manson, Nancy R Cook, Paul M Ridker, Kathryn M Rexrode, Julie E Buring, Simin Liu
    Abstract:

    Carbohydrate quantity and quality may influence the risk of cardiovascular disease through blood lipid concentrations and inflammation. We measured dietary Glycemic index (GI) and dietary Glycemic Load (GL) among 18137 healthy women > or = 45 years old without diagnosed diabetes using a food-frequency questionnaire. We assayed fasting total, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol; LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio; triacylglycerols (TG); and C-reactive protein (CRP). We evaluated associations with dietary GI and GL using a cross-sectional design, adjusting for age, body mass index, lifestyle factors, and other dietary factors. Dietary GI was significantly associated with HDL and LDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, TG, and CRP (comparing top to bottom quintile difference in HDL cholesterol = -2.6 mg/dL, LDL cholesterol = 2.2 mg/dL, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio = 0.16, TG = 12 mg/dL, and CRP = 0.21 mg/L). Dietary GL was associated with HDL cholesterol, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio, and TG (comparing top to bottom quintile HDL cholesterol = -4.9 mg/dL, LDL/HDL cholesterol ratio = 0.24, and TG = 13 mg/dL). Differences in blood lipids and CRP between extreme quintiles of dietary GI and GL were small, but may translate into a clinically meaningful difference in cardiovascular risk.

  • dietary fiber intake dietary Glycemic Load and the risk for gestational diabetes mellitus
    Diabetes Care, 2006
    Co-Authors: Cuilin Zhang, Simin Liu, Caren G Solomon, Frank B Hu
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE — We aimed to examine whether pregravid dietary fiber consumptions from cereal, fruit, and vegetable sources and dietary Glycemic Load were related to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — This study was a prospective cohort study among 13,110 eligible women in the Nurses’ Health Study II. GDM was self-reported and validated by medical record review in a subsample. RESULTS — We documented 758 incident GDM cases during 8 years of follow-up. After adjustment for age, parity, prepregnancy BMI, and other covariates, dietary total fiber and cereal and fruit fiber were strongly associated with GDM risk. Each 10-g/day increment in total fiber intake was associated with 26% (95% CI 9 – 49) reduction in risk; each 5-g/day increment in cereal or fruit fiber was associated with a 23% (9 –36) or 26% (5– 42) reduction, respectively. Dietary Glycemic Load was positively related to GDM risk. Multivariate relative risk for highest versus lowest quintiles was 1.61 (1.02–2.53) (P for trend 0.03). The combination of high– Glycemic Load and low– cereal fiber diet was associated with 2.15-fold (1.04 – 4.29) increased risk compared with the reciprocal diet. CONCLUSIONS — These findings suggested that prepregnancy diet might be associated with women’s GDM risk. In particular, diet with low fiber and high Glycemic Load was associated with an increased risk. Future clinical and metabolic studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

  • dietary fibers and Glycemic Load obesity and plasma adiponectin levels in women with type 2 diabetes
    Diabetes Care, 2006
    Co-Authors: James B Meigs, Joann E Manson, Simin Liu, Christos S Mantzoros
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE —The purpose of this study was to examine the associations of dietary fibers and Glycemic Load with plasma adiponectin in diabetic women and investigate the modification effect of obesity. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 902 women with type 2 diabetes from the Nurses’ Health Study. Dietary information was obtained using semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires. RESULTS —After adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, aspirin use, HbA 1c , history of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and postmenopausal hormone use, intakes of cereal fiber and fruit fiber ( P for trend = 0.002 and 0.036, respectively) were significantly associated with an increasing trend of plasma adiponectin concentrations. Further adjustment for BMI did not appreciably change the associations for cereal fiber but attenuated the associations for fruit fiber. Adiponectin concentrations were 24% higher in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of cereal fiber. Dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic index were significantly associated with lower plasma adiponectin levels, after adjustment for BMI and other covariates ( P for trend = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). The percent differences in adiponectin concentration between the highest and the lowest quintiles of dietary Glycemic Load and Glycemic index were 17 and 18%, respectively. The associations between dietary factors and plasma adiponectin were consistent across lean (BMI 2 ), overweight (25 ≤ BMI 2 ), and obese subjects (BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 ). CONCLUSIONS —Our data indicate that dietary cereal fiber and Glycemic Load/index are associated with the circulating adiponectin concentration. Such associations were not modified by obesity status.

  • carbohydrate intake Glycemic index Glycemic Load and dietary fiber in relation to risk of stroke in women
    American Journal of Epidemiology, 2005
    Co-Authors: Kyungwon Oh, Meir J Stampfer, Joann E Manson, Kathryn M Rexrode, Simin Liu, Frank B Hu, Eunyoung Cho, Walter C Willett
    Abstract:

    The associations of dietary carbohydrate, Glycemic index, and Glycemic Load with stroke risk were examined among 78,779 US women who were free of cardiovascular disease and diabetes in 1980 and completed a food frequency questionnaire. During an 18-year follow-up, 1,020 stroke cases were documented (including 515 ischemic and 279 hemorrhagic). In analyses adjusting for nondietary risk factors and cereal fiber, carbohydrate intake was associated with elevated risk of hemorrhagic stroke when the extreme quintiles were compared (relative risk = 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.10, 3.83; ptrend = 0.02), but not with ischemic stroke. The positive association between carbohydrate intake and stroke risk was most evident among women with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m 2 . Likewise, dietary Glycemic Load was positively associated with total stroke among only those women whose body mass index was ≥25 kg/m 2 . Cereal fiber intake was inversely associated with total and hemorrhagic stroke risk; for total stroke, relative risk = 0.66 (95% confidence interval: 0.52, 0.83; ptrend = 0.001) and for hemorrhagic stroke, relative risk = 0.51 (95% confidence interval: 0.33, 0.78; ptrend = 0.01). Findings suggest that high intake of refined carbohydrate is associated with hemorrhagic stroke risk, particularly among overweight or obese women. In addition, high consumption of cereal fiber was associated with lower risk of total and hemorrhagic stroke. cerebrovascular accident; dietary carbohydrates; dietary fiber; prospective studies

  • dietary Glycemic Load carbohydrate sugar and colorectal cancer risk in men and women
    Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 2005
    Co-Authors: Dominique S Michaud, Walter C Willett, Simin Liu, Graham A Colditz, Charles S Fuchs, Edward Giovannucci
    Abstract:

    Hyperinsulinemia may explain excess colorectal cancer among individuals who are overweight or inactive. Recent studies have observed elevated colorectal cancer risk among individuals with elevated insulin levels 2 hours after oral glucose challenge or with elevated plasma C-peptide levels. The effect of consuming a high Glycemic diet on colorectal risk, however, remains uncertain. Two prospective cohort studies, the Nurses' Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, contributed up to 20 years of follow-up. After exclusions, 1,809 incident colorectal cancers were available for analyses. Dietary Glycemic Load (GL) was calculated as a function of Glycemic index (postprandial blood glucose response as compared with a reference food), carbohydrate content, and frequency of intake of individual foods reported on food frequency questionnaires. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to adjust for potential confounders. Intakes of dietary carbohydrate, GL, overall Glycemic index, sucrose, and fructose were not associated with colorectal cancer risk in women. A small increase in risk was observed in men with high dietary GL (multivariate relative risk, 1.32; 95% confidence interval, 0.98-1.79; highest versus lowest quintile), sucrose or fructose (multivariate relative risk, 1.37; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-1.78; highest versus lowest quintile of fructose, P = 0.008). Associations were slightly stronger among men with elevated body mass index (> or =25 kg/m(2)). Results among women were similar after stratifying by body mass index or physical activity. High intakes of GL, fructose, and sucrose were related to an elevated colorectal cancer risk among men. For women, however, these factors did not seem to increase the risk of colorectal cancer.

Marian L Neuhouser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • plasma lipidomic profiles after a low and high Glycemic Load dietary pattern in a randomized controlled crossover feeding study
    Metabolomics, 2020
    Co-Authors: Marian L Neuhouser, Sepideh Dibay Moghadam, Sandi L Navarro, Ali Shojaie, Timothy W Randolph, Lisa F Bettcher, Meredith A J Hullar, Mario Kratz, Paul D Lampe
    Abstract:

    Dietary patterns low in Glycemic Load are associated with reduced risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Improvements in serum lipid concentrations may play a role in these observed associations. We investigated how dietary patterns differing in Glycemic Load affect clinical lipid panel measures and plasma lipidomics profiles. In a crossover, controlled feeding study, 80 healthy participants (n = 40 men, n = 40 women), 18–45 y were randomized to receive low-Glycemic Load (LGL) or high Glycemic Load (HGL) diets for 28 days each with at least a 28-day washout period between controlled diets. Fasting plasma samples were collected at baseline and end of each diet period. Lipids on a clinical panel including total-, VLDL-, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were measured using an auto-analyzer. Lipidomics analysis using mass-spectrometry provided the concentrations of 863 species. Linear mixed models and lipid ontology enrichment analysis were implemented. Lipids from the clinical panel were not significantly different between diets. Univariate analysis showed that 67 species on the lipidomics panel, predominantly in the triacylglycerol class, were higher after the LGL diet compared to the HGL (FDR < 0.05). Three species with FA 17:0 were lower after LGL diet with enrichment analysis (FDR < 0.05). In the context of controlled eucaloric diets with similar macronutrient distribution, these results suggest that there are relative shifts in lipid species, but the overall pool does not change. Further studies are needed to better understand in which compartment the different lipid species are transported in blood, and how these shifts are related to health outcomes. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00622661.

  • plasma metabolomics profiles suggest beneficial effects of a low Glycemic Load dietary pattern on inflammation and energy metabolism
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2019
    Co-Authors: Sandi L Navarro, Ali Shojaie, Timothy W Randolph, Meredith A J Hullar, Mario Kratz, Aliasghar Tarkhan, Danijel Djukovic, Katie J Osterbauer, Marian L Neuhouser
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND Low-Glycemic Load dietary patterns, characterized by consumption of whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, are associated with reduced risk of several chronic diseases. METHODS Using samples from a randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trial, we evaluated the effects on metabolic profiles of a low-Glycemic whole-grain dietary pattern (WG) compared with a dietary pattern high in refined grains and added sugars (RG) for 28 d. LC-MS-based targeted metabolomics analysis was performed on fasting plasma samples from 80 healthy participants (n = 40 men, n = 40 women) aged 18-45 y. Linear mixed models were used to evaluate differences in response between diets for individual metabolites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG)-defined pathways and 2 novel data-driven analyses were conducted to consider differences at the pathway level. RESULTS There were 121 metabolites with detectable signal in >98% of all plasma samples. Eighteen metabolites were significantly different between diets at day 28 [false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05]. Inositol, hydroxyphenylpyruvate, citrulline, ornithine, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid, glutamine, and oxaloacetate were higher after the WG diet than after the RG diet, whereas melatonin, betaine, creatine, acetylcholine, aspartate, hydroxyproline, methylhistidine, tryptophan, cystamine, carnitine, and trimethylamine were lower. Analyses using KEGG-defined pathways revealed statistically significant differences in tryptophan metabolism between diets, with kynurenine and melatonin positively associated with serum C-reactive protein concentrations. Novel data-driven methods at the metabolite and network levels found correlations among metabolites involved in branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation, trimethylamine-N-oxide production, and β oxidation of fatty acids (FDR < 0.1) that differed between diets, with more favorable metabolic profiles detected after the WG diet. Higher BCAAs and trimethylamine were positively associated with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These exploratory metabolomics results support beneficial effects of a low-Glycemic Load dietary pattern characterized by whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, compared with a diet high in refined grains and added sugars on inflammation and energy metabolism pathways. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00622661.

  • proteomic analysis of plasma reveals fat mass influences cancer related pathways in healthy humans fed controlled diets differing in Glycemic Load
    Cancer Prevention Research, 2019
    Co-Authors: Carly B Garrison, Marian L Neuhouser, Sandi L Navarro, Timothy W Randolph, Meredith A J Hullar, Mario Kratz, Yuzheng Zhang, Daniel Raftery, Paul D Lampe
    Abstract:

    Increased adiposity and diets high in Glycemic Load (GL) are associated with increased risk of many chronic diseases including cancer. Using plasma from 80 healthy individuals [40 men/40 women, 29 with DXA-derived low fat mass (FM) and 51 with high FM] in a randomized cross-over–controlled feeding trial and arrays populated with 3,504 antibodies, we measured plasma proteins collected at baseline and end of each of two 28-day controlled diets: a low GL diet high in whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables (WG) and a high GL diet high in refined grains and added sugars (RG). Following univariate testing for proteins differing by diet, we evaluated pathway-level involvement. Among all 80 participants, 172 proteins were identified as differing between diets. Stratifying participants by high and low FM identified 221 and 266 proteins, respectively, as differing between diets (unadjusted P

  • targeted plasma metabolome response to variations in dietary Glycemic Load in a randomized controlled crossover feeding trial in healthy adults
    Food & Function, 2015
    Co-Authors: Sally Barton, Yvonne Schwarz, Marian L Neuhouser, Sandi L Navarro, Mario Kratz, Danijel Djukovic, Daniel Raftery, Matthew F Buas, Johanna W Lampe
    Abstract:

    Low versus high Glycemic Load (GL) diet patterns are inversely associated with obesity and chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. These associations persist beyond the protection afforded by increased fiber alone, representing an important gap in our understanding of the metabolic effects of GL. We conducted a randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trial of two 28-day diet periods of high and low GL. Using LC-MS, targeted metabolomics analysis of 155 metabolites was performed on plasma samples from 19 healthy adults aged 18–45 years. Fourteen metabolites differed significantly between diets (P < 0.05), with kynurenate remaining significant after Bonferroni correction (P < 4 × 10−4). Metabolites with the largest difference in abundance were kynurenate and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), both significantly higher after consumption of the low GL diet. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis showed clear separation between the two diets; however no specific pathway was identified in pathway analyses. We found significant differences in 14 plasma metabolites suggesting a differing metabolic response to low and high GL diets. Kynurenate is associated with reduced inflammation, and may be one mechanism through which protective effects of a low GL diet are manifested and warrants further evaluation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00622661.

  • effect of low and high Glycemic Load on circulating incretins in a randomized clinical trial
    Metabolism-clinical and Experimental, 2013
    Co-Authors: Shauna S Runchey, Liisa Valsta, Yvonne Schwarz, Chiachi Wang, Xiaoling Song, Johanna W Lampe, Marian L Neuhouser
    Abstract:

    Abstract Objective Low-Glycemic Load diets lower post-prandial glucose and insulin responses; however, the effect of Glycemic Load on circulating incretin concentrations is unclear. We aimed to assess effects of dietary Glycemic Load on fasting and post-prandial glucose, insulin and incretin (i.e., glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) concentrations and to examine for effect modification by adiposity. Materials and Methods We conducted a single-center, randomized controlled crossover feeding trial in which a subset of participants had post-prandial testing. Participants were recruited from the local Seattle area. We enrolled 89 overweight–obese (BMI 28.0–39.9kg/m 2 ) and lean (BMI 18.5–25.0kg/m 2 ) healthy adults. Participants consumed two 28-day, weight-maintaining high- and low-Glycemic Load controlled diets in random order. Primary outcome measures were post-prandial circulating concentrations of glucose, insulin, GIP and GLP-1, following a test breakfast. Results Of the 80 participants completing both diet interventions, 16 had incretin testing and comprise the group for analyses. Following each 28-day high- and low-Glycemic Load diet, mean fasting concentrations of insulin, glucose, GIP and GLP-1 were not significantly different. Mean integrated post-prandial concentrations of glucose, insulin and GIP were higher (1504±476mg/dL/min, p Conclusions High-Glycemic Load diets in weight-maintained healthy individuals lead to higher post-prandial GIP and lower post-prandial GLP-1 concentrations. Future studies evaluating dietary Glycemic Load manipulation of incretin effects would be helpful for establishing diabetes nutrition guidelines.

David S Ludwig - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • effects of a low Glycemic Load or a low fat dietary intervention on body weight in obese hispanic american children and adolescents a randomized controlled trial
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2013
    Co-Authors: Nazrat Mirza, David S Ludwig, Cara B Ebbeling, Kelly B Sinclair, Matilde G Palmer, Robert J Mccarter, Jack A Yanovski
    Abstract:

    Background: In Hispanic children and adolescents, the prevalence of obesity and insulin resistance is considerably greater than in non-Hispanic white children. A low–Glycemic Load diet (LGD) has been proposed as an effective dietary intervention for pediatric obesity, but to our knowledge, no published study has examined the effects of an LGD in obese Hispanic children. Objective: We compared the effects of an LGD and a low-fat diet (LFD) on body composition and components of metabolic syndrome in obese Hispanic youth. Design: Obese Hispanic children (7–15 y of age) were randomly assigned to consume an LGD or an LFD in a 2-y intervention program. Body composition and laboratory assessments were obtained at baseline and 3, 12, and 24 mo after intervention. Results: In 113 children who were randomly assigned, 79% of both groups completed 3 mo of treatment; 58% of LGD and 55% of LFD subjects attended 24-mo follow-up. Compared with the LFD, the LGD decreased the Glycemic Load per kilocalories of reported food intakes in participants at 3 mo (P = 0.02). Both groups had a decreased BMI z score (P 0.5). Conclusions: We showed no evidence that an LGD and an LFD differ in efficacy for the reduction of BMI or aspects of metabolic syndrome in obese Hispanic youth. Both diets decreased the BMI z score when prescribed in the context of a culturally adapted, comprehensive weight-reduction program. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01068197.

  • joint association of Glycemic Load and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes incidence in women
    The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2011
    Co-Authors: Rania A Mekary, Edward Giovannucci, Meir J Stampfer, Walter C Willett, Eric B Rimm, David S Ludwig
    Abstract:

    Background: Little is known about the joint association between Glycemic index (GI), Glycemic Load (GL), and alcohol intake with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Objective: The objective of this study was to examine whether alcohol intake alters the associations between carbohydrate quality (GI) or quality and quantity (GL) and T2D incidence in women. Design: Participants from the Nurses’ Health Study who were free of T2D, cardiovascular disease, or cancer (n = 81,827) at baseline in 1980 were followed for 26 y. Cumulative averages of GI, GL, total carbohydrates, and alcohol intake were calculated every 2–4 y from validated food-frequency questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models were used to adjust for covariates. Results: We documented 6950 cases of T2D during follow-up. After adjustment for lifestyle and dietary factors, the positive association between GL and T2D risk was attenuated in subjects with higher alcohol intakes. RRs that compared the top and bottom quintiles of GL were 1.29 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.49; P-trend < 0.001) in women with alcohol intakes of 0 to <5 g/d, 1.34 (95% CI: 0.93, 1.92; P-trend = 0.05) in women with alcohol intakes of 5 to <15 g/d, and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.60, 1.65; P-trend = 0.82) in women with alcohol intakes ≥15 g/d (P-interaction = 0.02). However, a higher intake of alcohol did not modify the positive association between GI and T2D (P-interaction = 0.76). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that a higher alcohol intake (≥15 g/d) attenuates the positive association between GL and T2D incidence.

  • Continuous glucose monitoring to assess the ecologic validity of dietary Glycemic index and Glycemic Load
    The American journal of clinical nutrition, 2011
    Co-Authors: Anthony N. Fabricatore, Cara B Ebbeling, Thomas A. Wadden, David S Ludwig
    Abstract:

    Background: The circumstances under which the Glycemic index (GI) and Glycemic Load (GL) are derived do not reflect real-world eating behavior. Thus, the ecologic validity of these constructs is incompletely known. Objective: This study examined the relation of dietary intake to Glycemic response when foods are consumed under free-living conditions. Design: Participants were 26 overweight or obese adults with type 2 diabetes who participated in a randomized trial of lifestyle modification. The current study includes baseline data, before initiation of the intervention. Participants wore a continuous glucose monitor and simultaneously kept a food diary for 3 d. The dietary variables included GI, GL, and intakes of energy, fat, protein, carbohydrate, sugars, and fiber. The Glycemic response variables included AUC, mean and SD of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) values, percentage of CGM values in euGlycemic and hyperGlycemic ranges, and mean amplitude of Glycemic excursions. Relations between daily dietary intake and Glycemic outcomes were examined. Results: Data were available from 41 d of monitoring. Partial correlations, controlled for energy intake, indicated that GI or GL was significantly associated with each Glycemic response outcome. In multivariate analyses, dietary GI accounted for 10% to 18% of the variance in each Glycemic variable, independent of energy and carbohydrate intakes (P < 0.01). Conclusions: The data support the ecologic validity of the GI and GL constructs in free-living obese adults with type 2 diabetes. GI was the strongest and most consistent independent predictor of Glycemic stability and variability.

  • targeting dietary fat or Glycemic Load in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes a randomized controlled trial
    Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 2011
    Co-Authors: Anthony N. Fabricatore, Cara B Ebbeling, Thomas A. Wadden, J G Thomas, Virginia A Stallings, Stanley Schwartz, David S Ludwig
    Abstract:

    Abstract Aims To compare the effects of lifestyle modification programs that prescribe low-Glycemic Load (GL) vs. low-fat diets in a randomized trial. Methods Seventy-nine obese adults with type 2 diabetes received low-fat or low-GL dietary instruction, delivered in 40-week lifestyle modification programs with identical goals for calorie intake and physical activity. Changes in weight, HbA1c, and other metabolic parameters were compared at weeks 20 and 40. Results Weight loss did not differ between groups at week 20 (low-fat: −5.7 ± 3.7%; low-GL: −6.7 ± 4.4%, p = .26) or week 40 (low-fat: −4.5 ± 7.5%; low-GL: −6.4 ± 8.2%, p = .28). Adjusting for changes in antidiabetic medications, subjects on the low-GL diet had larger reductions in HbA1c than those on the low-fat diet at week 20 (low-fat: −0.3 ± 0.6%; low-GL: −0.7 ± 0.6%, p = .01), and week 40 (low-fat: −0.1 ± 1.2%; low-GL: −0.8 ± 1.3%; p = .01). Groups did not differ significantly on any other metabolic outcomes (p ≥ .06). Conclusions Results suggest that targeting GL, rather than dietary fat, in a low-calorie diet can significantly enhance the effect of weight loss on HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes.

  • effects of a low Glycemic Load vs low fat diet in obese young adults a randomized trial
    JAMA, 2007
    Co-Authors: Cara B Ebbeling, Michael M Leidig, Henry A Feldman, Margaret M Lovesky, David S Ludwig
    Abstract:

    ContextThe results of clinical trials involving diet in the treatment of obesity have been inconsistent, possibly due to inherent physiological differences among study participants.ObjectiveTo determine whether insulin secretion affects weight loss with 2 popular diets.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsRandomized trial of obese young adults (aged 18-35 years; n = 73) conducted from September 2004 to December 2006 in Boston, Mass, and consisting of a 6-month intensive intervention period and a 12-month follow-up period. Serum insulin concentration at 30 minutes after a 75-g dose of oral glucose was determined at baseline as a measure of insulin secretion. Outcomes were assessed at 6, 12, and 18 months. Missing data were imputed conservatively.InterventionsA low–Glycemic Load (40% carbohydrate and 35% fat) vs low-fat (55% carbohydrate and 20% fat) diet.Main Outcome MeasuresBody weight, body fat percentage determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and cardiovascular disease risk factors.ResultsChange in body weight and body fat percentage did not differ between the diet groups overall. However, insulin concentration at 30 minutes after a dose of oral glucose was an effect modifier (group × time × insulin concentration at 30 minutes: P = .02 for body weight and P = .01 for body fat percentage). For those with insulin concentration at 30 minutes above the median (57.5 μIU/mL; n = 28), the low–Glycemic Load diet produced a greater decrease in weight (–5.8 vs –1.2 kg; P = .004) and body fat percentage (–2.6% vs –0.9%; P = .03) than the low-fat diet at 18 months. There were no significant differences in these end points between diet groups for those with insulin concentration at 30 minutes below the median level (n = 28). Insulin concentration at 30 minutes after a dose of oral glucose was not a significant effect modifier for cardiovascular disease risk factors. In the full cohort, plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations improved more on the low–Glycemic Load diet, whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration improved more on the low-fat diet.ConclusionsVariability in dietary weight loss trials may be partially attributable to differences in hormonal response. Reducing Glycemic Load may be especially important to achieve weight loss among individuals with high insulin secretion. Regardless of insulin secretion, a low–Glycemic Load diet has beneficial effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations but not on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration.Trial Registrationclinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00130299