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Maria Augusta Raggi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • separation and analysis of Glycyrrhizin 18β glycyrrhetic acid and 18α glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots by means of capillary zone electrophoresis
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2005
    Co-Authors: C Sabbioni, F Bugamelli, R Mandrioli, Anna Ferranti, Maria Addolorata Saracino, Giorgio Cantelli Forti, Salvatore Fanali, Maria Augusta Raggi
    Abstract:

    Abstract Glycyrrhizin is the main active compound of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts; according to recent studies, Glycyrrhizin and its aglycon, glycyrrhetic acid, have interesting therapeutic properties. A new capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the separation and quantification of Glycyrrhizin, β-glycyrrhetic acid and its isomer α-glycyrrhetic acid. Separation of the analytes was achieved in less than 3 min on a fused silica capillary, by injecting the samples at the short end of the capillary (effective length: 8.5 cm). The background electrolyte was composed of pH 10.0 carbonate buffer, methanol and ethylene glycol (80/10/10) and contained 0.4% β-cyclodextrin; indomethacin was used as the internal standard. Diode array detection was used, with quantitative assays carried out at 254 nm. Linearity was found over the 5–200 and 2.5–100 μg mL −1 concentration ranges for Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, respectively. This method has been applied to the determination of the analytes in different matrices (liquorice roots and commercial confectionery products), and to the purity control of β-glycyrrhetic acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Glycyrrhizin. When analysing β-glycyrrhetic acid and its epimer in roots, the samples were purified by means of a suitable solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure with Oasis HLB cartridges, which granted good selectivity, eliminating matrix interference.

  • separation and analysis of Glycyrrhizin 18β glycyrrhetic acid and 18α glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots by means of capillary zone electrophoresis
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2005
    Co-Authors: C Sabbioni, F Bugamelli, R Mandrioli, Anna Ferranti, Maria Addolorata Saracino, Giorgio Cantelli Forti, Salvatore Fanali, Maria Augusta Raggi
    Abstract:

    Glycyrrhizin is the main active compound of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts; according to recent studies, Glycyrrhizin and its aglycon, glycyrrhetic acid, have interesting therapeutic properties. A new capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the separation and quantification of Glycyrrhizin, beta-glycyrrhetic acid and its isomer a-glycyrrhetic acid. Separation of the analytes was achieved in less than 3 min on a fused silica capillary, by injecting the samples at the short end of the capillary (effective length: 8.5 cm). The background electrolyte was composed of pH 10.0 carbonate buffer, methanol and ethylene glycol (80/10/10) and contained 0.4% beta-cyclodextrin; indomethacin was used as the internal standard. Diode array detection was used, with quantitative assays carried out at 254 nm. Linearity was found over the 5-200 and 2.5-100 microg mL(-1) concentration ranges for Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, respectively. This method has been applied to the determination of the analytes in different matrices (liquorice roots and commercial confectionery products), and to the purity control of beta-glycyrrhetic acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Glycyrrhizin. When analysing beta-glycyrrhetic acid and its epimer in roots, the samples were purified by means of a suitable solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure with Oasis HLB cartridges, which granted good selectivity, eliminating matrix interference.

Sang-bum Shim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • β glucuronidase inhibitory activity and hepatoprotective effect of 18β glycyrrhetinic acid from the rhizomes of glycyrrhiza uralensis
    Planta Medica, 2000
    Co-Authors: Sang-bum Shim
    Abstract:

    An inhibitor of β-glucuronidase from the rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis was isolated and its hepatoprotective activity on CCl 4 -induced hepatotoxicity of rats was investigated. From the water-soluble extract of G. uralensis, Glycyrrhizin was isolated as a potent inhibitor of β-glucuronidase. When Glycyrrhizin was orally administered, it had a hepatoprotective activity. However, when Glycyrrhizin was intraperitoneally administered, it did not have a hepatoprotective activity. 18β-Glycyrrhetinic acid, which is a major metabolite of Glycyrrhizin by human intestinal bacteria, was also a potent inhibitor of β-glucuronidase. When 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid was intraperitoneally administered, it also had some hepatoprotective activity. These results suggest that Glycyrrhizin may be a natural prodrug for the observed hepatoprotective effect in rats and that serum β-glucuronidase levels have implications for the liver injury, as reductions of its activity by administration of inhibitors such as G. uralensis or its derived products and silymarin correlate with reductions in biochemical indices of liver injury.

  • β glucuronidase inhibitory activity and hepatoprotective effect of 18β glycyrrhetinic acid from the rhizomes of glycyrrhiza uralensis
    Planta Medica, 2000
    Co-Authors: Sang-bum Shim, Namjae Kim, Donghyun Kim
    Abstract:

    An inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase from the rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza uralensis was isolated and its hepatoprotective activity on CCI4-induced hepatotoxicity of rats was investigated. From the water-soluble extract of G. uralensis, Glycyrrhizin was isolated as a potent inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase. When Glycyrrhizin was orally administered, it had a hepatoprotective activity. However, when Glycyrrhizin was intraperitoneally administered, it did not have a hepatoprotective activity. 18 beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid, which is a major metabolite of Glycyrrhizin by human intestinal bacteria, was also a potent inhibitor of beta-glucuronidase. When 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid was intraperitoneally administered, it also had some hepatoprotective activity. These results suggest that Glycyrrhizin may be a natural prodrug for the observed hepatoprotective effect in rats and that serum beta-glucuronidase levels have implications for the liver injury, as reductions of its activity by administration of inhibitors such as G. uralensis or its derived products and silymarin correlate with reductions in biochemical indices of liver injury.

Baodong Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • improved phosphorus nutrition by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis as a key factor facilitating Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin accumulation in glycyrrhiza uralensis
    Plant and Soil, 2019
    Co-Authors: Meng Yu, Aihua Zhao, Xin Zhang, Zhaoxiang Wu, Jinglong Li, Baodong Chen
    Abstract:

    BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is an important medicinal plant as it accumulates active ingredients, Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin, in its roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and phosphorus (P) nutrition both affect the accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in liquorice roots and it is well known that AM symbiosis mediates P nutrition in many plant species. However, whether AM symbiosis affects the accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in G. uralensis through P nutrition is largely unknown. METHODS: In order to compare the P addition and AM effects on plant performance, we carried out a controlled-environment experiment in which non-AM plants were subjected to different P addition levels compared with an AM inoculated treatment with no P addition. Plant dry weight, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, root P, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations, as well as the expression of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin biosynthesis genes were measured. RESULTS: Both P addition and AM inoculation improved plant growth and photosynthesis traits. When root P concentration of non-AM plants matched that of AM plants, both plants showed similar Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations, C:N ratios and biosynthesis gene expressions. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that improved P nutrition by AM symbiosis was of primary importance for facilitating Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin accumulation in G. uralensis plants. This confirmed the role of AM symbiosis improving plant P uptake in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

  • Improved phosphorus nutrition by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis as a key factor facilitating Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin accumulation in Glycyrrhiza uralensis
    Plant and Soil, 2018
    Co-Authors: Wei Xie, Zhipeng Hao, Aihua Zhao, Xin Zhang, Baodong Chen
    Abstract:

    Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) is an important medicinal plant as it accumulates active ingredients, Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin, in its roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and phosphorus (P) nutrition both affect the accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in liquorice roots and it is well known that AM symbiosis mediates P nutrition in many plant species. However, whether AM symbiosis affects the accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in G. uralensis through P nutrition is largely unknown. In order to compare the P addition and AM effects on plant performance, we carried out a controlled-environment experiment in which non-AM plants were subjected to different P addition levels compared with an AM inoculated treatment with no P addition. Plant dry weight, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate, root P, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations, as well as the expression of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin biosynthesis genes were measured. Both P addition and AM inoculation improved plant growth and photosynthesis traits. When root P concentration of non-AM plants matched that of AM plants, both plants showed similar Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations, C:N ratios and biosynthesis gene expressions. The results suggested that improved P nutrition by AM symbiosis was of primary importance for facilitating Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin accumulation in G. uralensis plants. This confirmed the role of AM symbiosis improving plant P uptake in the regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis.

  • arbuscular mycorrhiza facilitates the accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in glycyrrhiza uralensis under drought stress
    Mycorrhiza, 2018
    Co-Authors: Wei Xie, Zhipeng Hao, Aihua Zhao, Xin Zhang, Xiaofu Zhou, Xuelian Jiang, Baodong Chen
    Abstract:

    Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) is an important medicinal plant for which there is a huge market demand. It has been reported that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis and drought stress can stimulate the accumulation of the active ingredients, Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin, in liquorice plants, but the potential interactions of AM symbiosis and drought stress remain largely unknown. In the present work, we investigated mycorrhizal effects on plant growth and accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in liquorice plants under different water regimes. The results indicated that AM plants generally exhibited better growth and physiological status including stomatal conductance, photosynthesis rate, and water use efficiency compared with non-AM plants. AM inoculation up-regulated the expression of an aquaporin gene PIP and decreased root abscisic acid (ABA) concentrations under drought stress. In general, AM plants displayed lower root carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations, higher phosphorus (P) concentrations, and therefore, lower C:P and N:P ratios but higher C:N ratio than non-AM plants. On the other hand, AM inoculation increased root Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin concentrations, and the mycorrhizal effects were more pronounced under moderate drought stress than under well-watered condition or severe drought stress for Glycyrrhizin accumulation. The accumulation of Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin in AM plants was consistent with the C:N ratio changes in support of the carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis. Moreover, the Glycyrrhizin accumulation was positively correlated with the expression of Glycyrrhizin biosynthesis genes SQS1, β-AS, CYP88D6, and CYP72A154. By contrast, no significant interaction of AM inoculation with water treatment was observed for liquiritin accumulation, while we similarly observed a positive correlation between liquiritin accumulation and the expression of a liquiritin biosynthesis gene CHS. These results suggested that AM inoculation in combination with proper water management potentially could improve Glycyrrhizin and liquiritin accumulation in liquorice roots and may be practiced to promote liquorice cultivation.

C Sabbioni - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • separation and analysis of Glycyrrhizin 18β glycyrrhetic acid and 18α glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots by means of capillary zone electrophoresis
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2005
    Co-Authors: C Sabbioni, F Bugamelli, R Mandrioli, Anna Ferranti, Maria Addolorata Saracino, Giorgio Cantelli Forti, Salvatore Fanali, Maria Augusta Raggi
    Abstract:

    Abstract Glycyrrhizin is the main active compound of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts; according to recent studies, Glycyrrhizin and its aglycon, glycyrrhetic acid, have interesting therapeutic properties. A new capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the separation and quantification of Glycyrrhizin, β-glycyrrhetic acid and its isomer α-glycyrrhetic acid. Separation of the analytes was achieved in less than 3 min on a fused silica capillary, by injecting the samples at the short end of the capillary (effective length: 8.5 cm). The background electrolyte was composed of pH 10.0 carbonate buffer, methanol and ethylene glycol (80/10/10) and contained 0.4% β-cyclodextrin; indomethacin was used as the internal standard. Diode array detection was used, with quantitative assays carried out at 254 nm. Linearity was found over the 5–200 and 2.5–100 μg mL −1 concentration ranges for Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, respectively. This method has been applied to the determination of the analytes in different matrices (liquorice roots and commercial confectionery products), and to the purity control of β-glycyrrhetic acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Glycyrrhizin. When analysing β-glycyrrhetic acid and its epimer in roots, the samples were purified by means of a suitable solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure with Oasis HLB cartridges, which granted good selectivity, eliminating matrix interference.

  • separation and analysis of Glycyrrhizin 18β glycyrrhetic acid and 18α glycyrrhetic acid in liquorice roots by means of capillary zone electrophoresis
    Journal of Chromatography A, 2005
    Co-Authors: C Sabbioni, F Bugamelli, R Mandrioli, Anna Ferranti, Maria Addolorata Saracino, Giorgio Cantelli Forti, Salvatore Fanali, Maria Augusta Raggi
    Abstract:

    Glycyrrhizin is the main active compound of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extracts; according to recent studies, Glycyrrhizin and its aglycon, glycyrrhetic acid, have interesting therapeutic properties. A new capillary electrophoretic method has been developed for the separation and quantification of Glycyrrhizin, beta-glycyrrhetic acid and its isomer a-glycyrrhetic acid. Separation of the analytes was achieved in less than 3 min on a fused silica capillary, by injecting the samples at the short end of the capillary (effective length: 8.5 cm). The background electrolyte was composed of pH 10.0 carbonate buffer, methanol and ethylene glycol (80/10/10) and contained 0.4% beta-cyclodextrin; indomethacin was used as the internal standard. Diode array detection was used, with quantitative assays carried out at 254 nm. Linearity was found over the 5-200 and 2.5-100 microg mL(-1) concentration ranges for Glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetic acid, respectively. This method has been applied to the determination of the analytes in different matrices (liquorice roots and commercial confectionery products), and to the purity control of beta-glycyrrhetic acid obtained from the hydrolysis of Glycyrrhizin. When analysing beta-glycyrrhetic acid and its epimer in roots, the samples were purified by means of a suitable solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure with Oasis HLB cartridges, which granted good selectivity, eliminating matrix interference.

Oliver H. J. Szolar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Glycyrrhizin the main active compound in liquorice attenuates pro inflammatory responses by interfering with membrane dependent receptor signalling
    Biochemical Journal, 2009
    Co-Authors: Bärbel Schröfelbauer, Johanna Raffetseder, Maria Hauner, Andrea Wolkerstorfer, Wolfgang Ernst, Oliver H. J. Szolar
    Abstract:

    The triterpene glycoside Glycyrrhizin is the main active compound in liquorice. It is used as a herbal medicine owing to its anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Its mode of action, however, remains widely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Glycyrrhizin in attenuating inflammatory responses in macrophages. Using microarray analysis, we found that Glycyrrhizin caused a broad block in the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 agonist CpG-DNA in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we found that Glycyrrhizin also strongly attenuated inflammatory responses induced by TLR3 and TLR4 ligands. The inhibition was accompanied by decreased activation not only of the NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappaB) pathway but also of the parallel MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling cascade upon stimulation with TLR9 and TLR4 agonists. Further analysis of upstream events revealed that Glycyrrhizin treatment decreased cellular attachment and/or uptake of CpG-DNA and strongly impaired TLR4 internalization. Moreover, we found that the anti-inflammatory effects were specific for membrane-dependent receptor-mediated stimuli, as Glycyrrhizin was ineffective in blocking Tnfa (tumour necrosis factor alpha gene) induction upon stimulation with PMA, a receptor- and membrane-independent stimulus. These observations suggest that the broad anti-inflammatory activity of Glycyrrhizin is mediated by the interaction with the lipid bilayer, thereby attenuating receptor-mediated signalling.

  • Glycyrrhizin the main active compound in liquorice attenuates pro inflammatory responses by interfering with membrane dependent receptor signalling
    Biochemical Journal, 2009
    Co-Authors: Bärbel Schröfelbauer, Johanna Raffetseder, Maria Hauner, Andrea Wolkerstorfer, Wolfgang Ernst, Oliver H. J. Szolar
    Abstract:

    The triterpene glycoside Glycyrrhizin is the main active compound in liquorice. It is used as a herbal medicine owing to its anticancer, antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. Its mode of action, however, remains widely unknown. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of Glycyrrhizin in attenuating inflammatory responses in macrophages. Using microarray analysis, we found that Glycyrrhizin caused a broad block in the induction of pro-inflammatory mediators induced by the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 agonist CpG-DNA in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, we found that Glycyrrhizin also strongly attenuated inflammatory responses induced by TLR3 and TLR4 ligands. The inhibition was accompanied by decreased activation not only of the NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) pathway but also of the parallel MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling cascade upon stimulation with TLR9 and TLR4 agonists. Further analysis of upstream events revealed that Glycyrrhizin treatment decreased cellular attachment and/or uptake of CpG-DNA and strongly impaired TLR4 internalization. Moreover, we found that the anti-inflammatory effects were specific for membrane-dependent receptor-mediated stimuli, as Glycyrrhizin was ineffective in blocking Tnfa (tumour necrosis factor α gene) induction upon stimulation with PMA, a receptor- and membrane-independent stimulus. These observations suggest that the broad anti-inflammatory activity of Glycyrrhizin is mediated by the interaction with the lipid bilayer, thereby attenuating receptor-mediated signalling. Abbreviations: BH, Benjamini–Hochberg; COX, cyclo-oxygenase; DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; dsRNA, double-stranded RNA; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; FBS, fetal bovine serum; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GO, Gene Ontology; IFN, interferon; IκBα, inhibitor of nuclear factor κB α; IL, interleukin; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MD2, myeloid differentiation factor 2; MyD88, myeloid differentiation factor 88; MIP-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein 1β; NF-κB, nuclear factor κB; ODN, oligodeoxynucleotide; poly(I:C), polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid; RANTES, regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted; SAPK, stress-activated protein kinase; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNFα, tumour necrosis factor α