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Ronald E Warnick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Susan M Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Marcie Pennerwilger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • finger Gnosis and symbolic number comparison as robust predictors of adult numeracy
    Cognitive Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Marcie Pennerwilger, Rylan J Waring, Adam T Newton, Cindel White
    Abstract:

    Finger Gnosis and magnitude comparison were examined as predictors of adult numeracy. Previous findings were extended by (1) controlling for domain-general comparison processes (using a luminance judgment task), (2) controlling for visuo-spatial memory, and (3) examining the robustness of the relations across different numeracy tests, including exact and approximate calculations. Control variables were entered in the first step of a multiple regression, with finger Gnosis and magnitude comparison entered as a second step. Finger Gnosis and symbolic magnitude comparison predicted unique variance in adults’ calculation fluency, computational estimation, and Woodcock Johnson calculation scores. The control variables, luminance comparison and visuo-spatial memory, did not account for significant variance in the numeracy outcomes, nor did non-symbolic magnitude comparison. These findings suggest that (1) the relation between finger Gnosis and numeracy does not reflect visuo-spatial memory and (2) the relation between magnitude comparison and numeracy reflects number representations, rather than domain general processes.

  • the relation between finger Gnosis and mathematical ability can we attribute function to cortical structure with cross domain modeling
    Cognitive Science, 2011
    Co-Authors: Marcie Pennerwilger, Michael L. Anderson
    Abstract:

    The Relation between Finger Gnosis and Mathematical Ability: Can we Attribute Function to Cortical Structure with Cross-Domain Modeling? Marcie Penner-Wilger (Marcie.Penner-Wilger@fandm.edu) Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA Michael L. Anderson (michael.anderson@fandm.edu) Department of Psychology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604 USA Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA anatomically distinct brain areas (Bergeron, 2008). As such, workings are neither consciously available nor describable with higher-level psychological vocabulary. Therefore, in contrast to the current practice in cognitive neuroscience, workings should be described using domain-independent vocabulary. Here, we adopt a vocabulary drawn from information processing theory, although certainly other possibilities (e.g. dynamic systems theory) may turn out to be more appropriate to the task (Anderson, 2007a). According to the Massive Redeployment Hypothesis (MRH; Anderson, 2010, 2007a,b) multiple workings, in concert, compose higher-level cognitive uses, and a typical brain area will contribute to many cognitive uses, across domains, but perform the same working across uses (Anderson, 2010). MRH straddles the middle ground between localization and holism in that, although parts of the brain are specialized (i.e., they always perform the same working), this specialization is at the lower-order level of cognitive workings (e.g., computations or transformations) rather than that of higher order cognitive uses. Anderson (2007a, p. 339) uses the analogy of “finding the right letter to go into a box on a (multidimensional) crossword puzzle” to describe the task of determining a shared cognitive working. Thus, knowing the many cognitive uses that a brain area supports will help to determine what that brain area does. Both Anderson (2010, 2007a,b) and Bergeron (2008) advocate for the determination of shared cognitive workings within and across domains as a method to advance our understanding of high-level cognition and to achieve the interdisciplinary goals of cognitive science. The methodology of looking across domain boundaries to determine the working of a brain area is not common in cognitive neuroscience; activations are generally attributed to processes specific to the domain under investigation (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000). Cabeza and Nyberg conclude, in a review of 275 imaging studies, “it would be useful to systematically compare functional neuroimaging data in different cognitive domains and to develop general theories that account for the involvement of brain regions in a variety of cognitive tasks” (Cabeza & Nyberg, 2000, p. 31). One such working was proposed by Hubbard et al. (2005): a computational transformation for spatial updating implemented within the parietal sulcus. This cognitive working is also thought to play a role in another cognitive use: shifting attention along the mental number line. It is hypothesized that the SNARC effect— Abstract This paper details and applies a novel method for assigning function to local cortical structure. Imaging results from multiple cognitive domains were used to investigate what a shared neural substrate could be contributing to two apparently different domains: finger and number representation. We identified a region within the left precentral gyrus contributing to both tasks; identified, across several cognitive domains, other cognitive uses to which the ROI may have been put; and looked across these cognitive uses to ascertain the functional contribution of the ROI. The result of this process is a proposed local working—an array of pointers—that can be tested empirically and will allow for further elaboration of the redeployment view of the relation between finger and number representations. This work is significant for understanding the relationship between finger Gnosis and math, and for introducing cross-domain modeling as a new empirical method. Keywords: number representation; finger representation; neural substrate; exaptation; function-structure mapping; localization; cross-domain modeling. The Redeployment View Finger Gnosis or “finger sense” (indexed by the ability to distinguish which fingers have been lightly touched without visual feedback) is related to math ability (Fayol, Barrouillet, & Marinthe, 1998; Noel, 2005; Penner- Wilger et al., 2007). In Penner-Wilger and Anderson (2008) we elaborated a novel hypothesis regarding the observed predictive relation between finger Gnosis and mathematical ability. In brief, we suggested that these two cognitive capacities have overlapping neural substrates, as the result of the re-use (“redeployment”) of part of the finger Gnosis circuit for the purpose of representing number. On this redeployment view, the neural circuitry shared between finger Gnosis and number representation forms one part of the functional complex necessary for number representation. Along with the neural circuit shared with finger Gnosis, additional neural circuits (with additional abstract functional capacities) are expected to combine in support of the capacity for number representation. The crucial question that a shared neural circuit raises is: What is the shared circuit doing for the different functional complexes of which it is a part? What is the working of this circuit that allows it to support tasks in such apparently different cognitive domains? In the framework we adopt here, workings represent low-level operations that are performed by small,

  • subitizing finger Gnosis and the representation of number
    Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 2009
    Co-Authors: Jeffrey Bisnaz, Marcie Pennerwilger, Lisa Fast, Deepthi Kamawar, Joanne Lefevre, Sherilynn Skwarchuk, Brenda L Smithchant
    Abstract:

    Subitizing, Finger Gnosis, and the Representation of Number Marcie Penner-Wilger (mpwilger@connect.carleton.ca) Lisa Fast (lisa@hume.ca) Jo-Anne LeFevre (jo-anne_lefevre@carleton.ca) Centre for Applied Cognitive Research, Institute of Cognitive Science, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada Brenda L. Smith-Chant (bresmith@trentu.ca) Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8 Canada Sheri-Lynn Skwarchuk (s.skwarchuk@uwinnipeg.ca) Faculty of Education, University of Winnipeg, MB R3B 2E9 Canada Deepthi Kamawar (dkamawar@connect.carleton.ca) Institute of Cognitive Science and Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6 Canada Jeffrey Bisanz (jeff.bisanz@ualberta.ca) Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9 Canada Abstract (2004) asserted that subitizing is a necessary component for the mapping of number words to numerosities, as subitizing “allows the child to grasp the whole and the elements at the same time” (p. 21). In Butterworth’s (1999, 2005) theory of numeracy development, subitizing is an index of our (exact) numerosity representations and forms the core numerical ability upon which all others are built. How are non-symbolic representations of number related to more abstract symbolic representations of number? The prevailing view is that symbolic representations of number (number words, numerals, etc.) acquire meaning by being mapped onto non-symbolic representations (Brannon, 2005; Butterworth, 1999, Dehaene, 1997; Diester & Nieder, 2007; Verguts & Fias, 2004). In contrast, Ansari (2008; Holloway & Ansari, 2008) suggests that symbolic and non-symbolic representations may be distinct. Regardless of the form of the relation between symbolic and non-symbolic representations of number, humans are able to recognize common representational content in different vehicles (e.g., dots, number words, numerals, etc.). Thus, even if non- symbolic and symbolic representations are not built upon one another, both forms must be linked to the semantic representation of number. Finger Gnosis is hypothesized to support the mapping of symbolic and non-symbolic representations of number, thus increasing the range and precision of numerical representations. Fayol and Seron (2005) propose that the fingers are well suited as a tool to link non-symbolic and symbolic representations of number, as, unlike linguistic representations “finger representations exhibit an iconic relation to numerosities, since they preserve the one-to-one matching relation between the represented set and the fingers used to represent it” (p. 16). Butterworth (1999) likewise hypothesizes that children’s use of fingers to represent numerosities in the course of numerical development helps to ‘bridge the gap’ from numerosity representations to more abstract number words. Thus, the ability to mentally represent one’s fingers is thought to aid What precursor abilities form the building blocks of numerical representations? Two abilities were investigated: the ability to mentally represent small numerosities, indexed by subitizing speed (Butterworth, 1999), and the ability to mentally represent one’s fingers, indexed by finger Gnosis (Butterworth, 1999; Penner-Wilger & Anderson, 2008). We examined the longitudinal relation between these abilities in Grade 1 and tasks assessing numerical representation in Grade 2—symbolic number comparison and number-line estimation – for 100 Canadian children. Finger Gnosis (but not subitizing speed) in Grade 1 was related to children’s symbolic distance effect in number comparison and to the linearity of children’s estimates in Grade 2. Thus, children with better finger Gnosis scores had lower symbolic distance effects and more accurate estimates, reflecting a more precise mapping between numerals and their associated magnitude. Keywords: number representation; numeracy; math development; subitizing; finger Gnosis, number comparison; estimation; numerical distance effect. Precursors to the Representation of Number What precursor abilities form the building blocks of numerical representations? Subitizing, the ability to quickly enumerate small sets without counting, and finger Gnosis, the ability to mentally represent one’s fingers, are related to children’s number system knowledge and calculation skill in Grade 1 (Penner-Wilger et al., 2007). We hypothesized that this relation occurs because subitizing and finger Gnosis facilitate the development of number representations (Butterworth, 1999). In the current paper, we test this hypothesis by examining the relation between the precursors, subitizing and finger Gnosis, in Grade 1 and tests designed to assess the strength of numerical representations: magnitude comparison and number line estimation in Grade Subitizing is a developmentally and evolutionarily primary numerical ability that is seen both in infants as well as other species (Dehaene, 1992). Benoit, Lehalle, & Jouen

Cindel White - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • CogSci - Finger Gnosis And Symbolic Number Comparison as Robust Predictors of Adult Numeracy.
    Cognitive Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Marcie Penner-wilger, Rylan J Waring, Adam T Newton, Cindel White
    Abstract:

    Finger Gnosis and magnitude comparison were examined as predictors of adult numeracy. Previous findings were extended by (1) controlling for domain-general comparison processes (using a luminance judgment task), (2) controlling for visuo-spatial memory, and (3) examining the robustness of the relations across different numeracy tests, including exact and approximate calculations. Control variables were entered in the first step of a multiple regression, with finger Gnosis and magnitude comparison entered as a second step. Finger Gnosis and symbolic magnitude comparison predicted unique variance in adults’ calculation fluency, computational estimation, and Woodcock Johnson calculation scores. The control variables, luminance comparison and visuo-spatial memory, did not account for significant variance in the numeracy outcomes, nor did non-symbolic magnitude comparison. These findings suggest that (1) the relation between finger Gnosis and numeracy does not reflect visuo-spatial memory and (2) the relation between magnitude comparison and numeracy reflects number representations, rather than domain general processes.

  • finger Gnosis and symbolic number comparison as robust predictors of adult numeracy
    Cognitive Science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Marcie Pennerwilger, Rylan J Waring, Adam T Newton, Cindel White
    Abstract:

    Finger Gnosis and magnitude comparison were examined as predictors of adult numeracy. Previous findings were extended by (1) controlling for domain-general comparison processes (using a luminance judgment task), (2) controlling for visuo-spatial memory, and (3) examining the robustness of the relations across different numeracy tests, including exact and approximate calculations. Control variables were entered in the first step of a multiple regression, with finger Gnosis and magnitude comparison entered as a second step. Finger Gnosis and symbolic magnitude comparison predicted unique variance in adults’ calculation fluency, computational estimation, and Woodcock Johnson calculation scores. The control variables, luminance comparison and visuo-spatial memory, did not account for significant variance in the numeracy outcomes, nor did non-symbolic magnitude comparison. These findings suggest that (1) the relation between finger Gnosis and numeracy does not reflect visuo-spatial memory and (2) the relation between magnitude comparison and numeracy reflects number representations, rather than domain general processes.

S. C. Ellis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Gnosis the first instrument to use fiber bragg gratings for oh suppression
    The Astronomical Journal, 2013
    Co-Authors: Christopher Q Trinh, J. S. Lawrence, S. C. Ellis, Joss Blandhawthorn, Anthony Horton, Sergio G Leonsaval, Keith Shortridge, Julia J Bryant
    Abstract:

    The near-infrared is an important part of the spectrum in astronomy, especially in cosmology because the light from objects in the early universe is redshifted to these wavelengths. However, deep near-infrared observations are extremely difficult to make from ground-based telescopes due to the bright background from the atmosphere. Nearly all of this background comes from the bright and narrow emission lines of atmospheric hydroxyl (OH) molecules. The atmospheric background cannot be easily removed from data because the brightness fluctuates unpredictably on short timescales. The sensitivity of ground-based optical astronomy far exceeds that of near-infrared astronomy because of this long-standing problem. Gnosis is a prototype astrophotonic instrument that utilizes “OH suppression fibers” consisting of fiber Bragg gratings and photonic lanterns to suppress the 103 brightest atmospheric emission doublets between 1.47 and 1.7µm. Gnosis was commissioned at the 3.9m Anglo-Australian Telescope with the IRIS2 spectrograph to demonstrate the potential of OH suppression fibers, but may be potentially used with any telescope and spectrograph combination. Unlike previous atmospheric suppression techniques Gnosis suppresses the lines before dispersion and in a manner that depends purely on wavelength. We present the instrument design and report the results of laboratory and on-sky tests from commissioning. While these tests demonstrated high throughput (� 60%) and excellent suppression of the skylines by the OH suppression fibers, surprisingly Gnosis produced no significant reduction in the interline background and the sensitivity of Gnosis+IRIS2 is about the same as IRIS2. It is unclear whether the lack of reduction in the interline background is due to physical sources or systematic errors as the observations are detector noise dominated. OH suppression fibers could potentially impact ground-based astronomy at the level of adaptive optics or greater. However, until a clear reduction in the interline background and the corresponding increasing in sensitivity is demonstrated optimized OH suppression fibers paired with a fiber-fed spectrograph will at least provide a real benefit at low resolving powers. Subject headings: atmospheric effects – infrared: diffuse background – instrumentation: miscellaneous

  • Gnosis a novel near infrared oh suppression unit at the aat
    Proceedings of SPIE, 2012
    Co-Authors: Christopher Q Trinh, J. S. Lawrence, S. C. Ellis, S. Case, Joss Blandhawthorn, Anthony Horton, Sergio G Leonsaval, Julia J Bryant, Matthew Colless
    Abstract:

    Gnosis has provided the first on-telescope demonstration of a concept to utilize complex aperioidc fiber Bragg gratings to suppress the 103 brightest atmospheric hydroxyl emission doublets between 1.47-1.7 μm. The unit is designed to be used at the 3.9-meter Anglo-Australian Telescope (AAT) feeding the IRIS2 spectrograph. Unlike previous atmospheric suppression techniques Gnosis suppresses the lines before dispersion. We present the results of laboratory and on-sky tests from instrument commissioning. These tests reveal excellent suppression performance by the gratings and high inter-notch throughput, which combine to produce high fidelity OH-free spectra.

  • Atmospheric OH suppression with Gnosis at the Anglo-Australian Telescope
    2011 International Quantum Electronics Conference (IQEC) and Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (CLEO) Pacific Rim incorporating the Australasian, 2011
    Co-Authors: J. S. Lawrence, S. C. Ellis, J. Bland-hawthorn, J. Bryant, S. Case, L. Gers, R. Haynes, A. Horton, S. Leon-saval, H. Loehmannsroeben
    Abstract:

    Gnosis is an instrument currently being commissioned at the Anglo-Australian Telescope that is designed to suppress atmospheric OH emission using fibre Bragg gratings. Here we present an outline of the Gnosis instrument and the first on-telescope results from this new technology concept.

  • Gnosis an oh suppression unit for near infrared spectrographs
    Proceedings of SPIE, 2010
    Co-Authors: S. C. Ellis, J. S. Lawrence, Joss Blandhawthorn, Anthony Horton, Sergio G Leonsaval, Julia J Bryant, Roger Haynes, H G Lohmannsroben, J Mladenoff, John Obyrne
    Abstract:

    Gnosis is an OH suppression unit to be used in conjunction with existing spectrographs. The OH suppression is achieved using fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs), and will deliver the darkest near-infrared background of any ground-based instrument. Laboratory and on-sky tests demonstrate that FBGs can suppress OH lines by 30dB whilst maintaing > 90% throughput between the lines, resulting in a 4 mag decrease in the background. In the first implementation Gnosis will feed IRIS2 on the AAT. It will consist of a seven element lenslet array, covering 1.4" on the sky, and will suppress the 103 brightest OH lines between 1.47 and 1.70 μm. Future upgrades will include J-band suppression and implementation on an 8m telescope.