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Axel H. E. Müller - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • viktor moritz Goldschmidt 1888 1947 and vladimir ivanovich vernadsky 1863 1945 the father and grandfather of geochemistry
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2014
    Co-Authors: Axel H. E. Müller
    Abstract:

    Abstract Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945) and Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) are indisputably the two most important founders of and theoreticians within geochemistry. In 1910 Vernadsky provided the first definition of geochemistry, and therewith the basis of the scientific discipline concerned with the processes governing the distribution of the elements in the Earth System. In 1911, Goldschmidt, then 25 years younger, and commonly considered as the ‘Father of modern geochemistry’ in the western world, defended his Ph.D. thesis ‘Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet’ (The contact metamorphism in the Kristiania area). His thesis and his ‘Geologisch–petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des sudlichen Norwegen’ (Geological and petrographic studies in the mountains of southern Norway) published in the following years were primarily dedicated to answering questions about the mineralogy and petrology of the area. With the foundation of the Raw Material Laboratory of Norway in 1917, of which he was the first director, Goldschmidt carried out a systematic program of chemical analysis of rocks, soils and minerals and, therewith, began to address fundamental questions about geochemical processes. Goldschmidt's lecture ‘Der Stoffwechsel der Erde’ (The metabolism of the Earth) published in 1922 subsequently opened the era of investigation of the distribution of the elements in the Earth's crust, meteorites and solar system and of the laws controlling this distribution. With this new approach, Goldschmidt followed the definition of process-controlled geochemistry which had been formulated by Vernadsky 12 years earlier. In this study the influence of Vernadsky on Goldschmidt's oeuvre has been analyzed by referring to private correspondence, biographical publications and other documents. The exchange of letters, hitherto largely unknown, proves that exchange of scientific ideas between the two men took place over a long period. Goldschmidt invited Vernadsky for several visits to Oslo in 1927 and to Gottingen in 1932. The exchange is documented in 38 surviving letters written between 1913 and 1939, justifying the conclusion that Goldschmidt's work was substantially inspired and influenced by Vernadsky, at least after 1922. However, Vernadsky's influence on Goldschmidt was mostly restricted to the theoretical background of geochemistry and the processes responsible for distribution of elements in the Earth's crust rather than analytical developments and documentation of element distributions.

  • Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) and Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945): The father and grandfather of geochemistry?
    Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2014
    Co-Authors: Axel H. E. Müller
    Abstract:

    Abstract Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky (1863–1945) and Viktor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947) are indisputably the two most important founders of and theoreticians within geochemistry. In 1910 Vernadsky provided the first definition of geochemistry, and therewith the basis of the scientific discipline concerned with the processes governing the distribution of the elements in the Earth System. In 1911, Goldschmidt, then 25 years younger, and commonly considered as the ‘Father of modern geochemistry’ in the western world, defended his Ph.D. thesis ‘Die Kontaktmetamorphose im Kristianiagebiet’ (The contact metamorphism in the Kristiania area). His thesis and his ‘Geologisch–petrographische Studien im Hochgebirge des sudlichen Norwegen’ (Geological and petrographic studies in the mountains of southern Norway) published in the following years were primarily dedicated to answering questions about the mineralogy and petrology of the area. With the foundation of the Raw Material Laboratory of Norway in 1917, of which he was the first director, Goldschmidt carried out a systematic program of chemical analysis of rocks, soils and minerals and, therewith, began to address fundamental questions about geochemical processes. Goldschmidt's lecture ‘Der Stoffwechsel der Erde’ (The metabolism of the Earth) published in 1922 subsequently opened the era of investigation of the distribution of the elements in the Earth's crust, meteorites and solar system and of the laws controlling this distribution. With this new approach, Goldschmidt followed the definition of process-controlled geochemistry which had been formulated by Vernadsky 12 years earlier. In this study the influence of Vernadsky on Goldschmidt's oeuvre has been analyzed by referring to private correspondence, biographical publications and other documents. The exchange of letters, hitherto largely unknown, proves that exchange of scientific ideas between the two men took place over a long period. Goldschmidt invited Vernadsky for several visits to Oslo in 1927 and to Gottingen in 1932. The exchange is documented in 38 surviving letters written between 1913 and 1939, justifying the conclusion that Goldschmidt's work was substantially inspired and influenced by Vernadsky, at least after 1922. However, Vernadsky's influence on Goldschmidt was mostly restricted to the theoretical background of geochemistry and the processes responsible for distribution of elements in the Earth's crust rather than analytical developments and documentation of element distributions.

Michael R. Dietrich - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Reinventing richard Goldschmidt: reputation, memory, and biography.
    Journal of the history of biology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Michael R. Dietrich
    Abstract:

    Richard Goldschmidt was one of the most controversial biologists of the mid-twentieth century. Rather than fade from view, Goldschmidt’s work and reputation has persisted in the biological community long after he has. Goldschmidt’s longevity is due in large part to how he was represented by Stephen J. Gould. When viewed from the perspective of the biographer, Gould’s revival of Goldschmidt as an evolutionary heretic in the 1970s and 1980s represents a selective reinvention of Goldschmidt that provides a contrast to other kinds of biographical commemorations by scientists.

  • Of moths and men: Theo Lang and the persistence of Richard Goldschmidt's theory of homosexuality, 1916-1960.
    History and philosophy of the life sciences, 2000
    Co-Authors: Michael R. Dietrich
    Abstract:

    Using an analogy between moths and men, in 1916, Richard Goldschmidt proposed that homosexuality was a case of genetic intersexuality. As he strove to create a unified theory of sex determination that would encompass animals ranging from moths to men, Goldschmidt's doubts grew concerning the association of homosexuality with intersexuality until, in 1931, he dropped homosexuality from his theory of intersexuality. Despite Goldschmidt's explicit rejection of his theory of homosexuality, Theo Lang, a researcher in the Genealogical-Demographic Department of the Institute for Psychiatric Research in Munich, revived it, maintained Goldschmidt's association with it, and argued on its behalf in publications from 1936 to 1960. Lang's appropriation of Goldschmidt's theory did not depend on his resolution of the difficulties Goldschmidt had found with his own theory. Lang and Goldschmidt, I argue, had fundamentally different scientific and social commitments that allowed one to reject this theory of homosexuality and the other to accept it.

  • From Hopeful Monsters to Homeotic Effects: Richard Goldschmidt's Integration of Development, Evolution, and Genetics1
    American Zoologist, 2000
    Co-Authors: Michael R. Dietrich
    Abstract:

    Richard Goldschmidt's research on homeotic mutants from 1940 until his death in 1958 represents one of the first serious efforts to integrate genetics, development, and evolution. Using two different models, Goldschmidt tried to show how different views of genetic structure and gene action could provide a mechanism for rapid speciation. Developmental systems were emphasized in one model and a hierarchy of genetic structures in the other. While Goldschmidt tried to find a balance between development and genetics, critics, such as Sewall Wright, urged him and eventually helped him incorporate population dynamics into his models as well. As such, the history of Goldschmidt's research on homeotic mutants highlights the continuing challenge of producing a balanced and integrated developmental evolutionary genetics.

  • Richard Goldschmidt's “heresies” and the evolutionary synthesis
    Journal of the history of biology, 1995
    Co-Authors: Michael R. Dietrich
    Abstract:

    La reputation scientifique de R. Goldschmidt est principalement fondee sur la contribution qu'il a apportee dans deux domaines : l'etude du determinisme sexuel et l'etude des variations geographiques pour lesquelles il s'oppose aux concepts du neodarwinisme

  • richard Goldschmidt s heresies and the evolutionary synthesis
    Journal of the History of Biology, 1995
    Co-Authors: Michael R. Dietrich
    Abstract:

    La reputation scientifique de R. Goldschmidt est principalement fondee sur la contribution qu'il a apportee dans deux domaines : l'etude du determinisme sexuel et l'etude des variations geographiques pour lesquelles il s'oppose aux concepts du neodarwinisme

G. J. Wasserburg - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Citation for presentation of the 2007 V.M. Goldschmidt Award to Guenter W. Lugmair
    Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2009
    Co-Authors: G. J. Wasserburg
    Abstract:

    Victor Moritz Goldschmidt is considered, along with V.I. Vernadsky, to be the founder of modern geochemistry. He was born in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1888, and died on his return from England to Oslo after World War II. Following on the compilation of elemental abundances in igneous rocks by Frank Wigglesworth Clarke, Goldschmidt sought the principles by which the chemical elements were distributed in minerals, igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks, the “bulk earth”, and the "cosmos". He completed his PhD Thesis in 1911 on "Die Kontact metamorphose in Kristiansgebeit" (now Oslo) and at age 26 was appointed director of the Mineral Institute of Oslo (see Fig. 1). Goldschmidt had a deep understanding of theory and the necessity of good data with “modern techniques” on the right samples. He had quick recognition of the connections between different areas of science, of new developments (crystal structure, ionic radii!) and of new technologies, which he applied to a host of problems in the earth sciences. Goldschmidt was appointed Professor of Mineralogy and Petrology in Gottingen, Germany, in 1929, where there was an extremely high level of scientific research in physics, chemistry and mathematics. He benefited enormously through interaction with other great scientists and persuaded the physicist R. Mannkopf to build him a high sensitivity optical spectrograph, which opened the door to revolutionary new studies. Goldschmidt was then driven out of Germany a few years later with the rise of Nazism with the accompanying violent anti-Semitism. After receiving a special edict relieving him of his duties to the Prussian State with a special edict signed by Adolph Hitler in "the name of the third Reich", he returned to Oslo in 1935. After the German invasion of Norway, he escaped to England via Sweden with the help of the Norwegian underground.

Gordon E. Brown - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Georges Calas - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.