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Isabel Bravo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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benthic flattened cells of the phylogenetically related marine dinoflagellates protoceratium reticulatum and ceratocorys mariaovidiorum Gonyaulacales a new type of cyst
2018Co-Authors: Pablo Salgado, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodriguez, Isabel BravoAbstract:A planktonic-benthic relationship has been described for many dinoflagellate species as part of their ecological strategy to overcome highly variable aquatic environments. Here, the phylogenetically and morphologically related marine dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum were studied in relation to an unknown benthic life form. In vivo and fixed samples from cultures were analyzed in detail by light and scanning electron microscopy. In both species, a cell type with a morphology different from that of vegetative cells was observed in cultures grown until stationary phase. This cell type was always benthic, swimming sporadically only when it was disturbed. Its main feature included a strong dorsoventral compression. These cells originated from vegetative cells whose protoplasm underwent a progressive flattening, resulting in a gradual detachment of the reticulate and thick thecal plates and the formation of very thin non-reticulated new plates with pores. When returned to fresh full-strength medium, the cells recovered their spherical vegetative-like morphology, including new reticulated thick plates and subsequent cell divisions. The kinetics of flattened cell formation showed that in both species, this cell type increased exponentially until the onset of the culture stationary phase and then decreased. The results of this study are discussed in the context of the planktonic-benthic coupling in dinoflagellate life cycles, including those newly appreciated to be well adapted to the benthic environment.
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ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp nov Gonyaulacales a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as protoceratium reticulatum
2018Co-Authors: Pablo Salgado, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodriguez, Pilar Riobo, Isabel BravoAbstract:The family Ceratocoryaceae includes the genera Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, and Schuettiella, whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. Here, the new non-yessotoxin-producing species of the genus Ceratocorys, Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov., previously reported as the toxic Protoceratium reticulatum, is described from examinations by light and scanning electron microscopy, molecular phylogeny, and toxin analyses. The species description is made from culture samples of strains CCMP1740 and CCMP404 from USA waters. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum is globular and has thick and strongly reticulated plates with one pore within each reticule, just like P. reticulatum, but the key difference between the two species is the presence of five precingular plates in C. mariaovidiorum instead of six as in P. reticulatum. The thecal plate formula is Po, 4', 0a, 5″, 6c, ~7s, 5‴, 0p, 2''''. The apical pore plate is oval with a λ-shaped pore. The first apical plate is narrow with a ventral pore on the right anterior side; it contacts the apical pore plate and its contact with the anterior sulcal plate is slight or absent. The fourth precingular plate of other Gonyaulacales is absent. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum may have small spines on the second antapical plate. A phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed spacer/5.8SrDNA supports the morphological classification of C. mariaovidiorum as a new species of Ceratocorys and in a different clade from P. reticulatum.
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comparative study of the life cycles ofalexandrium tamutumandalexandrium minutum Gonyaulacales dinophyceae in culture1
2007Co-Authors: Rosa Isabel Figueroa, Esther Garces, Isabel BravoAbstract:The microalgal genus Alexandrium includes species known to produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Due to the importance of discriminating between HAB-forming species, we compared the undescribed life-cycle pattern of Alexandrium tamutum Montresor, Beran et U. John and of its toxic relative Alexandrium minutum Halim. Sexual stages, asexual and sexual division, mating type, and nuclear morphology were studied in both species. Sexual cysts are known to be morphologically identical. However, the relative size of the U-shaped nucleus may be used to differentiate between the cysts of these species since DNA packaging in the resting cysts was lower in A. tamutum than in A. minutum, species in which the planozygote nucleus was reduced to half its volume prior to encystment. The dormancy period of the cysts was <20 d for A. tamutum, but longer than 1 month for A. minutum. In both species, cyst appearance needed to be explained by the existence of more than two sexual types (+/–), which indicates a complex heterothallic mating type. However, planozygotes of both species may divide instead of encysting. This characteristic was used for nutritional and heritage studies. Isolated planozygotes of both species encysted in larger percentages in medium deficient in both nitrates and phosphates (L/15) than in medium without phosphates added (L-P), a medium in which most planozygotes neither divide nor encyst. Parental strains of A. minutum with and without the ventral pore formed planozygotes and, later, offspring with the ventral pore, although apparently smaller than usual. A synchronization–flow cytometry method for discriminating diploids formed by sexual fusion (planozygotes) from cells with 2C DNA content resulting from self-duplication of DNA (dividing cells) was described. The results indicated that the maximum percentage of A. minutum planozygotes (20%) was achieved only 3 to 5 d after crossing the parental strains, and that light might not be needed for the sexual fusion and formation of planozygotes.
Medina Campos Liliana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Los Dinoflagelados del Mioceno Medio Alto - Mioceno Superior del Caribe Colombiano: taxonomía, bioestratigrafía e implicaciones geológicas
2014Co-Authors: Medina Campos LilianaAbstract:Del estudio palinológico del intervalo Mioceno Medio alto – Mioceno Superior, para el Caribe Colombiano se reporta, por primera vez, la ocurrencia de 42 morfotipos de dinoflagelados (22 Gonyaulacales, 19 Peridiniales y 1 del tipo Mixto) con una mayor abundancia de Gonyaulacales en el Valle Inferior del Magdalena y mayor abundancia y diversidad de Peridiniales en la Baja Guajira, coincidiendo esto último, con la diversificación de los Peridiniales durante el Neógeno -- Se reconocen 6 posibles zonas de dinoflagelados en el intervalo Mioceno Medio alto – Mioceno Superior, incrementando así la resolución bioestratigráfica basada en foraminíferos planctónicos y polen -- La variación del índice Peridiniales/Gonyaulacales (P/G), en relación con el porcentaje de Globorotálidos y Neogloboquadrínidos (foraminíferos de aguas profundas), sugieren el sostenimiento de condiciones ricas en nutrientes asociadas con descargas fluviales en el Valle Inferior del Magdalena y sistemas de surgencia en la Baja Guajira -- Las condiciones paleoceanográficas en el área de la Baja Guajira durante el Mioceno Tardío habrían sido análogas a las actuales, sugiriendo así el posible inicio del actual sistema de surgencia de la Guajira para este tiempo -- Para el Valle Inferior del Magdalena se sugieren ambientes de depósito someros para la Unidad Porquero Superior durante el Mioceno Medio tardío, y ambientes de paleodelta para la Unidad Tubará durante el Mioceno Tardío -- En la Baja Guajira se sugieren ambientes de plataforma en la parte alta de la Formación Jimol durante el Mioceno Medio, con ambientes someros (plataforma interna?) hacia la Formación Castilletes durante el Mioceno Tardí
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Los dinoflagelados del mioceno medio alto, mioceno superior del Caribe colombiano : taxonomía, bioestratigrafía e implicaciones geológicas
2012Co-Authors: Medina Campos LilianaAbstract:Del estudio palinológico del intervalo Mioceno Medio alto – Mioceno Superior, para el Caribe Colombiano se reporta, por primera vez, la ocurrencia de 42 morfotipos de dinoflagelados (22 Gonyaulacales, 19 Peridiniales y 1 del tipo Mixto) con una mayor abundancia de Gonyaulacales en el Valle Inferior del Magdalena y mayor abundancia y diversidad de Peridiniales en la Baja Guajira, coincidiendo esto último, con la diversificación de los Peridiniales durante el Neógeno. Se reconocen 6 posibles zonas de dinoflagelados en el intervalo Mioceno Medio alto – Mioceno Superior, incrementando así la resolución bioestratigráfica basada en foraminíferos planctónicos y polen.111 p., 11 p. láminas., 6 p. anexos.From the palynological study of the upper Middle Miocene – Upper Miocene interval, of the Colombian Caribbean it is reported, for the first time, the occurrence of 42 dinoflagellate morphotypes (22 Gonyaulacal, 19 Peridinial and 1 of the Mixed type) with a greater abundance of the Gonyaulacal group in the Lower Magdalena Valley and greater abundance and diversity of the Peridinial group in Lower Guajira. The latter occurrence agrees with the diversification of the Peridinial group during the Neogene. Six (6) possible dinoflagellate zones are recognized in the upper Middle Miocene – Upper Miocene interval thus increasing the biostratigraphic resolution provided by planktonic foraminifera and pollen.Contenido parcial: Los Dinoflagelados como indicadores paleoambientales y como herramientas bioestratigráficas -- El Mar Caribe durante el Mioceno -- La Cuenca del Valle Inferior del Magdalena -- Margen continental de la Baja Guajira -- Preparación de las placas palinológicas
Shauna A. Murray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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development of a quantitative pcr assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin producing dinoflagellate gambierdiscus lapillus Gonyaulacales dinophyceae
2019Co-Authors: Anna Liza Kretzschmar, Arjun Verma, Gurjeet S Kohli, Shauna A. MurrayAbstract:Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, CFP is prevalent in tropical Queensland and increasingly in sub-tropical regions of Australia, but has a report rate of approximately 10%. Yet the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species first described from Australia. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, to determine the presence and patchiness of this species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp. and Sargassum sp. macroalgal hosts.
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trial by phylogenetics evaluating the multi species coalescent for phylogenetic inference on taxa with high levels of paralogy Gonyaulacales dinophyceae
2019Co-Authors: Anna Liza Kretzschmar, Shauna A. Murray, Arjun Verma, Tim Kahlke, Mathieu Fourment, Aaron E DarlingAbstract:From publicly available next-gen sequencing datasets of non-model organisms, such as marine protists, arise opportunities to explore their evolutionary relationships. In this study we explored the effects that dataset and model selection have on the phylogenetic inference of the Gonyaulacales, single celled marine algae of the phylum Dinoflagellata with genomes that show extensive paralogy. We developed a method for identifying and extracting single copy genes from RNA-seq libraries and compared phylogenies inferred from these single copy genes with those inferred from commonly used genetic markers and phylogenetic methods. Comparison of two datasets and three different phylogenetic models showed that exclusive use of ribosomal DNA sequences, maximum likelihood and gene concatenation showed very different results to that obtained with the multi-species coalescent. The multi-species coalescent has recently been recognized as being robust to the inclusion of paralogs, including hidden paralogs present in single copy gene sets (pseudoorthologs). Comparisons of model fit strongly favored the multi-species coalescent for these data, over a concatenated alignment (single tree) model. Our findings suggest that the multi-species coalescent (inferred either via Maximum Likelihood or Bayesian Inference) should be considered for future phylogenetic studies of organisms where accurate selection of orthologs is difficult.
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development of a quantitative pcr assay for the detection and enumeration of a potentially ciguatoxin producing dinoflagellate gambierdiscus lapillus Gonyaulacales dinophyceae
2019Co-Authors: Anna Liza Kretzschmar, Arjun Verma, Gurjeet S Kohli, Shauna A. MurrayAbstract:Abstract Ciguatera fish poisoning is an illness contracted through the ingestion of seafood containing ciguatoxins. It is prevalent in tropical regions worldwide, including in Australia. Ciguatoxins are produced by some species of Gambierdiscus. Therefore, screening of Gambierdiscus species identification through quantitative PCR (qPCR), along with the determination of species toxicity, can be useful in monitoring potential ciguatera risk in these regions. In Australia, the identity, distribution and abundance of ciguatoxin producing Gambierdiscus spp. is largely unknown. In this study we developed a rapid qPCR assay to quantify the presence and abundance of Gambierdiscus lapillus, a likely ciguatoxic species. We assessed the specificity and efficiency of the qPCR assay. The assay was tested on 25 environmental samples from the Heron Island reef in the southern Great Barrier Reef, a ciguatera endemic region, in triplicate to determine the presence and patchiness of these species across samples from Chnoospora sp., Padina sp. and Sargassum macroalgal hosts. Author’s summary Ciguatera fish poisoning is a human disease contracted by ingesting seafood contaminated with a group of neurotoxins. The group of neurotoxins, named ciguatoxins, are synthesised by species of single celled marine algae from the genus Gambierdiscus. Ciguatera fish poisoning occurs worldwide, particularly in tropical nations. Pacific Island nations are disproportionately impacted, and this impact is predicted to increase as the effects of climate change unfold. Few effective monitoring and mitigation strategies exist for ciguatera fish poisoning, and reporting rates of the disease are estimated to be approximately 20% at best. A global ciguatera strategy was developed by a group of researchers coordinated by UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission to characterise the cause and mode of action of ciguatera fish poisoning, as a matter of urgency. In this study, we designed a qPCR assay to detect a species of microalgae, Gambierdiscus lapillus. Gambierdiscus lapillus produces compounds with ciguatoxin-like properties, which may lead to ciguatoxin uptake in fish in the Australian region. This assay was sensitive and able to detect the presence of Gambierdiscus lapillus in a range of environmental samples from the Great Barrier Reef region, Australia.
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characterization of gambierdiscus lapillus sp nov Gonyaulacales dinophyceae a new toxic dinoflagellate from the great barrier reef australia
2017Co-Authors: Anna Liza Kretzschmar, Arjun Verma, Mona Hoppenrath, Tim D Harwood, Shauna A. MurrayAbstract:Gambierdiscus is a genus of benthic dinoflagellates found worldwide. Some species produce neurotoxins (maitotoxins and ciguatoxins) that bioaccumulate and cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP), a potentially fatal food-borne illness that is common worldwide in tropical regions. The investigation of toxigenic species of Gambierdiscus in CFP endemic regions in Australia is necessary as a first step to determine which species of Gambierdiscus are related to CFP cases occurring in this region. In this study, we characterized five strains of Gambierdiscus collected from Heron Island, Australia, a region in which ciguatera is endemic. Clonal cultures were assessed using (i) light microscopy; (ii) scanning electron microscopy; (iii) DNA sequencing based on the nuclear encoded ribosomal 18S and D8-D10 28S regions; (iv) toxicity via mouse bioassay; and (v) toxin profile as determined by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Both the morphological and phylogenetic data indicated that these strains represent a new species of Gambierdiscus, G. lapillus sp. nov. (plate formula Po, 3', 0a, 7″, 6c, 7-8s, 5‴, 0p, 2″″ and distinctive by size and hatchet-shaped 2' plate). Culture extracts were found to be toxic using the mouse bioassay. Using chemical analysis, it was determined that they did not contain maitotoxin (MTX1) or known algal-derived ciguatoxin analogs (CTX3B, 3C, CTX4A, 4B), but that they contained putative MTX3, and likely other unknown compounds.
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improving the analysis of dinoflagellate phylogeny based on rdna
2005Co-Authors: Shauna A. Murray, Marten Flo Jorgensen, Simon Y W Ho, Lars S Jermiin, David J. PattersonAbstract:Phylogenetic studies of dinoflagellates are often conducted using rDNA sequences. In analyses to date, the monophyly of some of the major lineages of dinoflagellates remain to be demonstrated. There are several reasons for this uncertainty, one of which may be the use of models of evolution that may not closely fit the data. We constructed and examined alignments of SSU and partial LSU rRNA along with a concatenated alignment of the two molecules. The alignments showed several characteristics that may confound phylogeny reconstruction: paired helix (stem) regions that contain non-independently evolving sites, high levels of compositional heterogeneity among some of the sequences, high levels of incompatibility (homoplasy), and rate heterogeneity among sites. Taking into account these confounding factors, we analysed the data and found that the Gonyaulacales, a well-supported clade, may be the most recently diverged order. Other supported orders were, in the analysis based on SSU, the Suessiales and the Dinophysiales; however, the Gymnodiniales and Prorocentrales appeared to be polyphyletic. The Peridiniales without Heterocapsa species appeared as a monophyletic group in the analysis based on LSU; however, the support was low. The concatenated alignment did not provide a better phylogenetic resolution than the single gene alignments.
Arai Mitsuru - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Palinotaxonomia da seção cretácea a neogena da Bacia de Pelotas, Brasil: cistos de dinoflagelados das ordens Ptychodiscales e Gonyaulacales
2018Co-Authors: Premaor Eduardo, Souza, Paulo A., Ferreira, Elizabete P., Guerstein G. Raquel, Arai MitsuruAbstract:Dinoflagellate cysts are commonly used to obtain the relative ages, correlations and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Cretaceous and Paleogenic sections of the Brazilian continental margin. However, the micropaleontological data of the Pelotas Basin is mainly concerning to calcareous microfossils, which is not true for the sedimentary deposits of the Pelotas Basin, whose micropaleontological informations is mostly referring by calcareous microfossils. In this second contribution, we present the systematic and descriptive detailing of the dinoflagellates cysts of the Ptychodiscales and Gonyaulacales orders, from the analysis of 535 samples collected from two wells (BP-01 and BP-02) drilled by Petrobras S.A. in the offshore portion of the Pelotas Basin. The levels analyzed are rich and diverse, enabling the recognition of 137 species. In greater numbers, cysts belonging to the Order Gonyaulacales include 76 genera, 133 species, besides three sub-species. Two genera and four species were assigned to the Order Ptychodiscales. Among the described taxa, 72 are cited for the first time for the Brazilian basins. The recognized associations indicated ages between the Cretaceous and the Neogene, based on the occurrences of E. dettmanniae, D. acuminatum and O. indigena for the Cretaceous; D. californica, D. carposphaeropsis and E. reticulata for the Paleocene; B. longissimum, M. fimbriatum and M. perforatum for the Eocene; C. galea, C. aubryae and H. obscura for the Miocene. R. actinocoronata and A. andalousiensis recorded at the post-Miocene levels of the basin are indicative of younger ages, possibly positioned between the Pliocene and the PleistoceneCistos de dinoflagelados são comumente utilizados para a obtenção das idades relativas, correlações e interpretações paleoambientais das seções cretáceas e paleógenas da margem continental brasileira. Contudo, as informações micropaleontológicas da Bacia de Pelotas são referentes, na sua maioria, a microfósseis calcários. Nesta segunda contribuição, o detalhamento sistemático e descritivo das associações de cistos de dinoflagelados das ordens Ptychodiscales e Gonyaulacales é apresentado, a partir da análise 535 amostras de dois poços (BP-01 e BP-02) perfurados pela Petrobras S.A. na porção offshore da Bacia de Pelotas. Os níveis analisados mostraram-se ricos e diversificados, possibilitando o reconhecimento 137 espécies de cistos de dinoflagelados. Em maior número, cistos pertencentes à Ordem Gonyaulacales totalizaram 76 gêneros, 133 espécies, além de três subespécies. Dois gêneros e quatro espécies foram conferidos à Ordem Ptychodiscales. Do total de táxons descritos, 72 são citados pela primeira vez para as bacias brasileiras. As associações reconhecidas indicaram idades entre o Crétaceo e o Neogeno, tendo como base as ocorrências de E. dettmanniae, D. acuminatum e O. indigena para o Cretáceo; D. californica, D. carposphaeropsis e E. reticulata para o Paleoceno; B. longissimum, M. fimbriatum e M. perforatum para o Eoceno; C. galea, C. aubryae e H. obscura para o Mioceno. R. actinocoronata e A. andalousiensis, registradas em níveis pós miocênicos da bacia, são indicativas de idades mais jovens, possivelmente posicionadas entre o Plioceno e o Pleistoceno
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Palynotaxonomy of the cretaceos to neogene section of the Pelotas Brasin, Brasil: dinoflagellate cysts of Ptychodiscales and Gonyaulacales orders
2018Co-Authors: Premaor Eduardo, Ferreira, Elizabete P., Guerstein G. Raquel, Souza Paulo, Arai MitsuruAbstract:Cistos de dinoflagelados são comumente utilizados para a obtenção das idades relativas, correlações e interpretações paleoambientais das seções cretáceas e paleógenas da margem continental brasileira. Contudo, as informações micropaleontológicas da Bacia de Pelotas são referentes, na sua maioria, a microfósseis calcários. Nesta segunda contribuição, o detalhamento sistemático e descritivo das associações de cistos de dinoflagelados das ordens Ptychodiscales e Gonyaulacales é apresentado, a partir da análise 535 amostras de dois poços (BP-01 e BP-02) perfurados pela Petrobras S.A. na porção offshore da Bacia de Pelotas. Os níveis analisados mostraram-se ricos e diversificados, possibilitando o reconhecimento 137 espécies de cistos de dinoflagelados. Em maior número, cistos pertencentes à Ordem Gonyaulacales totalizaram 76 gêneros, 133 espécies, além de três subespécies. Dois gêneros e quatro espécies foram conferidos à Ordem Ptychodiscales. Do total de táxons descritos, 72 são citados pela primeira vez para as bacias brasileiras. As associações reconhecidas indicaram idades entre o Crétaceo e o Neogeno, tendo como base as ocorrências de E. dettmanniae, D. acuminatum e O. indigena para o Cretáceo; D. californica, D. carposphaeropsis e E. reticulata para o Paleoceno; B. longissimum, M. fimbriatum e M. perforatum para o Eoceno; C. galea, C. aubryae e H. obscura para o Mioceno. R. actinocoronata e A. andalousiensis, registradas em níveis pós miocênicos da bacia, são indicativas de idades mais jovens, possivelmente posicionadas entre o Plioceno e o Pleistoceno.Dinoflagellate cysts are commonly used to obtain the relative ages, correlations and paleoenvironmental interpretations of the Cretaceous and Paleogenic sections of the Brazilian continental margin. However, the micropaleontological data of the Pelotas Basin is mainly concerning to calcareous microfossils, which is not true for the sedimentary deposits of the Pelotas Basin, whose micropaleontological informations is mostly referring by calcareous microfossils. In this second contribution, we present the systematic and descriptive detailing of the dinoflagellates cysts of the Ptychodiscales and Gonyaulacales orders, from the analysis of 535 samples collected from two wells (BP-01 and BP-02) drilled by Petrobras S.A. in the offshore portion of the Pelotas Basin. The levels analyzed are rich and diverse, enabling the recognition of 137 species. In greater numbers, cysts belonging to the Order Gonyaulacales include 76 genera, 133 species, besides three sub-species. Two genera and four species were assigned to the Order Ptychodiscales. Among the described taxa, 72 are cited for the first time for the Brazilian basins. The recognized associations indicated ages between the Cretaceous and the Neogene, based on the occurrences of E. dettmanniae, D. acuminatum and O. indigena for the Cretaceous; D. californica, D. carposphaeropsis and E. reticulata for the Paleocene; B. longissimum, M. fimbriatum and M. perforatum for the Eocene; C. galea, C. aubryae and H. obscura for the Miocene. R. actinocoronata and A. andalousiensis recorded at the post-Miocene levels of the basin are indicative of younger ages, possibly positioned between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene.Fil: Premaor, Eduardo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Souza, Paulo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Ferreira, Elizabete P.. Centro de Pesquisas e Desenvolvimento Leopoldo A. M. Mello; BrasilFil: Guerstein, Gladys Raquel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Arai, Mitsuru. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; Brasi
Pablo Salgado - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp nov Gonyaulacales a new dinoflagellate species previously reported as protoceratium reticulatum
2018Co-Authors: Pablo Salgado, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodriguez, Pilar Riobo, Isabel BravoAbstract:The family Ceratocoryaceae includes the genera Ceratocorys, Protoceratium, and Schuettiella, whose phylogenetic relationships are poorly known. Here, the new non-yessotoxin-producing species of the genus Ceratocorys, Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum sp. nov., previously reported as the toxic Protoceratium reticulatum, is described from examinations by light and scanning electron microscopy, molecular phylogeny, and toxin analyses. The species description is made from culture samples of strains CCMP1740 and CCMP404 from USA waters. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum is globular and has thick and strongly reticulated plates with one pore within each reticule, just like P. reticulatum, but the key difference between the two species is the presence of five precingular plates in C. mariaovidiorum instead of six as in P. reticulatum. The thecal plate formula is Po, 4', 0a, 5″, 6c, ~7s, 5‴, 0p, 2''''. The apical pore plate is oval with a λ-shaped pore. The first apical plate is narrow with a ventral pore on the right anterior side; it contacts the apical pore plate and its contact with the anterior sulcal plate is slight or absent. The fourth precingular plate of other Gonyaulacales is absent. Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum may have small spines on the second antapical plate. A phylogenetic study based on internal transcribed spacer/5.8SrDNA supports the morphological classification of C. mariaovidiorum as a new species of Ceratocorys and in a different clade from P. reticulatum.
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benthic flattened cells of the phylogenetically related marine dinoflagellates protoceratium reticulatum and ceratocorys mariaovidiorum Gonyaulacales a new type of cyst
2018Co-Authors: Pablo Salgado, Santiago Fraga, Francisco Rodriguez, Isabel BravoAbstract:A planktonic-benthic relationship has been described for many dinoflagellate species as part of their ecological strategy to overcome highly variable aquatic environments. Here, the phylogenetically and morphologically related marine dinoflagellates Protoceratium reticulatum and Ceratocorys mariaovidiorum were studied in relation to an unknown benthic life form. In vivo and fixed samples from cultures were analyzed in detail by light and scanning electron microscopy. In both species, a cell type with a morphology different from that of vegetative cells was observed in cultures grown until stationary phase. This cell type was always benthic, swimming sporadically only when it was disturbed. Its main feature included a strong dorsoventral compression. These cells originated from vegetative cells whose protoplasm underwent a progressive flattening, resulting in a gradual detachment of the reticulate and thick thecal plates and the formation of very thin non-reticulated new plates with pores. When returned to fresh full-strength medium, the cells recovered their spherical vegetative-like morphology, including new reticulated thick plates and subsequent cell divisions. The kinetics of flattened cell formation showed that in both species, this cell type increased exponentially until the onset of the culture stationary phase and then decreased. The results of this study are discussed in the context of the planktonic-benthic coupling in dinoflagellate life cycles, including those newly appreciated to be well adapted to the benthic environment.