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C W Wrigley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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units of Grain Science and trade equivalence between the us chinese and metric units
Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016Co-Authors: W Huang, C W WrigleyAbstract:Until the SI metric system of units of measurement becomes generally adopted worldwide, there will be the need for conversion tables by which to determine the equivalence from one system to another. The main nonmetric systems in the world are those used in the United States and in China. Conversion between these three systems is facilitated in this article with equivalence tables. In addition, background to these systems is described, together with a further range of terms specific to Grain Science, for example, dough testing.
Byington Sarah - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Antibiotic resistant enterococci in laboratory reared stored-product insect species and their diets
Kansas State University, 2024Co-Authors: Byington SarahAbstract:Master of ScienceDepartment of Grain Science and IndustryBhadriraju SubramanyamHulya DoganStored-product insects and stored products from feed mills and swine farms contain antibiotic and potentially virulent Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Enterococcus gallinarum, and Enterococcus hirae. Stored-product insects can serve as potential vectors of these enterococci which possess antibiotic resistance genes that can be spread by horizontal transfer to more serious human pathogens. In the present study, the species and concentration of enterococci from adults and larvae of key stored-product insects and insect diets and their antibiotic resistance profile were characterized. Adults of five species out of the 15 stored-product insects were tested positive for enterococci, and these included Callosobruchus maculatus (F.), Sitophilus granarius (L.), Stegobium paniceum (L.), Lasioderma serricorne (F.), and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Three enterococcal species (E. casseliflavus, E. faecalis, and E. faecium) were found in 53 to 97% of the 30 adults screened for each insect species, and the enterococcal concentrations ranged from 1.4 x 10³ to 3.1 x 10⁶ CFU/adult. About 10 to 100% of the mature larvae of the respective five insect species had these three enterococcal species with concentrations ranging from 0.3 x 10¹ to 1.4 x 10⁵ CFU/larvae. Only three of the eight insect diets screened had the same three enterococci species in addition to E. gallinarum and E. hirae at concentrations of 0.2 x 10¹ to 5.9 x 10³ CFU/g. The greatest enterococcal concentration was found in C. maculatus adults but not in their larvae or diet (cowpeas). In C. maculatus during a nine-day period after adult eclosion, the enterococcal concentrations increased exponentially from 0.6 x 10¹ to a maximum of 4.1 x 10⁷ CFU/adult. Enterococci were detected in the fecal material of C. maculatus during a four-day period with a maximum concentration of 3.3 x 10³ CFU/adult on the fourth day. A total of 298 enterococcal isolates from adults, larvae, and diets were represented by E. faecalis (51.7% of the total), E. faecium (19.1%), E. casseliflavus (18.8%), E. gallinarum (5.7%), and E. hirae (4.7%). Enterococci were phenotypically resistant to quinupristin (51.3% of the total), erythromycin (38.9%), tetracycline (30.1%), enrofloxacin (29.2%), doxycycline (11.5%), and tigecycline (2.7%). All isolates were susceptible to ampicillin and vancomycin
W Huang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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units of Grain Science and trade equivalence between the us chinese and metric units
Encyclopedia of Food Grains (Second Edition), 2016Co-Authors: W Huang, C W WrigleyAbstract:Until the SI metric system of units of measurement becomes generally adopted worldwide, there will be the need for conversion tables by which to determine the equivalence from one system to another. The main nonmetric systems in the world are those used in the United States and in China. Conversion between these three systems is facilitated in this article with equivalence tables. In addition, background to these systems is described, together with a further range of terms specific to Grain Science, for example, dough testing.
Scheff, Deanna Sue - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Packaging technologies for the control of stored-product insects
Kansas State University, 2024Co-Authors: Scheff, Deanna SueAbstract:Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Grain Science and IndustrySubramanyam BhadrirajuHulya DoganLarvae of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), have the ability to invade or penetrate packaging materials and infest the food within. Energy bars with three polypropylene packaging types were challenged with eggs (for first instars), third, and fifth instars of P. interpunctella to determine package resistance to larvae at 28°C and 65% r.h. to determine which provided the greatest protection against P. interpunctella larval penetration. Third and fifth instars showed a higher propensity to infest all packaging variations. First instars showed a reduction in package pentration abiltiy compared to third and fifth instars. Methoprene is an insect growth regulator labeled in the USA for use as an aerosol spray, a residual surface treatment, and as a Grain protectant, and recently has been impregnated into a polymer-based packing film to prevent insect infestations of packaged products. The objectives of these studies were 1) determine the effect of short term exposure time and temperature on four week old larvae, continual exposure on egg-to-adult emergence of beetles, and sub-lethal effect on adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and warehouse beetle, Trogoderma variabile Ballion, on the inside and outside surfaces of methoprene-treated woven packaging material at 27 and 32°C at 60% r.h.; 2) evaluate fecundity, egg hatch, and egg-to-adult emergence of T. castaneum and T. variabile, when exposed to two methoprene-impregnated polymer packaging on the inside and outside surfaces at 27 and 32°C at 60% r.h.; and 3) determine the effect of methoprene-treated foil packaging on larval emergence, penetration, and invasion ability of T. variabile and P. interpunctella at 27°C and 60% r.h. Short term exposure results indicated that adult emergence from larvae of T. castaneum and T. variabile decreased with increasing exposure time. The number of eggs laid per female of T. castaneum and T. variabile did not vary from their controls. Continual exposure demonstrated 100% supression of T. castaneum adult emergence, irrespective of exposure to outside or inside surfaces. T. variabile exposed to inside surfaces were unaffected and normal adult emergence was reduced in those exposed to outside surfaces.. The number of T. variabile eggs laid per female was not significantly different among polymer packaging types. The methoprene-treated polyethylene terephthalate to polyethylene packaging, PET-PE reduced the number of T. castaneum eggs laid per female. Both polymer packaging reduced the percent hatch of both species. No T. castaneum adults emerged on the inside surface of PET-PE and both sides of the polyethlyene to polyethylene (PE-PE). Egg-to-adult emergence of T. variabile was arrested at the pupal stage on the outside surface of PE-PE packaging. The PET-PE packaging greatly reduced the number of normal adults by 87 to 97% when exposed to inside surfaces at both temperatures. The foil packaging had no significant effect on hatch of either species. T. variabile were unable to penetrate/invade any foil packages. P. interpunctella invaded all packaging containing pinholes. Therefore, continual exposure of T. castaneum and T. variabile to methoprene impregnated packaging could be a vaiable tool to protect food packages
Corsato Alvarenga Isabella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Extrusion process to retain resistant starch in a pet food for the purpose of altering colonic fermentation end products that benefit dog health
2021Co-Authors: Corsato Alvarenga IsabellaAbstract:Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Grain Science and IndustryGreg AldrichStarch that escapes enzymatic digestion in the small intestine is considered resistant (RS). This RS can be fermented by saccharolytic bacteria in the colon and may benefit gut health. Raw crystalline starch granules contain RS type II. Mild extrusion of pet foods may retain some RS II or develop RS type III (retrograded) that may indirectly benefit animal health. The objectives of the present work were to determine the amount of RS present in typical commercial pet foods, develop a response surface model that predicts RS to maximize RS in corn based extruded kibble, produce dog kibbles with three levels of RS based on model criteria, and determine the effects of these diets on dog colonic health, markers of satiety, metabolomics of serum and feces, and fecal microbiome. In commercial dog and cat foods which were either Grain-free or Grain based (20 total diets) from a sampling frame of 654 pet foods had low RS (average 0.05) by dietary treatments, but dogs fed the MS and LS foods had more indication of saccharolysis, promoted by a higher fecal glucose and oligosaccharides concentration (P < 0.05, q < 0.1). Fecal butyrate concentration increased in dogs fed the LS diet relative to HS, and MS was similar to both extremes (P < 0.05). Diets had no effect on satiety hormones or local immunity, which might suggest the need for a longer feeding period and(or) a diet produced with lower thermomechanical energy for a dietary effect. In conclusion, we suggest a low to mild shear extrusion process to produce corn-based kibbles that may promote gut health
