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Kazuhiko Yokosawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Apparent physical brightness of Graphemes is altered by their synaesthetic colour in Grapheme-colour synaesthetes
Scientific Reports, 2020Co-Authors: Kyuto Uno, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:Grapheme-colour synaesthesia is a condition in which the visual perception of letters or numbers induces a specific colour sensation. In this study, we demonstrated that the apparent physical brightness of Graphemes is modulated by the synaesthetic colours elicited by them. Synaesthetes first selected a synaesthetic colour corresponding to each capital letter and digit. Then, we selected a Grapheme stimulus with a bright synaesthetic colour and one with a dark colour for each synaesthete. Finally, synaesthetes and non-synaesthete controls participated in a brightness judgment task, in which each participant judged the real brightness of each of the two stimuli compared to a standard stimulus. Compared to non-synaesthetes, synaesthetes judged a Grapheme with a bright synaesthetic colour to be brighter than one with a dark synaesthetic colour, suggesting that the synaesthetic colour experience of synaesthetes alters their brightness perception. Such alteration in real brightness perception was observed both in those who experienced synaesthetic colours in external space (projector-type synaesthetes) and in those who experienced such colours ‘in the mind’s eye’ (associator-type synaesthetes). These results support the view that early visual processing is modulated by feedback transmitted from the V4 colour area, the neural activation of which accompanies synaesthetic colour experience.
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Grapheme-color associations can transfer to novel Graphemes when synesthetic colors function as Grapheme “discriminating markers”
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2020Co-Authors: Michiko Asano, Hana Kadowaki, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:Synesthesia is a condition in which the perception of a stimulus in one modality automatically triggers a secondary sensation in another modality or processing stream. Our study focused on Grapheme-color synesthesia, in which the visual perception of letters or numbers (Graphemes) induces a specific color sensation (the synesthetic color). Grapheme-color synesthetes do not typically experience colors for novel Graphemes. However, synesthetic colors associated with familiar Graphemes can be transferred to Graphemes learned later, even in adulthood. A previous study has shown that such a transfer can take place after only a 10-min writing exercise. In this study, we found that this immediate transfer occurs only when the synesthetic colors for familiar Graphemes contribute to the discrimination of the Graphemes to be learned. Synesthetes learned six novel Graphemes, each of which was arbitrarily associated with one of six familiar Graphemes. Half of the synesthetes were assigned to the heterogeneous condition, in which the synesthetic colors of one group of familiar Graphemes were different from one another. The other half of the synesthetes were assigned to the homogeneous condition, in which the various colors of a whole group of familiar Graphemes were categorically the same. After this learning session, less transfer of synesthetic colors to novel Graphemes from the corresponding familiar Graphemes occurred in the homogeneous condition than in the heterogeneous condition. These results support the view that synesthetic colors for Graphemes may function as a Grapheme acquisition aid.
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synaesthetic colour associations for japanese kanji characters from the perspective of Grapheme learning
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2019Co-Authors: Michiko Asano, Soichiro Takahashi, Takuya Tsushiro, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:One of the fundamental questions about Grapheme–colour synaesthesia is how specific associations between the Graphemes and colours are formed. We addressed this question by focusing on the determin...
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why is the synesthete s a red using a five language dataset to disentangle the effects of shape sound semantics and ordinality on inducer concurrent relationships in Grapheme color synesthesia
Cortex, 2017Co-Authors: Nicholas B Root, Michiko Asano, Kazuhiko Yokosawa, Romke Rouw, Chaiyoun Kim, Helena Melero, Vilayanur S RamachandranAbstract:Abstract Grapheme-color synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which viewing a Grapheme elicits an additional, automatic, and consistent sensation of color. Color-to-letter associations in synesthesia are interesting in their own right, but also offer an opportunity to examine relationships between visual, acoustic, and semantic aspects of language. Research using large populations of synesthetes has indeed found that Grapheme-color pairings can be influenced by numerous properties of Graphemes, but the contributions made by each of these explanatory factors are often confounded in a monolingual dataset (i.e., only English-speaking synesthetes). Here, we report the first demonstration of how a multilingual dataset can reveal potentially-universal influences on synesthetic associations, and disentangle previously-confounded hypotheses about the relationship between properties of synesthetic color and properties of the Grapheme that induces it. Numerous studies have reported that for English-speaking synesthetes, “A” tends to be colored red more often than predicted by chance, and several explanatory factors have been proposed that could explain this association. Using a five-language dataset (native English, Dutch, Spanish, Japanese, and Korean speakers), we compare the predictions made by each explanatory factor, and show that only an ordinal explanation makes consistent predictions across all five languages, suggesting that the English “A” is red because the first Grapheme of a synesthete's alphabet or syllabary tends to be associated with red. We propose that the relationship between the first Grapheme and the color red is an association between an unusually-distinct ordinal position (“first”) and an unusually-distinct color (red). We test the predictions made by this theory, and demonstrate that the first Grapheme is unusually distinct (has a color that is distant in color space from the other letters' colors). Our results demonstrate the importance of considering cross-linguistic similarities and differences in synesthesia, and suggest that some influences on Grapheme-color associations in synesthesia might be universal.
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Grapheme learning and Grapheme-color synesthesia: toward a comprehensive model of Grapheme-color association.
Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Michiko Asano, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:Recent progress in Grapheme-color synesthesia research has revealed that certain regularities, as well as individual differences, figure into Grapheme-color associations. Although several factors are known to regulate Grapheme-color associations, the impact of factors, including their interrelationships, on synesthesia remains unclear. We investigated determinants of synesthetic color for Graphemes (characters, letters) of Hiragana, a phonetic script in the Japanese language, and the English alphabet. Results revealed that Grapheme ordinality was the strongest predictor of synesthetic colors for Hiragana characters, followed by character sound, and visual shape. Ordinality and visual shapes also significantly predicted synesthetic colors for English alphabet letters, however, sounds did not. The relative impact of Grapheme properties on Grapheme-color associations and the differences between these two writing systems are accounted for by considering the way Graphemes are processed in the brain and introduced during an individual's development. A new model is proposed which takes into account the developmental process of Grapheme learning. The model provides comprehensive explanation of synesthetic Grapheme-color association determination processes, including the differences across writing systems.
Michiko Asano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Grapheme-color associations can transfer to novel Graphemes when synesthetic colors function as Grapheme “discriminating markers”
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 2020Co-Authors: Michiko Asano, Hana Kadowaki, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:Synesthesia is a condition in which the perception of a stimulus in one modality automatically triggers a secondary sensation in another modality or processing stream. Our study focused on Grapheme-color synesthesia, in which the visual perception of letters or numbers (Graphemes) induces a specific color sensation (the synesthetic color). Grapheme-color synesthetes do not typically experience colors for novel Graphemes. However, synesthetic colors associated with familiar Graphemes can be transferred to Graphemes learned later, even in adulthood. A previous study has shown that such a transfer can take place after only a 10-min writing exercise. In this study, we found that this immediate transfer occurs only when the synesthetic colors for familiar Graphemes contribute to the discrimination of the Graphemes to be learned. Synesthetes learned six novel Graphemes, each of which was arbitrarily associated with one of six familiar Graphemes. Half of the synesthetes were assigned to the heterogeneous condition, in which the synesthetic colors of one group of familiar Graphemes were different from one another. The other half of the synesthetes were assigned to the homogeneous condition, in which the various colors of a whole group of familiar Graphemes were categorically the same. After this learning session, less transfer of synesthetic colors to novel Graphemes from the corresponding familiar Graphemes occurred in the homogeneous condition than in the heterogeneous condition. These results support the view that synesthetic colors for Graphemes may function as a Grapheme acquisition aid.
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synaesthetic colour associations for japanese kanji characters from the perspective of Grapheme learning
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2019Co-Authors: Michiko Asano, Soichiro Takahashi, Takuya Tsushiro, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:One of the fundamental questions about Grapheme–colour synaesthesia is how specific associations between the Graphemes and colours are formed. We addressed this question by focusing on the determin...
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why is the synesthete s a red using a five language dataset to disentangle the effects of shape sound semantics and ordinality on inducer concurrent relationships in Grapheme color synesthesia
Cortex, 2017Co-Authors: Nicholas B Root, Michiko Asano, Kazuhiko Yokosawa, Romke Rouw, Chaiyoun Kim, Helena Melero, Vilayanur S RamachandranAbstract:Abstract Grapheme-color synesthesia is a neurological phenomenon in which viewing a Grapheme elicits an additional, automatic, and consistent sensation of color. Color-to-letter associations in synesthesia are interesting in their own right, but also offer an opportunity to examine relationships between visual, acoustic, and semantic aspects of language. Research using large populations of synesthetes has indeed found that Grapheme-color pairings can be influenced by numerous properties of Graphemes, but the contributions made by each of these explanatory factors are often confounded in a monolingual dataset (i.e., only English-speaking synesthetes). Here, we report the first demonstration of how a multilingual dataset can reveal potentially-universal influences on synesthetic associations, and disentangle previously-confounded hypotheses about the relationship between properties of synesthetic color and properties of the Grapheme that induces it. Numerous studies have reported that for English-speaking synesthetes, “A” tends to be colored red more often than predicted by chance, and several explanatory factors have been proposed that could explain this association. Using a five-language dataset (native English, Dutch, Spanish, Japanese, and Korean speakers), we compare the predictions made by each explanatory factor, and show that only an ordinal explanation makes consistent predictions across all five languages, suggesting that the English “A” is red because the first Grapheme of a synesthete's alphabet or syllabary tends to be associated with red. We propose that the relationship between the first Grapheme and the color red is an association between an unusually-distinct ordinal position (“first”) and an unusually-distinct color (red). We test the predictions made by this theory, and demonstrate that the first Grapheme is unusually distinct (has a color that is distant in color space from the other letters' colors). Our results demonstrate the importance of considering cross-linguistic similarities and differences in synesthesia, and suggest that some influences on Grapheme-color associations in synesthesia might be universal.
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Grapheme learning and Grapheme-color synesthesia: toward a comprehensive model of Grapheme-color association.
Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2013Co-Authors: Michiko Asano, Kazuhiko YokosawaAbstract:Recent progress in Grapheme-color synesthesia research has revealed that certain regularities, as well as individual differences, figure into Grapheme-color associations. Although several factors are known to regulate Grapheme-color associations, the impact of factors, including their interrelationships, on synesthesia remains unclear. We investigated determinants of synesthetic color for Graphemes (characters, letters) of Hiragana, a phonetic script in the Japanese language, and the English alphabet. Results revealed that Grapheme ordinality was the strongest predictor of synesthetic colors for Hiragana characters, followed by character sound, and visual shape. Ordinality and visual shapes also significantly predicted synesthetic colors for English alphabet letters, however, sounds did not. The relative impact of Grapheme properties on Grapheme-color associations and the differences between these two writing systems are accounted for by considering the way Graphemes are processed in the brain and introduced during an individual's development. A new model is proposed which takes into account the developmental process of Grapheme learning. The model provides comprehensive explanation of synesthetic Grapheme-color association determination processes, including the differences across writing systems.
Jong-hyeok Lee - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unlimited vocabulary Grapheme to phoneme conversion for Korean TTS
Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1998Co-Authors: Byeongchang Kim, Wonil Lee, Geunbae Lee, Jong-hyeok LeeAbstract:This paper describes a Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check. The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symbols into standard Korean Graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In the morpheme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic patterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grammaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes. In the experiments with a corpus of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion performance and 97.5% of the sentence conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method.
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COLING-ACL - Unlimited Vocabulary Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion for Korean TTS
Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1998Co-Authors: Byeongchang Kim, Wonil Lee, Geunbae Lee, Jong-hyeok LeeAbstract:This paper describes a Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check.The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symbols into standard Korean Graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In the morpheme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic patterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grammaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes.In the experiments with a corpus of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method.
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Unlimited Vocabulary Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion for
1997Co-Authors: Korean Tts, Byeongchang Kim, Geunbae Lee, Jong-hyeok LeeAbstract:This paper describes a Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check. The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symt)ols into standard Korean Graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In tile mort)heme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic t)atterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grarnmaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes. In tile experiments with a cortms of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the Graphemeto-phoneme conversion performance and 97.5% of the sentence conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method.
Jamie Ward - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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varieties of Grapheme colour synaesthesia a new theory of phenomenological and behavioural differences
Consciousness and Cognition, 2007Co-Authors: Jamie Ward, Shireen Salih, Noam SagivAbstract:Recent research has suggested that not all Grapheme-colour synaesthetes are alike. One suggestion is that they can be divided, phenomenologically, in terms of whether the colours are experienced in external or internal space (projector-associator distinction). Another suggestion is that they can be divided according to whether it is the perceptual or conceptual attributes of a stimulus that is critical (higher-lower distinction). This study compares the behavioural performance of 7 projector and 7 associator synaesthetes. We demonstrate that this distinction does not map on to behavioural traits expected from the higher-lower distinction. We replicate previous research showing that projectors are faster at naming their synaesthetic colours than veridical colours, and that associators show the reverse profile. Synaesthetes who project colours into external space but not on to the surface of the Grapheme behave like associators on this task. In a second task, Graphemes presented briefly in the periphery are more likely to elicit reports of colour in projectors than associators, but the colours only tend to be accurate when the Grapheme itself is also accurately identified. We propose an alternative model of individual differences in Grapheme-colour synaesthesia that emphasises the role of different spatial reference frames in synaesthetic perception. In doing so, we attempt to bring the synaesthesia literature closer to current models of non-synaesthetic perception, attention and binding.
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a comparison of lexical gustatory and Grapheme colour synaesthesia
Cognitive Neuropsychology, 2005Co-Authors: Jamie Ward, Julia Simner, Vivian AuyeungAbstract:This study compares two different profiles of synaesthesia. One group (N = 7) experiences synaesthetic colour and the other (N = 7) experiences taste. Both groups are significantly more consistent over time than control subjects asked to generate analogous associations. For the colour synaesthetes, almost every word elicits a colour photism and there are systematic relationships between the colours generated by words and those generated by Graphemes within the word (hence "Grapheme-colour" synaesthesia). For the taste synaesthetes, by contrast, some words elicit no synaesthesia at all, and in those words that do, there is no relationship between the taste attributed to the word and the taste attributed to component Graphemes. Word frequency and lexicality (word vs. nonword) appear to be critical in determining the presence of synaesthesia in this group (hence "lexical-gustatory" synaesthesia). Moreover, there are strong phonological links (e.g., cinema tastes of "cinnamon rolls") suggesting that the synaesthetic associations have been influenced by vocabulary knowledge from the semantic category of food. It is argued that different cognitive mechanisms are responsible for the synaesthesia in each group, which may reflect, at least in part, the different geographical locations of the affected perceptual centres in the brain.
Byeongchang Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Unlimited vocabulary Grapheme to phoneme conversion for Korean TTS
Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1998Co-Authors: Byeongchang Kim, Wonil Lee, Geunbae Lee, Jong-hyeok LeeAbstract:This paper describes a Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check. The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symbols into standard Korean Graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In the morpheme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic patterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grammaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes. In the experiments with a corpus of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion performance and 97.5% of the sentence conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method.
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COLING-ACL - Unlimited Vocabulary Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion for Korean TTS
Proceedings of the 36th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1998Co-Authors: Byeongchang Kim, Wonil Lee, Geunbae Lee, Jong-hyeok LeeAbstract:This paper describes a Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check.The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symbols into standard Korean Graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In the morpheme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic patterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grammaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes.In the experiments with a corpus of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method.
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Unlimited Vocabulary Grapheme to Phoneme Conversion for
1997Co-Authors: Korean Tts, Byeongchang Kim, Geunbae Lee, Jong-hyeok LeeAbstract:This paper describes a Grapheme-to-phoneme conversion method using phoneme connectivity and CCV conversion rules. The method consists of mainly four modules including morpheme normalization, phrase-break detection, morpheme to phoneme conversion and phoneme connectivity check. The morpheme normalization is to replace non-Korean symt)ols into standard Korean Graphemes. The phrase-break detector assigns phrase breaks using part-of-speech (POS) information. In tile mort)heme-to-phoneme conversion module, each morpheme in the phrase is converted into phonetic t)atterns by looking up the morpheme phonetic pattern dictionary which contains candidate phonological changes in boundaries of the morphemes. Graphemes within a morpheme are grouped into CCV patterns and converted into phonemes by the CCV conversion rules. The phoneme connectivity table supports grarnmaticality checking of the adjacent two phonetic morphemes. In tile experiments with a cortms of 4,973 sentences, we achieved 99.9% of the Graphemeto-phoneme conversion performance and 97.5% of the sentence conversion performance. The full Korean TTS system is now being implemented using this conversion method.
