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Ulrike Zieger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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natural exposure of bats in grenada to rabies virus
Infection ecology & epidemiology, 2017Co-Authors: Ulrike Zieger, Sonia Cheetham, Leith B Leisermiller, Vanessa Matthewbelmar, Hooman Goharriz, Sharlene E Santana, Anthony R FooksAbstract:ABSTRACTIntroduction: Grenada is a rabies endemic country, where terrestrial rabies is maintained in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). The role of bats in the epidemiology of rabies in Grenada is unknown. A 1974 report described one rabies virus positive Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), and a high seroprevalence in this species. In the current study, the natural exposure to rabies virus in Grenadian bats was re-evaluated. It is postulated that bats serve as a natural rabies reservoir, probably circulating a bat-specific rabies virus variant.Material and methods: Bats were trapped in 2015 in all six parishes of Grenada using mist- and hand nets. For the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue, the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. Serum neutralizing antibodies were determined using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN).Results and discussion: Brain tissue and sera from 111 in...
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Natural exposure of bats in Grenada to rabies virus
Taylor & Francis Group, 2017Co-Authors: Ulrike Zieger, Sonia Cheetham, Hooman Goharriz, Sharlene E Santana, Leith Leiser-miller, Vanessa Matthew-belmar, Anthony R FooksAbstract:Introduction: Grenada is a rabies endemic country, where terrestrial rabies is maintained in the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus). The role of bats in the epidemiology of rabies in Grenada is unknown. A 1974 report described one rabies virus positive Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis), and a high seroprevalence in this species. In the current study, the natural exposure to rabies virus in Grenadian bats was re-evaluated. It is postulated that bats serve as a natural rabies reservoir, probably circulating a bat-specific rabies virus variant. Material and methods: Bats were trapped in 2015 in all six parishes of Grenada using mist- and hand nets. For the detection of rabies virus in brain tissue, the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used. Serum neutralizing antibodies were determined using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN). Results and discussion: Brain tissue and sera from 111 insectivorous and frugivorous bats belonging to four species were tested (52 Artibeus jamaicensis, two Artibeus lituratus, 33 Glossophaga longirostris, 24 Molossus molossus). Rabies virus antigen and genomic RNA were not detected in brain tissues. Rabies virus neutralizing antibodies were detected in the sera of eight A. jamaicensis in four of the six parishes. Bats in Grenada continue to show natural exposure to rabies virus. As rabies virus was not isolated in this study, serology alone is not sufficient to determine the strain of rabies virus circulating in A. jamaicensis bats in Grenada. Conclusion: Artibeus jamaicensis appears to play a role as a reservoir bat species, which is of public health concern in Grenada. Dispersion of bats to neighboring islands is possible and serological bat surveys should be initiated in these neighboring states, especially in those areas that are free of rabies in terrestrial mammals
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The Phylogeography of Rabies in Grenada, West Indies, and Implications for Control
2016Co-Authors: Ulrike Zieger, Alfred Chikweto, Hooman Goharriz, Keshaw Tiwari, Ravindra Sharma, Denise A. Marston, Muzzamil Sayyid, Bowen Louison, Katja Voller, Andrew C. BreedAbstract:In Grenada, West Indies, rabies is endemic, and is thought to be maintained in a wildlife host, the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) with occasional spillover into other hosts. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to improve understanding of rabies epidemiology in Grenada and to inform rabies control policy. Mongooses were trapped island-wide between April 2011 and March 2013 and examined for the presence of Rabies virus (RABV) antigen using the direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT) and PCR, and for serum neutralizing antibodies (SNA) using the fluorescent antibody virus neutralization test (FAVN). An additional cohort of brain samples from clinical rabies suspects submitted between April 2011 and March 2014 were also investigated for the presence of virus. Two of the 171 (1.7%) live-trapped mongooses were RABV positive by FAT and PCR, and 20 (11.7%) had SNAs. Rabies was diagnosed in 31 of the submitted animals with suspicious clinical signs: 16 mongooses, 12 dogs, 2 cats and 1 goat. Our investigation has revealed that rabies infection spread from the northeast to the southwest of Grenada within the study period. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viruses from Grenada formed a monophyletic clade within the cosmopolitan lineage with a common ancestor predicted to have occurred recently (6–23 years ago), and are distinct from those found in Cuba and Puerto Rico, where mongoos
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influence of land use and climate on salmonella carrier status in the small indian mongoose herpestes auropunctatus in grenada west indies
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Steven Miller, Ulrike Zieger, Diana Stone, Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Claudia Ganser, Andrew S Satterlee, Brittany Bankovich, Samantha M WiselyAbstract:Invasive mammals can be important reservoirs for human pathogens. A recent study showed that 12% of mongooses carried Salmonella spp. in their large intestines. We investigated whether anthropogenic, environmental and climatic variables predicted Salmonella status in mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada. Using multivariate logistic regression and contingency table analysis, we found that increased human density, decreased distance from roads, and low monthly precipitation were associated with increased probability of Salmonella carriage. Areas with higher human density likely support a higher abundance of mongooses because of greater food availability. These areas also are a likely source for infection to mongooses due to high densities of livestock and rodents shedding Salmonella. The higher probability of Salmonella carriage in mongooses during drier months and closer to roadsides is likely due to water drainage patterns and limited water availability. Although the overall prevalence of Salmonella in mongooses was moderate, the strong patterns of ecologic correlates, combined with the high density of mongooses throughout Grenada suggest that the small Indian mongoose could be a useful sentinel for Salmonella surveillance. Its affinity for human-associated habitats suggests that the small Indian mongoose is also a risk factor in the maintenance and possible spread of Salmonella species to humans and livestock in Grenada.
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prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp in small indian mongooses herpestes auropunctatus in grenada west indies
Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Miller, Diana Stone, Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Roger P. Johnson, Ulrike ZiegerAbstract:Abstract Intestinal samples from 156 small Indian mongooses ( Herpestes auropunctatus ) collected island-wide in Grenada from April 2011 to March 2013 were examined for the presence of Salmonella enterica spp. Nineteen (12%) mongooses were culture-positive for S. enterica spp. of which five serotypes were identified. Salmonella javiana and S. Montevideo were the most commonly isolated serotypes. The other serotypes isolated were S. Rubislaw , S. Panama and S. Arechavaleta . All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, imipenem and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. One isolate ( S. Montevideo ) showed resistance to tetracycline and intermediate resistance to streptomycin. The five isolated Salmonella serotypes are potential human pathogens suggesting that the mongoose may play a role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Grenada.
Schenini Laure - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Genetic relations between the Aves Ridge and the Grenada back‐arc Basin, East Caribbean Sea
'American Geophysical Union (AGU)', 2021Co-Authors: Garrocq Clément, Lallemand Serge, Marcaillou Boris, Lebrun Jean‐frédéric, Padron Crelia, Klingelhoefer Frauke, Laigle Mireille, Münch Philippe, Gay Aurélien, Schenini LaureAbstract:International audienceThe Grenada Basin separates the active Lesser Antilles Arc from the Aves Ridge, described as a Cretaceous‐Paleocene remnant of the ‘Great Arc of the Caribbean'. Although various tectonic models have been proposed for the opening of the Grenada Basin, the data on which they rely are insufficient to reach definitive conclusions. This paper presents a large set of deep‐penetrating multichannel seismic reflection data and dredge samples acquired during the GARANTI cruise in 2017. By combining them with published data including seismic reflection data, wide‐angle seismic data, well data and dredges, we refine the understanding of the basement structure, depositional history, tectonic deformation and vertical motions of the Grenada Basin and its margins as follows: 1) rifting occurred during the late Paleocene‐early Eocene in a NW‐SE direction and led to seafloor spreading during the middle Eocene; 2) this newly formed oceanic crust now extends across the eastern Grenada Basin between the latitude of Grenada and Martinique; 3) asymmetrical pre‐Miocene depocenters support the hypothesis that the southern Grenada Basin originally extended beneath the present‐day southern Lesser Antilles Arc and probably partly into the present‐day forearc before the late Oligocene‐Miocene rise of the Lesser Antilles Arc; 4) the Aves Ridge has subsided along with the Grenada Basin since at least the middle Eocene, with a general subsidence slowdown or even an uplift during the late Oligocene, and a sharp acceleration on its southeastern flank during the late Miocene. Until this acceleration of subsidence, several bathymetric highs remained shallow enough to develop carbonate platforms
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Genetic relations between the Aves Ridge and the Grenada back‐arc Basin, East Caribbean Sea
'American Geophysical Union (AGU)', 2021Co-Authors: Garrocq Clément, Lallemand Serge, Marcaillou Boris, Lebrun Jean‐frédéric, Padron Crelia, Klingelhoefer Frauke, Laigle Mireille, Münch Philippe, Gay Aurélien, Schenini LaureAbstract:The Grenada Basin separates the active Lesser Antilles Arc from the Aves Ridge, described as a Cretaceous‐Paleocene remnant of the ‘Great Arc of the Caribbean'. Although various tectonic models have been proposed for the opening of the Grenada Basin, the data on which they rely are insufficient to reach definitive conclusions. This paper presents a large set of deep‐penetrating multichannel seismic reflection data and dredge samples acquired during the GARANTI cruise in 2017. By combining them with published data including seismic reflection data, wide‐angle seismic data, well data and dredges, we refine the understanding of the basement structure, depositional history, tectonic deformation and vertical motions of the Grenada Basin and its margins as follows: 1) rifting occurred during the late Paleocene‐early Eocene in a NW‐SE direction and led to seafloor spreading during the middle Eocene; 2) this newly formed oceanic crust now extends across the eastern Grenada Basin between the latitude of Grenada and Martinique; 3) asymmetrical pre‐Miocene depocenters support the hypothesis that the southern Grenada Basin originally extended beneath the present‐day southern Lesser Antilles Arc and probably partly into the present‐day forearc before the late Oligocene‐Miocene rise of the Lesser Antilles Arc; 4) the Aves Ridge has subsided along with the Grenada Basin since at least the middle Eocene, with a general subsidence slowdown or even an uplift during the late Oligocene, and a sharp acceleration on its southeastern flank during the late Miocene. Until this acceleration of subsidence, several bathymetric highs remained shallow enough to develop carbonate platforms
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Deep structure of the Grenada Basin from wide‐angle seismic, bathymetric and gravity data
'American Geophysical Union (AGU)', 2021Co-Authors: Padron Crelia, Garrocq Clément, Lallemand Serge, Marcaillou Boris, Lebrun Jean‐frédéric, Klingelhoefer Frauke, Laigle Mireille, Beslier Marie-odile, Roest Walter, Schenini LaureAbstract:International audienceThe Grenada back‐arc basin is located between the Aves Ridge, which hosted the remnant Early Paleogene “Great Caribbean Arc”, and the Eocene to Present Lesser Antilles Arc. Several earlier studies have proposed different modes of back‐arc opening for this basin, including N‐S and E‐W directions. The main aim of this study is to constrain the circumstances leading to the opening of the basin. Three combined wide‐angle and reflection seismic profiles were acquired in the Grenada basin. The final velocity models from forward travel time and gravity modeling image variations in thickness and velocity structure of the sedimentary and crustal layers.The sedimentary cover has a variable thickness between one kilometer on top of the ridges to ∼10 km in the basin. North of Guadeloupe Island, the crust is ∼20 km thick without significant changes between Aves Ridge, the Grenada basin, and the Eocene and present Lesser Antilles arc. South of Guadeloupe Island the Grenada basin is underlain by a oceanic crust of mainly magmatic origin over a width of ∼80 km. Here, the western flank of the Lesser Antilles Arc, the crust is 17.5‐km thick. The velocity structure of the Lesser Antilles Arc is typical of volcanic arcs or oceanic plateaus. West of the basin, the crust thickens to 25 km at Aves Ridge in a 80‐100 km wide arc‐ocean transition zone. The narrowness of this transition zone suggests that opening might have proceeded in a direction oblique to the main convergence. Opening probably was accompanied by moderate volcanism
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Deep structure of the Grenada Basin from wide‐angle seismic, bathymetric and gravity data
'American Geophysical Union (AGU)', 2021Co-Authors: Padron Crelia, Garrocq Clément, Lallemand Serge, Marcaillou Boris, Lebrun Jean‐frédéric, Klingelhoefer Frauke, Laigle Mireille, Roest Walter, Beslier Marie‐odile, Schenini LaureAbstract:The Grenada back‐arc basin is located between the Aves Ridge, which hosted the remnant Early Paleogene “Great Caribbean Arc”, and the Eocene to Present Lesser Antilles Arc. Several earlier studies have proposed different modes of back‐arc opening for this basin, including N‐S and E‐W directions. The main aim of this study is to constrain the circumstances leading to the opening of the basin. Three combined wide‐angle and reflection seismic profiles were acquired in the Grenada basin. The final velocity models from forward travel time and gravity modeling image variations in thickness and velocity structure of the sedimentary and crustal layers. The sedimentary cover has a variable thickness between one kilometer on top of the ridges to ∼10 km in the basin. North of Guadeloupe Island, the crust is ∼20 km thick without significant changes between Aves Ridge, the Grenada basin, and the Eocene and present Lesser Antilles arc. South of Guadeloupe Island the Grenada basin is underlain by a oceanic crust of mainly magmatic origin over a width of ∼80 km. Here, the western flank of the Lesser Antilles Arc, the crust is 17.5‐km thick. The velocity structure of the Lesser Antilles Arc is typical of volcanic arcs or oceanic plateaus. West of the basin, the crust thickens to 25 km at Aves Ridge in a 80‐100 km wide arc‐ocean transition zone. The narrowness of this transition zone suggests that opening might have proceeded in a direction oblique to the main convergence. Opening probably was accompanied by moderate volcanism. Plain language summary In this study, we investigated the formation of the Grenada Basin, located west of the Lesser Antilles island arc. These types of basins typically open behind subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is moving underneath another plate. We deployed instruments on the seafloor to record acoustic signals made using pressured air in an array towed behind the ship. This method allowed us to image the sediments and crustal layers along the three profiles of our study. We find that the structure of both the eastern and western margin of the basin are similar in their physical properties, that volcanism was widespread during basin opening, and the southeastern part of the basin is underlain by crust typically found in oceans. More research is needed to explore the direction of opening and the extent of the oceanic‐type crust underneath the modern island arc
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Unravelling the genetic relations between the Grenada Basin, the Aves Ridge, and the Lesser Antilles: a structural and stratigraphic analysis
HAL CCSD, 2019Co-Authors: Garrocq Clément, Marcaillou Boris, Padron Crelia, Klingelhoefer Frauke, Schenini Laure, Lallemand E. Serge, Lebrun Jean-frederic, Laigle M., Beslier Marie-odile, Gay AurélienAbstract:International audienceLocated in the southeastern Caribbean, the Grenada Basin is bounded to the east by the modern Lesser Antillesisland arc, to the west by the Aves Ridge, commonly interpreted as a Cretaceous-Paleocene extinct volcanic arc,and to the south by the transpressive plate boundary with South America. The Grenada Basin has long beenregarded as a classical back-arc basin until recent studies suggest alternative models, such as forearc openingor Wernicke-type simple shear. The genetic relations between the Grenada Basin and its adjacent arcs remaintherefore controversial. Our analysis of seismic reflection and refraction data acquired during the GARANTIcruise (May-June 2017 onboard R/V L’Atalante) sheds light on basement nature and topography, depositionalhistory and deformation of the sedimentary infill, including vertical motions, of the Lesser Antilles back-arc area.Correlations with well logs located on the northern Venezuelan shelf, DSDP sites on the Aves Ridge, and IODPsites off the west coast of Martinique Island, also provide chronostratigraphic constraints.Seismic lines across the Grenada Basin reveal a significant asymmetry: the basement deepens from 5 to 10km southeastwards while flat-lying sediment units thicken from 2 to 7 km. A 6.5 to 7 km thick oceanic crustunderlies the southeastern half of the basin over a width of about 80 km. The Grenada Basin comprises threemajor depositional sequences defined by unconformities and/or changes in the seismic facies, from bottom to top:- Sequence 1: undifferentiated Eocene sediments represented by strong reflectors that drape the acoustic basement,as well as syntectonic deposits.- Sequence 2: Oligocene to Middle Miocene distal turbidites, probably originating from the Orinoco River thatflowed from the south into the Grenada Basin at that time. Sequence 2 lies unconformably over Sequence 1.- Sequence 3: Late Miocene to Recent arc-derived turbidites and pelagic sedimentation, with little detri-tal input from South America, due to the emplacement of the eastward drainage of the Orinoco River southof the northern Venezuelan coastal range during Middle Miocene. Sequence 3 lies unconformably over Sequence 2.Since the oldest syntectonic sediments date from the Eocene, the last tectonic event that shaped the present-daybasement topography dates back from the Eocene. Given the horizontality of Sequences 2 and 3 within the basinand along the Aves Ridge, no differential vertical motions occurred between the Grenada Basin and the AvesRidge since then. This raises questions about the subsidence mechanisms that led to the current depth of theoceanic crust in the southeastern Grenada Basin. By contrast, reflectors in Sequences 2 and 3 are bent upwardsalong the Lesser Antilles slope, reflecting the uplift of the Neogene Lesser Antilles arc. These observations will beintegrated in a future model for the evolution of the Lesser Antilles back-arc area, as part of the ANR GAARAntiproject
Ming-jium Shieh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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near infrared fluorescent dye decorated nanocages to form Grenade like nanoparticles with dual control release for photothermal theranostics and chemotherapy
Bioconjugate Chemistry, 2018Co-Authors: Chun-yen Lin, Ming-jium ShiehAbstract:Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely investigated for delivery of anticancer drugs. Here, a dual control drug-release modality was developed that uses naturally occurring protein apoferritin loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and ADS-780 near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye-decorated NPs (ADNIR NPs). ADNIR NPs act as a Grenade to detonate the targeted tumor site following laser irradiation (photothermal therapy, PTT) and explode into cluster warheads (apoferritin-loaded DOX nanocages, AF-DOX NCs) that further destroy the tumor cells (chemotherapy). Light was shown to disrupt the Grenade-like structure of NPs to release AF-DOX NCs as well as DOX from NCs in low-pH intercellular environments. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the structure of AF-DOX NCs was disassembled to release DOX, which then killed the cancer cells in organelles with acidic environments. In vivo studies showed that the ADNIR NP-decorated with NIR dye facilitated tracking of the accumulated NPs at the tumor site using an IVIS...
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Near-Infrared Fluorescent Dye-Decorated Nanocages to Form Grenade-like Nanoparticles with Dual Control Release for Photothermal Theranostics and Chemotherapy
2018Co-Authors: Chun-yen Lin, Ming-jium ShiehAbstract:Recently, nanoparticles (NPs) have been widely investigated for delivery of anticancer drugs. Here, a dual control drug-release modality was developed that uses naturally occurring protein apoferritin loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and ADS-780 near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dye-decorated NPs (ADNIR NPs). ADNIR NPs act as a Grenade to detonate the targeted tumor site following laser irradiation (photothermal therapy, PTT) and explode into cluster warheads (apoferritin-loaded DOX nanocages, AF-DOX NCs) that further destroy the tumor cells (chemotherapy). Light was shown to disrupt the Grenade-like structure of NPs to release AF-DOX NCs as well as DOX from NCs in low-pH intercellular environments. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that the structure of AF-DOX NCs was disassembled to release DOX, which then killed the cancer cells in organelles with acidic environments. In vivo studies showed that the ADNIR NP-decorated with NIR dye facilitated tracking of the accumulated NPs at the tumor site using an IVIS imaging system. Overall, targeted ADNIR NPs with dual-release mechanisms were developed for use in photothermal theranostic and chemotherapy. This modality has high potential for application in cancer treatment and clinical translation for drug delivery and imaging
Harry Hariharan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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salmonella serovars associated with grenadian tree boa corallus Grenadensis and their antimicrobial susceptibility
Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2020Co-Authors: Elizabeth M Rush, Victor A. Amadi, Roger P. Johnson, Nicholas Lonce, Harry HariharanAbstract:Cloacal swabs from 45 Grenada bank tree boas (Corallus Grenadensis) were sampled during a 12-month period (2011-2012) from the rain forests and scrublands of Grenada. Cloacal swabs were examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. In all, 16 (35.6%) of the snakes were positive for Salmonella, and six serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (31.3%), the most frequent serovar recently isolated from green iguanas in Grenada, followed by serovar Braenderup (18.8%), and serovar IV:48:g,z51:- (formerly, S. Marina) (18.8%), also found in green iguanas in this country. The remaining three less frequent serovars were, IV:53:g,z51:-, I:6,7:e,h:- and IIIb:38:i:z. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, only to streptomycin. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella serovars from wild Grenadian tree boas.
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serological detection of caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats using a commercial elisa in grenada west indies
International Journal of Veterinary Medicine: Research & Reports, 2015Co-Authors: Harry Hariharan, Sachin Kumthekar, Keshaw Tiwari, C Hegaminyounger, B Edwards, D Thomas, Ravindra N SharmaAbstract:Caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in small ruminants has been diagnosed by culture, several times in the state of Grenada. In order to understand the prevalence of CLA, serum samples from 541 sheep and 338 goats from Grenada and Carriacou islands were tested for antibodies against the phospholipase antigen of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) using a commercial ELISA kit: “ELITEST CLA”. The percentage of positive samples among sheep was 7.9, and for goats it was 31.3%, with a significant difference between these two species of animals. Of the six parishes of Grenada, and one parish of Carriacou, significantly more positive samples originated from St. George parish. There were no significant differences between age groups. The results of this study show that CLA is endemic and widely distributed throughout the islands of Grenada and Carriacou.
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influence of land use and climate on salmonella carrier status in the small indian mongoose herpestes auropunctatus in grenada west indies
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Steven Miller, Ulrike Zieger, Diana Stone, Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Claudia Ganser, Andrew S Satterlee, Brittany Bankovich, Samantha M WiselyAbstract:Invasive mammals can be important reservoirs for human pathogens. A recent study showed that 12% of mongooses carried Salmonella spp. in their large intestines. We investigated whether anthropogenic, environmental and climatic variables predicted Salmonella status in mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada. Using multivariate logistic regression and contingency table analysis, we found that increased human density, decreased distance from roads, and low monthly precipitation were associated with increased probability of Salmonella carriage. Areas with higher human density likely support a higher abundance of mongooses because of greater food availability. These areas also are a likely source for infection to mongooses due to high densities of livestock and rodents shedding Salmonella. The higher probability of Salmonella carriage in mongooses during drier months and closer to roadsides is likely due to water drainage patterns and limited water availability. Although the overall prevalence of Salmonella in mongooses was moderate, the strong patterns of ecologic correlates, combined with the high density of mongooses throughout Grenada suggest that the small Indian mongoose could be a useful sentinel for Salmonella surveillance. Its affinity for human-associated habitats suggests that the small Indian mongoose is also a risk factor in the maintenance and possible spread of Salmonella species to humans and livestock in Grenada.
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prevalence serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp from wild and domestic green iguanas iguana iguana in grenada west indies
Zoonoses and Public Health, 2014Co-Authors: Wayne Sylvester, Victor A. Amadi, Rhonda Pinckney, John S. Mckibben, C N L Macpherson, R Bruhlday, Roger P. Johnson, Harry HariharanAbstract:Summary Cloacal swabs from 62 green iguanas (Iguana iguana), including 47 wild and 15 domestic ones from five parishes of Grenada, were sampled during a 4-month period of January to April 2013 and examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. Fifty-five per cent of the animals were positive, and eight serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (58.8%), a serovar found recently in many cane toads in Grenada, followed by Oranienburg (14.7%), a serovar that has been causing serious human disease outbreaks in Japan. Serovar IV:48:g,z51:- (formerly, S. Marina) highly invasive and known for serious infections in children in the United States, constituted 11.8% of the isolates, all of them being from domestic green iguanas. Salmonella Newport, a serovar recently found in a blue land crab in Grenada, comprised 11.8% of the isolates from the green iguanas. The remaining four less frequent serovars included S. Javiana and S. Glostrup. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, mainly to streptomycin, tetracycline and cefotaxime. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Salmonella serovars from wild and domestic green iguanas in Grenada, West Indies.
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prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp in small indian mongooses herpestes auropunctatus in grenada west indies
Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Miller, Diana Stone, Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Roger P. Johnson, Ulrike ZiegerAbstract:Abstract Intestinal samples from 156 small Indian mongooses ( Herpestes auropunctatus ) collected island-wide in Grenada from April 2011 to March 2013 were examined for the presence of Salmonella enterica spp. Nineteen (12%) mongooses were culture-positive for S. enterica spp. of which five serotypes were identified. Salmonella javiana and S. Montevideo were the most commonly isolated serotypes. The other serotypes isolated were S. Rubislaw , S. Panama and S. Arechavaleta . All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, imipenem and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. One isolate ( S. Montevideo ) showed resistance to tetracycline and intermediate resistance to streptomycin. The five isolated Salmonella serotypes are potential human pathogens suggesting that the mongoose may play a role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Grenada.
Victor A. Amadi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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salmonella serovars associated with grenadian tree boa corallus Grenadensis and their antimicrobial susceptibility
Veterinary Medicine and Science, 2020Co-Authors: Elizabeth M Rush, Victor A. Amadi, Roger P. Johnson, Nicholas Lonce, Harry HariharanAbstract:Cloacal swabs from 45 Grenada bank tree boas (Corallus Grenadensis) were sampled during a 12-month period (2011-2012) from the rain forests and scrublands of Grenada. Cloacal swabs were examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. In all, 16 (35.6%) of the snakes were positive for Salmonella, and six serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (31.3%), the most frequent serovar recently isolated from green iguanas in Grenada, followed by serovar Braenderup (18.8%), and serovar IV:48:g,z51:- (formerly, S. Marina) (18.8%), also found in green iguanas in this country. The remaining three less frequent serovars were, IV:53:g,z51:-, I:6,7:e,h:- and IIIb:38:i:z. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, only to streptomycin. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella serovars from wild Grenadian tree boas.
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influence of land use and climate on salmonella carrier status in the small indian mongoose herpestes auropunctatus in grenada west indies
Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2015Co-Authors: Steven Miller, Ulrike Zieger, Diana Stone, Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Claudia Ganser, Andrew S Satterlee, Brittany Bankovich, Samantha M WiselyAbstract:Invasive mammals can be important reservoirs for human pathogens. A recent study showed that 12% of mongooses carried Salmonella spp. in their large intestines. We investigated whether anthropogenic, environmental and climatic variables predicted Salmonella status in mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Grenada. Using multivariate logistic regression and contingency table analysis, we found that increased human density, decreased distance from roads, and low monthly precipitation were associated with increased probability of Salmonella carriage. Areas with higher human density likely support a higher abundance of mongooses because of greater food availability. These areas also are a likely source for infection to mongooses due to high densities of livestock and rodents shedding Salmonella. The higher probability of Salmonella carriage in mongooses during drier months and closer to roadsides is likely due to water drainage patterns and limited water availability. Although the overall prevalence of Salmonella in mongooses was moderate, the strong patterns of ecologic correlates, combined with the high density of mongooses throughout Grenada suggest that the small Indian mongoose could be a useful sentinel for Salmonella surveillance. Its affinity for human-associated habitats suggests that the small Indian mongoose is also a risk factor in the maintenance and possible spread of Salmonella species to humans and livestock in Grenada.
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prevalence serovars and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp from wild and domestic green iguanas iguana iguana in grenada west indies
Zoonoses and Public Health, 2014Co-Authors: Wayne Sylvester, Victor A. Amadi, Rhonda Pinckney, John S. Mckibben, C N L Macpherson, R Bruhlday, Roger P. Johnson, Harry HariharanAbstract:Summary Cloacal swabs from 62 green iguanas (Iguana iguana), including 47 wild and 15 domestic ones from five parishes of Grenada, were sampled during a 4-month period of January to April 2013 and examined by enrichment and selective culture for the presence of Salmonella spp. Fifty-five per cent of the animals were positive, and eight serovars of Salmonella were isolated. The most common serovar was Rubislaw (58.8%), a serovar found recently in many cane toads in Grenada, followed by Oranienburg (14.7%), a serovar that has been causing serious human disease outbreaks in Japan. Serovar IV:48:g,z51:- (formerly, S. Marina) highly invasive and known for serious infections in children in the United States, constituted 11.8% of the isolates, all of them being from domestic green iguanas. Salmonella Newport, a serovar recently found in a blue land crab in Grenada, comprised 11.8% of the isolates from the green iguanas. The remaining four less frequent serovars included S. Javiana and S. Glostrup. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests conducted by a disc diffusion method against amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole showed that drug resistance is minimal, with intermediate susceptibility, mainly to streptomycin, tetracycline and cefotaxime. This is the first report of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibilities of various Salmonella serovars from wild and domestic green iguanas in Grenada, West Indies.
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prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella spp in small indian mongooses herpestes auropunctatus in grenada west indies
Comparative Immunology Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2014Co-Authors: Steven Miller, Diana Stone, Victor A. Amadi, Harry Hariharan, Roger P. Johnson, Ulrike ZiegerAbstract:Abstract Intestinal samples from 156 small Indian mongooses ( Herpestes auropunctatus ) collected island-wide in Grenada from April 2011 to March 2013 were examined for the presence of Salmonella enterica spp. Nineteen (12%) mongooses were culture-positive for S. enterica spp. of which five serotypes were identified. Salmonella javiana and S. Montevideo were the most commonly isolated serotypes. The other serotypes isolated were S. Rubislaw , S. Panama and S. Arechavaleta . All isolates were susceptible to amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, imipenem and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. One isolate ( S. Montevideo ) showed resistance to tetracycline and intermediate resistance to streptomycin. The five isolated Salmonella serotypes are potential human pathogens suggesting that the mongoose may play a role in the epidemiology of human salmonellosis in Grenada.
