The Experts below are selected from a list of 117 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Didier Michelot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Poisoning by Gyromitra Esculenta--a review.
    Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1991
    Co-Authors: Didier Michelot
    Abstract:

    Gyromitra Esculenta (Pers.: Fr.) Fr. and a few other mushrooms have caused severe poisonings and even deaths in humans. Clinical data are characterized primarily by vomiting and diarrhea, followed by jaundice, convulsions and coma. Gastrointestinal disorders distinguish this poisoning. Frequent consumption can cause hepatitis and neurological diseases. The species of concern are mainly G. Esculenta and G. gigas (Kromb.) Cooke (non Phill.). Nevertheless, recent advances in chromatography, biochemistry and toxicology have established that other Ascomycetes species also may prove toxic. Gyromitrin (acetaldehyde methylformylhydrazone, G) and its homologues are toxic compounds that convert in vivo into N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH), and then into N-methylhydrazine (MH). The toxicity of these chemicals, which are chiefly hepatotoxic and even carcinogenic, has been established through in vivo and in vitro experiments using animals, cell cultures and biochemical systems. When we consider the chemical nature and the reactivity of these natural compounds, we suggest that chemical and biochemical mechanisms may explain their intrinsic biological activity.

Stanley M Cichowicz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Toxic Mushroom Contamination of Wild Mushrooms in Commercial Distribution.
    Journal of food protection, 1993
    Co-Authors: John S Gecan, Stanley M Cichowicz
    Abstract:

    Poisonings caused by ingestion of toxic, wild-picked morel mushrooms have been reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Problems occur when collectors of wild mushrooms inadvertently include toxic look-alike species with the edible wild species offered for sale. A 2-year survey conducted by the FDA showed 21% of the morel and 15% of the wild mixed mushrooms were contaminated with toxic look-alike species. These contaminants contain toxins that produce symptoms ranging from dizziness and gastrointestinal distress to liver and heart damage. Present regulatory controls include FDA Import Alerts for morels contaminated with Gyromitra Esculenta and Verpa bohemica , a Michigan state regulation requiring licensing of harvesters of wild mushrooms, and an Illinois state regulation prohibiting the sale of wild-picked mushrooms through retail outlets. American consumers, unable to distinguish between edible and toxic look-alike wild mushrooms, may face illness and possibly death from products purchased on the normally well-regulated U.S. consumer market.

Karl-erik Hellenäs - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • methylation of rat and mouse dna by the mushroom poison gyromitrin and its metabolite monomethylhydrazine
    Cancer Letters, 1992
    Co-Authors: Kerstin Bergman, Karl-erik Hellenäs
    Abstract:

    Abstract Consumption of false morel (Gyromitra Esculenta Fr.) has been associated not only with acute poisoning, but also with a carcinogenic risk. The hydrolysis of acetaldehyde-N-methyl-N-formylhydrazone (gyromitrin, the main toxic component of false morel) results in the formation of the methylating agents N-methyl-N-formylhydrazine (MFH) and N-methylhydrazine (MMH) (by further hydrolysis of MFH). This study reports traces of N-7-methylguanine (N7MeGu) in liver DNA from mice and a rat treated with gyromitrin. After repeated administration of MMH, N7MeGu was identified in rat liver DNA. In mice exposed to MMH according to a dosing scheme identical to that reported to induce tumours in this species, O 6 -methylguanine was present in liver and kidney DNA. The results indicate that a relatively low carcinogenic risk is associated with false morel consumption. The risk may be greater in individuals with a decreased detoxification rate (acetylation) of MFH, in whom larger amounts of MMH are formed from gyromitrin.

John S Gecan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Toxic Mushroom Contamination of Wild Mushrooms in Commercial Distribution.
    Journal of food protection, 1993
    Co-Authors: John S Gecan, Stanley M Cichowicz
    Abstract:

    Poisonings caused by ingestion of toxic, wild-picked morel mushrooms have been reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Problems occur when collectors of wild mushrooms inadvertently include toxic look-alike species with the edible wild species offered for sale. A 2-year survey conducted by the FDA showed 21% of the morel and 15% of the wild mixed mushrooms were contaminated with toxic look-alike species. These contaminants contain toxins that produce symptoms ranging from dizziness and gastrointestinal distress to liver and heart damage. Present regulatory controls include FDA Import Alerts for morels contaminated with Gyromitra Esculenta and Verpa bohemica , a Michigan state regulation requiring licensing of harvesters of wild mushrooms, and an Illinois state regulation prohibiting the sale of wild-picked mushrooms through retail outlets. American consumers, unable to distinguish between edible and toxic look-alike wild mushrooms, may face illness and possibly death from products purchased on the normally well-regulated U.S. consumer market.

Jean-paul Vernoux - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Warning on False or True Morels and Button Mushrooms with Potential Toxicity Linked to Hydrazinic Toxins: An Update.
    Toxins, 2020
    Co-Authors: Emmeline Lagrange, Jean-paul Vernoux
    Abstract:

    Recently, consumption of the gyromitrin-containing neurotoxic mushroom Gyromitra sp. (false morel), as gourmet food was hypothesized to play a role in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis genesis. The present review analyses recent data on edibility and toxicity of false and true morels and Agaricus spp. Controversy about the toxic status of Gyromitra Esculenta was due to variable toxin susceptibility within consumers. We suggest that Verpa bohemica, another false morel, is also inedible. We found a temporary neurological syndrome (NS) with cerebellar signs associated with high consumption of fresh or dried true morels Morchella sp. After ingestion of crude or poorly cooked fresh or dried morels, a gastrointestinal "haemolytic" syndrome was also observed. Agaritine, a water soluble hydrazinic toxin closely related to gyromitrin is present along with metabolites including diazonium ions and free radicals, in Agaricus spp. and A. bisporus, the button mushroom, and in mice after ingestion. It is a potential weak carcinogen in mice, but although no data are available for humans, a lifetime low cumulative extra cancer risk in humans can be estimated to be about 10-5. To conclude, a safety measure is to avoid consuming any true morels or button mushrooms when crude or poorly cooked, fresh or dried.