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E. Sakaguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Role of the furrow of the proximal colon in the production of soft and Hard Feces in nutrias, Myocastor coypus
Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2000Co-Authors: T. Takahashi, E. SakaguchiAbstract:The bacterial level of soft Feces is higher than that of Hard Feces in nutrias. This suggests the heterogeneity of bacterial density in the large intestine. To show the heterogeneity of bacteria in the contents of the large intestine in nutrias, we divided the contents of the large intestine into 12 regions, then measured the nitrogen (N), total amino acids (TAA) and diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a bacterial marker, of these regions. Levels of N, TAA and DAP varied along the cross section of the proximal colon. The greater curvature of the main lumen and furrow had higher N, TAA and DAP concentrations than the lesser curvature. We also examined the involvement of the furrow in producing two types of Feces differing in bacterial nitrogen content by surgically preventing the flow of the furrow contents. We compared the concentrations of N, TAA and DAP between soft and Hard Feces among operated, sham-operated and intact animals. Surgical closure of the furrow abolished the difference in levels of N, TAA and DAP between soft and Hard Feces, suggesting that the furrow of the proximal colon is responsible for making the bacterial density higher in soft Feces than in Hard Feces.
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Behaviors and nutritional importance of coprophagy in captive adult and young nutrias (Myocastor coypus)
Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 1998Co-Authors: T. Takahashi, E. SakaguchiAbstract:To estimate the contribution of coprophagy to protein intake, we observed the behavior, particularly that associated with coprophagy, in adult and young captive nutrias (experiment 1), and analyzed chemical composition and amino acid composition, including diaminopimeric acid (DAP), an indication of bacterial-deprived protein, of soft Feces, entire Hard Feces, and the black part and green part of Hard Feces (experiment 2). Nutrias practiced coprophagy 48 times per 24 h in adults, and 28 times in young animals, which not only had a 24-h rhythm but also had 1-h or 2-h short-term rhythms. Nutrias ingested food and drank water vigorously after sunset, following which they practiced coprophagy from midnight to morning, before lying down for much of the day. When coprophagy was prevented we sampled soft Feces, produced from midnight to noon, which had high ( P
T. Takahashi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Role of the furrow of the proximal colon in the production of soft and Hard Feces in nutrias, Myocastor coypus
Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 2000Co-Authors: T. Takahashi, E. SakaguchiAbstract:The bacterial level of soft Feces is higher than that of Hard Feces in nutrias. This suggests the heterogeneity of bacterial density in the large intestine. To show the heterogeneity of bacteria in the contents of the large intestine in nutrias, we divided the contents of the large intestine into 12 regions, then measured the nitrogen (N), total amino acids (TAA) and diaminopimelic acid (DAP), a bacterial marker, of these regions. Levels of N, TAA and DAP varied along the cross section of the proximal colon. The greater curvature of the main lumen and furrow had higher N, TAA and DAP concentrations than the lesser curvature. We also examined the involvement of the furrow in producing two types of Feces differing in bacterial nitrogen content by surgically preventing the flow of the furrow contents. We compared the concentrations of N, TAA and DAP between soft and Hard Feces among operated, sham-operated and intact animals. Surgical closure of the furrow abolished the difference in levels of N, TAA and DAP between soft and Hard Feces, suggesting that the furrow of the proximal colon is responsible for making the bacterial density higher in soft Feces than in Hard Feces.
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Behaviors and nutritional importance of coprophagy in captive adult and young nutrias (Myocastor coypus).
Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 1998Co-Authors: T. Takahashi, Ei SakaguchiAbstract:To estimate the contribution of coprophagy to protein intake, we observed the behavior, particularly that associated with coprophagy, in adult and young captive nutrias (experiment 1), and analyzed chemical composition and amino acid composition, including diaminopimeric acid (DAP), an indication of bacterial-deprived protein, of soft Feces, entire Hard Feces, and the black part and green part of Hard Feces (experiment 2). Nutrias practiced coprophagy 48 times per 24 h in adults, and 28 times in young animals, which not only had a 24-h rhythm but also had 1-h or 2-h short-term rhythms. Nutrias ingested food and drank water vigorously after sunset, following which they practiced coprophagy from midnight to morning, before lying down for much of the day. When coprophagy was prevented we sampled soft Feces, produced from midnight to noon, which had high (P < 0.05) concentration of crude protein (CP), DAP on a dry matter (DM) basis and 13 amino acids on a 16 g N basis than Hard Feces, and had a low (P < 0.05) content of acid detergent fiber (ADF). CP was greater in the black part than the green part of Hard Feces (P < 0.05) although ADF was less (P < 0.05). The chemical composition of the black part of Hard Feces was not significantly different from that of soft Feces. The dry weight of soft Feces excreted in experiment 1 was 34.5 g and 9.7 g DM per 24 h in adult and young animals, respectively. Using this value, the contribution of soft Feces to CP intake in adult nutrias was estimated as 16%, superior to that obtained in rabbits for a diet with similar ADF concentration. To Met and Lys intake the contribution of soft Feces was 26% and 19%, respectively in adult animals. These results suggest that coprophagy is quite an effective manner for nutrias to ingest extra protein.
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Behaviors and nutritional importance of coprophagy in captive adult and young nutrias (Myocastor coypus)
Journal of Comparative Physiology B, 1998Co-Authors: T. Takahashi, E. SakaguchiAbstract:To estimate the contribution of coprophagy to protein intake, we observed the behavior, particularly that associated with coprophagy, in adult and young captive nutrias (experiment 1), and analyzed chemical composition and amino acid composition, including diaminopimeric acid (DAP), an indication of bacterial-deprived protein, of soft Feces, entire Hard Feces, and the black part and green part of Hard Feces (experiment 2). Nutrias practiced coprophagy 48 times per 24 h in adults, and 28 times in young animals, which not only had a 24-h rhythm but also had 1-h or 2-h short-term rhythms. Nutrias ingested food and drank water vigorously after sunset, following which they practiced coprophagy from midnight to morning, before lying down for much of the day. When coprophagy was prevented we sampled soft Feces, produced from midnight to noon, which had high ( P
Ei Sakaguchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of D‐mannitol on feed digestion and cecotrophic system in rabbits
Animal Science Journal, 2009Co-Authors: Hamza Hanieh, Ei SakaguchiAbstract:: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of sugar alcohol as an energy source for cecal microbes on digestibility, cecotrophy (i.e. reingestion of microbial products of cecum, cecotrophs) and performance in rabbits. Thus, we fed rabbits an experimental diet that included 5% of D-mannitol, and collected Hard Feces and cecotrophs to be analyzed for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), crude ash (CA) and dry matter (DM). Cecotrophic behavior of the rabbits was also observed. Feeding D-mannitol increased (P < 0.01) digestibility of ADF, resulting in a decrease (P < 0.05) in the concentration in Hard Feces. The increase (P < 0.05) in CP concentration was attributed to lower (P < 0.05) digestibility. D-mannitol had a similar modulatory effect on CP and ADF concentrations in Hard Feces and cecotrophs. Accordingly, estimations of the proportion of nutrients recycled by cecotrophy to dietary intake (PR), obtained by the two calculation methods, showed an increase (P < 0.01) in PR of CP and a decrease (P < 0.05) in that of ADF. Daily weight gain and feed efficiency increased (P < 0.05) for D-mannitol-fed rabbits, while daily feed intake decreased (P < 0.05). These results suggest the possibility of using D-mannitol as a stimulator of cecal microbial growth and cellulolytic activity, and therefore, improved rabbits performance.
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Digestive strategies of small hindgut fermenters
Animal Science Journal, 2003Co-Authors: Ei SakaguchiAbstract:Small mammalian herbivores have a limitation in their supply system of nutrients to their energy and protein demands because they need much more energy and protein per unit body mass than larger herbivorous animals. Therefore, small herbivores need to have characteristic strategies in their digestive systems to overcome the limitation of their small body mass compared with larger animals. Although small herbivorous mammals commonly have an enlarged cecum, the pattern of flow and mixing of digesta in the large intestine varies among them. Distinct separation of the larger fiber particles from smaller and liquid contents which are retained in the cecum can be recognized in some species. Coprophagy, practiced by many small herbivores, has nutritional significance providing a source of vitamins, amino acids, and other nutrients which are excreted with Feces. Among coprophagous mammals, several species produce two types of Feces: soft Feces, which are eaten; and Hard, which are not eaten. Soft Feces contain more water than Hard Feces and dry matter includes more protein and less fiber. Coprophagic behavior must be supported by the colonic separation mechanism, which operates retrograde transport of fluid and fine particle digesta or bacteria trapped in the mucus, resulting in high density bacteria in the cecum contents, which is successively consumed as cecotroph. These mechanisms must be necessary for small herbivores to survive on the feed in their habitat.
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Behaviors and nutritional importance of coprophagy in captive adult and young nutrias (Myocastor coypus).
Journal of Comparative Physiology B-biochemical Systemic and Environmental Physiology, 1998Co-Authors: T. Takahashi, Ei SakaguchiAbstract:To estimate the contribution of coprophagy to protein intake, we observed the behavior, particularly that associated with coprophagy, in adult and young captive nutrias (experiment 1), and analyzed chemical composition and amino acid composition, including diaminopimeric acid (DAP), an indication of bacterial-deprived protein, of soft Feces, entire Hard Feces, and the black part and green part of Hard Feces (experiment 2). Nutrias practiced coprophagy 48 times per 24 h in adults, and 28 times in young animals, which not only had a 24-h rhythm but also had 1-h or 2-h short-term rhythms. Nutrias ingested food and drank water vigorously after sunset, following which they practiced coprophagy from midnight to morning, before lying down for much of the day. When coprophagy was prevented we sampled soft Feces, produced from midnight to noon, which had high (P < 0.05) concentration of crude protein (CP), DAP on a dry matter (DM) basis and 13 amino acids on a 16 g N basis than Hard Feces, and had a low (P < 0.05) content of acid detergent fiber (ADF). CP was greater in the black part than the green part of Hard Feces (P < 0.05) although ADF was less (P < 0.05). The chemical composition of the black part of Hard Feces was not significantly different from that of soft Feces. The dry weight of soft Feces excreted in experiment 1 was 34.5 g and 9.7 g DM per 24 h in adult and young animals, respectively. Using this value, the contribution of soft Feces to CP intake in adult nutrias was estimated as 16%, superior to that obtained in rabbits for a diet with similar ADF concentration. To Met and Lys intake the contribution of soft Feces was 26% and 19%, respectively in adult animals. These results suggest that coprophagy is quite an effective manner for nutrias to ingest extra protein.
David Eshar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Molecular analysis of the microbiota in Hard Feces from healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) medicated with long term oral meloxicam
BMC Veterinary Research, 2014Co-Authors: David Eshar, J Scott WeeseAbstract:Background Analgesia is often indicated in rabbits undergoing surgical procedures or suffering from various painful conditions and the most common adverse effects associated with NSAIDs occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The objective of this study was to determine the potential effect of long-term (21 days) meloxicam administration on the fecal bacterial microbiota in healthy rabbits. Samples of Hard Feces were collected from six rabbits treated with meloxicam (1 mg/kg orally once every 24 h) on days 0,6,14 and 21. Next generation sequencing of V4 16S rRNA gene products was performed. Results A total of 2589912 V4 rRNA gene sequences passed all quality control filters. Firmicutes predominated (82.0 ± 6.2%). Sixteen other phyla were also identified but other than Verrucomicrobia (4.4 ± 4.9%), all accounted for less than 1% of the identified sequences. Within Firmicutes, Clostridia was the dominant class, accounting for 76% of operational taxon units (OTUs). In general, there were only few differences observed between time points and different rabbits at the phylum level. A significant change was observed in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria over the 4 time points ( P = 0.02). Conclusions The gastrointestinal tract of rabbits harbors dense and diverse microbiota. Significant alteration of the Hard fecal microbiota does not appear to be a considerable adverse effect expected in rabbits treated for 21 days with oral meloxicam at a dose of 1 mg/kg.
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molecular analysis of the microbiota in Hard Feces from healthy rabbits oryctolagus cuniculus medicated with long term oral meloxicam
BMC Veterinary Research, 2014Co-Authors: David Eshar, Scott J WeeseAbstract:Analgesia is often indicated in rabbits undergoing surgical procedures or suffering from various painful conditions and the most common adverse effects associated with NSAIDs occur in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The objective of this study was to determine the potential effect of long-term (21 days) meloxicam administration on the fecal bacterial microbiota in healthy rabbits. Samples of Hard Feces were collected from six rabbits treated with meloxicam (1 mg/kg orally once every 24 h) on days 0,6,14 and 21. Next generation sequencing of V4 16S rRNA gene products was performed. A total of 2589912 V4 rRNA gene sequences passed all quality control filters. Firmicutes predominated (82.0 ± 6.2%). Sixteen other phyla were also identified but other than Verrucomicrobia (4.4 ± 4.9%), all accounted for less than 1% of the identified sequences. Within Firmicutes, Clostridia was the dominant class, accounting for 76% of operational taxon units (OTUs). In general, there were only few differences observed between time points and different rabbits at the phylum level. A significant change was observed in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria over the 4 time points (P = 0.02). The gastrointestinal tract of rabbits harbors dense and diverse microbiota. Significant alteration of the Hard fecal microbiota does not appear to be a considerable adverse effect expected in rabbits treated for 21 days with oral meloxicam at a dose of 1 mg/kg.
Hiroyuki Kanoh - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Dose-finding study of bixalomer in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and sevelamer hydrochloride-controlled open-label, parallel group study.
Therapeutic apheresis and dialysis : official peer-reviewed journal of the International Society for Apheresis the Japanese Society for Apheresis the , 2020Co-Authors: Tadao Akizawa, Hideki Origasa, Chisato Kameoka, Yuichiro Kaneko, Hiroyuki KanohAbstract:Hyperphosphatemia is a prognostic factor for morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Bixalomer (Kiklin® Capsules) is a non-absorbable polymer that decreases serum phosphate levels by binding phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to confirm the superiority of bixalomer to placebo for a 4-week treatment period in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia. Sevelamer hydrochloride (HCl), a similar non-absorbable polymer, was used as an active comparator for open-label as a reference without statistical comparison for efficacy and safety. The primary endpoint was the change in serum phosphorus level from baseline. The safety profile was also investigated. The number of subjects was 32 in the placebo group and 31 in each bixalomer group (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g/day), respectively. The baseline serum phosphorus level was 7.95 to 8.25 mg/dL. Bixalomer showed a significant decrease in serum phosphorus level at all doses compared with placebo, and the adjusted mean change in serum phosphorus level from the baseline to the end of treatment (at Week 4 or at the time of discontinuation) was +0.24 mg/dL in the placebo group, -0.75 mg/dL in the 1.5 g/day group, -1.32 mg/dL in the 3.0 g/day group, and -1.80 mg/dL in the 4.5 g/day group, showing a dose-dependent decrease in serum phosphorus level. The mean change in serum phosphorus level was -2.32 mg/dL in the sevelamer HCl group under the mean dose of 4.8 g/day. Major adverse events included constipation, Hard Feces, vomiting, etc.; however, none of the adverse events were serious or severe. Consequently, the superiority of bixalomer to placebo and its dose-dependency for treating hyperphosphatemia were confirmed (Clinical trial registration: NCT00505037).
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Dose‐Finding Study of Bixalomer in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease on Hemodialysis With Hyperphosphatemia: A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled and Sevelamer Hydrochloride‐Controlled Open‐Label, Parallel Group Study
Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis, 2014Co-Authors: Tadao Akizawa, Hideki Origasa, Chisato Kameoka, Yuichiro Kaneko, Hiroyuki KanohAbstract:: Hyperphosphatemia is a prognostic factor for morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease. Bixalomer (Kiklin® Capsules) is a non-absorbable polymer that decreases serum phosphate levels by binding phosphate in the gastrointestinal tract. This study was a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to confirm the superiority of bixalomer to placebo for a 4-week treatment period in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia. Sevelamer hydrochloride (HCl), a similar non-absorbable polymer, was used as an active comparator for open-label as a reference without statistical comparison for efficacy and safety. The primary endpoint was the change in serum phosphorus level from baseline. The safety profile was also investigated. The number of subjects was 32 in the placebo group and 31 in each bixalomer group (1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 g/day), respectively. The baseline serum phosphorus level was 7.95 to 8.25 mg/dL. Bixalomer showed a significant decrease in serum phosphorus level at all doses compared with placebo, and the adjusted mean change in serum phosphorus level from the baseline to the end of treatment (at Week 4 or at the time of discontinuation) was +0.24 mg/dL in the placebo group, -0.75 mg/dL in the 1.5 g/day group, -1.32 mg/dL in the 3.0 g/day group, and -1.80 mg/dL in the 4.5 g/day group, showing a dose-dependent decrease in serum phosphorus level. The mean change in serum phosphorus level was -2.32 mg/dL in the sevelamer HCl group under the mean dose of 4.8 g/day. Major adverse events included constipation, Hard Feces, vomiting, etc.; however, none of the adverse events were serious or severe. Consequently, the superiority of bixalomer to placebo and its dose-dependency for treating hyperphosphatemia were confirmed (Clinical trial registration: NCT00505037).
