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Otmar Geiss - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2016Co-Authors: Otmar Geiss, Ivana Bianchi, Josefa BarreromorenoAbstract:E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer Heating-Coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer Heating-Coil. The temperature of the Heating-Coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the Heating Coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
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Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours.
International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2016Co-Authors: Otmar Geiss, Ivana Bianchi, Josefa Barrero-morenoAbstract:E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer Heating-Coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer Heating-Coil. The temperature of the Heating-Coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the Heating Coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
Himsar Ambarita - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Simulation on Heat and Mass Transfer of an Evaporator as Evaporation Chamber In Natural Vacuum Solar Desalination System
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2019Co-Authors: A D Ronowikarto, R E T Siregar, Himsar AmbaritaAbstract:Natural Vacuum Solar Desalination technology was designed and built for one of solutions for water scarcity issues right now. An evaporator as the main part of this system should be analyzed to achieve a good result (fresh water productivity). The evaporator is used as an evaporation chamber to evaporate seawater which will be condensed to water storage. The commercial code CFD ANSYS Fluent 16.1 has been used to simulated and analyzed of heat and mass transfer inside the evaporator. There is no laminar model was used in this work with the temperature of Heating Coil was 70°C and the operation pressure was under atmospherical pressure. In this work, the results of simulation and experimental will be compared to be a validation. The highest temperature 72°C was in Heating Coil and the lowest temperature 38°C was in a body of evaporator based on the simulation result. The temperature of Heating Coil was increasing during evaporation processes. From these comparisons, shows there's a little discrepancy with a magnitude of error between 0,02% to 33%. It also shows the method has been used is right for analyzed and simulated about evaporation-condensation processes.
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Numerical Study on Natural Vacuum Solar Desalination System with Varying Heat Source Temperature
IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2017Co-Authors: Himsar AmbaritaAbstract:A natural vacuum desalination unit with varying low grade heat source temperature is investigated numerically. The objective is to explore the effects of the variable temperature of the low grade heat source on performances and characteristics of the desalination unit. The specifications of the desalination unit are naturally vacuumed with surface area of seawater in evaporator and Heating Coil are 0.2 m2 and 0.188 m2, respectively. Temperature of the Heating Coil is simulated based on the solar radiation in the Medan city. A program to solve the governing equations in forward time step marching technique is developed. Temperature of the evaporator, fresh water production rate, and thermal efficiency of the desalination unit are analysed. Simulation is performed for 9 hours, it starts from 8.00 and finishes at 17.00 of local time. The results show that, the desalination unit with operation time of 9 hours can produce 5.705 L of freshwater and thermal efficiency is 81.8 %. This reveals that varying temperature of the heat source of natural vacuum desalination unit shows better performance in comparison with constant temperature of the heat source.
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Study on the Performance of Natural Vacuum Desalination System Using Low Grade Heat Source
Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 2016Co-Authors: Himsar AmbaritaAbstract:Abstract In the present work characteristics and performance of a natural vacuum desalination system using low grade heat source is studied numerically and experimentally. In the numerical work, a program to solve the governing equations in forward time step marching technique is developed. In the experimental work a lab scale natural vacuum system using electric heater as a heat source is designed and tested. The surface area of seawater in the evaporator is 0.5 m. The numerical and experimental results show a good agreement. By using numerical simulations effect operating conditions such as heat source temperature, condenser temperature, Heating Coil surface area, and the present of heat recovery unit are explored. The simulation showed that, the present system with evaporator surface area of 0.2 m 2 , operation time of 9 h and source temperature of 80 °C will produce 6.63 L of fresh water ant thermal efficiency is 70.4%. The main conclusion can be drawn here is that the performance of the natural vacuum desalination system is mainly affected by maximum temperature in evaporator and minimum temperature in condenser. On the other hand, the surface area of Heating Coil and the heat recovery unit showed only a small effect.
Josefa Barreromoreno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2016Co-Authors: Otmar Geiss, Ivana Bianchi, Josefa BarreromorenoAbstract:E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer Heating-Coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer Heating-Coil. The temperature of the Heating-Coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the Heating Coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
Josefa Barrero-moreno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours.
International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2016Co-Authors: Otmar Geiss, Ivana Bianchi, Josefa Barrero-morenoAbstract:E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer Heating-Coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer Heating-Coil. The temperature of the Heating-Coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the Heating Coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
Ivana Bianchi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2016Co-Authors: Otmar Geiss, Ivana Bianchi, Josefa BarreromorenoAbstract:E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer Heating-Coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer Heating-Coil. The temperature of the Heating-Coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the Heating Coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.
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Correlation of volatile carbonyl yields emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil and the perceived sensorial quality of the generated vapours.
International journal of hygiene and environmental health, 2016Co-Authors: Otmar Geiss, Ivana Bianchi, Josefa Barrero-morenoAbstract:E-liquids generally contain four main components: nicotine, flavours, water and carrier liquids. The carrier liquid dissolves flavours and nicotine and vaporises at a certain temperature on the atomizer of the e-cigarette. Propylene glycol and glycerol, the principal carriers used in e-liquids, undergo decomposition in contact with the atomizer Heating-Coil forming volatile carbonyls. Some of these, such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, are of concern due to their adverse impact on human health when inhaled at sufficient concentrations. The aim of this study was to correlate the yield of volatile carbonyls emitted by e-cigarettes with the temperature of the Heating Coil. For this purpose, a popular commercial e-liquid was machine-vaped on a third generation e-cigarette which allowed the variation of the output wattage (5-25W) and therefore the heat generated on the atomizer Heating-Coil. The temperature of the Heating-Coil was determined by infrared thermography and the vapour generated at each temperature underwent subjective sensorial quality evaluation by an experienced vaper. A steep increase in the generated carbonyls was observed when applying a battery-output of at least 15W corresponding to 200-250°C on the Heating Coil. However, when considering concentrations in each inhaled puff, the short-term indoor air guideline value for formaldehyde was already exceeded at the lowest wattage of 5W, which is the wattage applied in most 2nd generation e-cigarettes. Concentrations of acetaldehyde in each puff were several times below the short-term irritation threshold value for humans. Acrolein was only detected from 20W upwards. The negative sensorial quality evaluation by the volunteering vaper of the vapour generated at 20W demonstrated the unlikelihood that such a wattage would be realistically set by a vaper. This study highlights the importance to develop standardised testing methods for the assessment of carbonyl-emissions and emissions of other potentially harmful compounds from e-cigarettes. The wide variety and variability of products available on the market make the development of such methods and the associated standardised testing conditions particularly demanding.