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Margit Weltschev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Compatibility of polymeric materials with Heating Oil/biodiesel blends at different temperatures
2019Co-Authors: Margit WeltschevAbstract:Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed. The question arises of whether polymeric materials are resistant to Heating Oil with admixtures of 10 % biodiesel (B10) and 20 % biodiesel (B20). The polarity of biodiesel increases its solvency and facilitates permeation and extrac-tion. Solvation, swelling and/or extraction lead to changes in the physical properties and chemical changes of polymeric materials. The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of frequently used sealing materials such as FKM, EPDM, CR, CSM, NBR, IIR, VMQ, FVMQ, PA and PUR in up to four-year aged B10 for 84 days at 20 °C, 40 °C and 70 °C. The polymeric materials: ACM, FKM, HNBR, PA, PE; POM, PUR and PVC were ex-posed to B20 for 84 days at 40°C and 70°C in another research project. Mass, tensile strength, breaking elongation and Shore hardness A (D) of the test specimens were determined before and after the exposure for 84 (42) days in the Heating Oil blends B10 and B20. There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore, a threshold of 15 % was deter-mined for the evaluation of the compatibility. Measurements of the variations in mass, tensile properties and Shore hardness after exposure of the polymers in non-aged and aged Heating Oil B10 showed clearly that FKM, FVMQ and PA were the most resistant materials in B10. The elastomers CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR, NBR and VMQ were generally not resistant to B10. Damage to the materials increased with higher test temperatures and the age of B10. FKM, POM and PVC showed high compatibility in B20 at 40°C and 70 °C. ACM, HNBR and PA were evaluated as resistant in B20 at 40 °C but not at 70°C.
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Compatibility of polymers with Heating Oil with 20 % biodiesel at different temperatures under static and compressed conditions
2019Co-Authors: Margit WeltschevAbstract:Biodiesel is viewed as a major source of energy. In areas such as the European Union, where 80 % of the Oil-based fuel is imported, there is also the desire to reduce dependence on external Oil supplies. Materials compatibility is a major concern whenever the fuel composition is changed. The question arises of whether polymeric materials are resistant to Heating Oil with 20 % biodiesel (B20) in comparison to pure Heating Oil. The polarity of biodiesel increases its solvency and facilitates permeation and extraction. Solvation, swelling and/or extraction lead to changes in the physical properties. Extraction alters the fuel chemistry. These chemical changes could also accelerate the degradation (hydrolysis and oxidation) of the polymeric material with the loss of additives and stabilizers. The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of frequently used materials for components in middle distillate facilities such as ACM, FKM, HNBR, PA, PE, POM, PUR and PVC in Heating Oil and Heating Oil blend B20 for 84 days at 40 °C, and FKM, HNBR, PA, POM, PUR and PVC at 70 °C. Mass, tensile strength, breaking elongation and Shore hardness A (D) of the test specimens were determined before and after exposure for 84 (42) days in the test fuels under static conditions. For the investigations under compressed conditions, the mass and the compression set of FKM test specimens were determined before and after exposure for 3, 7, 14, 28, 56 and 90 days in B20 at 40 °C and 70 °C according to ISO 815-1 “Rubber, vul-canized or thermoplastic - determination of compression set – Part 1: At ambient or elevated temperatures”. There is not determined a threshold for the reduction in tensile properties and Shore hardness in the international standards. Therefore, a threshold of 15 % was determined for the evaluation of the compatibility. The change of tensile strength and breaking elongation of test specimens made of ACM, FKM, HNBR, PA, PE, POM, PUR and PVC exposed to Heating Oil and the blend B20 was less than 15 % at 40 °C. A maximum reduction in Shore hardness A of 14 % was determined for ACM at 40 °C and for HNBR of 15 % at 70 °C. It can be concluded that ACM, FKM, HNBR, PA, PE, POM, PVC and PUR were resistant in B20 at 40°C. FKM, PA, POM and PVC were evaluated as resistant in heat-ing Oil and B20 at 70 °C, HNBR and PUR were not resistant in these fuels at 70°C. Based on the mass increase and compression set values of FKM test specimens it can be stated that FKM is resistant in B20 under compressed conditions at 40 °C and 70 °C.
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Compatibility of polymeric sealing materials with biodiesel Heating Oil blends at different temperatures
2019Co-Authors: Margit WeltschevAbstract:Biodiesel is subject to degradation processes like Oil and grease. The oxidative degradation products of vegetable Oil esters in biodiesel particularly lead to enhanced sedimentation in blended fuels. The polarity of biodiesel increases its solvency and facilitates permeation and extraction. Solvation, swelling and/or extraction lead to changes in the physical properties and chemical changes of polymeric materials. It also accelerates the degradation (hydrolysis and oxidation) of these materials with the loss of additives and stabilizers. The objective of this research was to determine the resistance of frequently used polymeric materials such as ACM, EPDM, FKM, FVMQ, CR, CSM, IIR, HNBR, NBR, PA, PE; POM, PUR, PVC and VMQ in biodiesel and Heating Oil with 10 %/20 % biodiesel (B10/B20) at 40°C and 70°C. Mass, tensile strength and breaking elongation of the test specimens were determined before and after the exposure for 84 days in the biodiesel Heating Oil blends. The visual examination of some elastomer test specimens clearly showed the great volume increase until break or partial dissolution. Shore hardness A and D were determined before and after exposure of the test specimens in the biofuels for 42 days. The elastomers CR, CSM, EPDM, IIR, NBR and VMQ were generally not resistant to biodiesel and B10 at 40°C and 70°C. FKM, ACM, HNBR, PA, PE, POM, and PVC showed high compatibility in B10/B20 at 40°C. A lower compatibility was determined for ACM in biodiesel. ACM and HNBR were not resistant in B20 at 70°C.
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ATR Investigations into the effect of ageing on HD-PE Heating Oil storage tanks after a service life of more than 30 years
2019Co-Authors: Felix Hennersdorf, Margit WeltschevAbstract:Heating Oil storage tanks made of polyethylene grades have been on the market in Germany since the early 1970s. To ensure safety, their replacement is recommended by tank manufacturers after a period of 30 years. Polyethylene is subject to ageing by alteration of the properties during its life cycle. The degree of degradation and the nature of the process mainly depend on the chemical alteration of the polyethylene, the wall thickness of the tank and the environmental conditions. There are no data available on the long-term behaviour of the polyethylene grades, especially after a service life of more than 30 years. The aim of this investigation was to find a suitable test method to determine the factual degree of damage in comparison to the uncontaminated polyethylene grades. Material data of the used polyethylene grades are available because the BAM was the competent authority for the tests and expert reports for the approval of these tanks until the middle of the 1990s. Therefore, tank sections from the bottom, the shell and the roof of 22 individual storage tanks produced of polyethylene grades A and B have been examined by Melt Flow Rate (MFR) and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). Their service life was in the range between 20 and 41 years. The MFR measurements of the tank sections showed differences in the values depending on the weight which was used (5 kg or 21.6 kg). An increase of the MFR was determined for the samples of polyethylene grade A, whereas a reduction of the MFR values was measured for most samples of polyethylene grade B. This grade is mainly subject to the internal ageing by cross-linkages, increased degree of branched molecules and loss of the plasticizer. ATR analysis exhibits an absorption band at 909 cm‒1 predominantly in samples of polyethylene grade A indicating chain scission and concomitantly formed terminal vinyl groups. This absorption band can be used for the characterization of the ageing of the polyethylene grades.
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Investigations on the degree of damage of polyethylene grades as materials of Heating Oil storage tanks after a service life of more than 30 years
2018Co-Authors: Margit WeltschevAbstract:Tanks for Heating Oil made of polyethylene grades have been on the market since the early 1970s in Germany. Tank manufacturers recommend the replacement of the tanks after a period of 30 years due to guarantee safety. Polyethylene grades are subject to ageing by alteration of the properties during their life cycle. The degree of ageing and the nature of the degradation process mainly depend on the chemical degradation of the polyethylene, the wall thickness of the tank and the environmental conditions. There are no results available on the long-term behavior of the polyethylene grades, especially after a service life of more than 30 years. The aim of this investigation was the determination of the factual degree of damage in comparison to the uncontaminated polyethylene grades. Material data of the used polyethylene grades are available because the BAM was the competent authority for the tests and expert reports for the approval of these tanks until the middle of the 1990s. The determination of the Melt Flow Rate (MFR) and the Fourier Transmission IR Spectroscopy (FTIR) of tank sections from the bottom, the shell and the roof of 10 segregated Heating Oil storage tanks produced of polyethylene grades A and B were used as tests methods. The MFR measurements of the tank sections showed differences in the values depending on the weight which was used (5 kg or 21.6 kg). A reduction of the MFR values was measured for most of the sections of tanks made of polyethylene grade B after a service life of the tanks of more than 30 years. This grade is mainly subject to the internal ageing by cross-linkages, increased degree of branched molecules and loss of the plasticizer, and to a lesser extent by oxidative degradation. The FTIR analysis, especially of tank sections of the bottom and the shell showed that the intensity of the CH2 asymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations in the range: 2800 - 2900 cm-1 and the CH2 bending deformation vibration at 1400 cm-1 increased due chain scissions. The intensity of the carbonyl stretching vibration C=O at 1740 cm-1 is low. The carbonyl index characterizes the degree of oxidation.
Betsy Elder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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State of Maine residential Heating Oil survey 2001-02 season summary [SHOPP]
2002Co-Authors: Betsy ElderAbstract:This, as the title implies, is a summary report of the price trends for Heating Oil, propane and kerosene Heating fuels for the Heating season.
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State of Maine residential Heating Oil survey: 1995--1996 season summary
1996Co-Authors: Betsy ElderAbstract:In Maine the cash price is surveyed, as opposed to lthe retail or charge price, as it has been identified as the price most often paid by Maine consumers. As one can see from the chart in this report, the 1995-1996 cash prices for No. 2 Heating Oil can be characterized as having an upward trend and much more fluctuation than last years` relatively flat line. The 1995-96 Heating season started at the closing price of the previous season and for the first few weeks prices were lower than most of the 1994-95 trendline. When the weather became cooler, however, prices were on a steady incline until well into the winter. Prices leveled off for most of the rest of the season with a dramatic surge on the last week of the survey. The average statewide cash price for No. 2 Heating Oil this year was .861 1 cents, approximately ten cents higher than the average for 1994-1995 which was .7661 cents per gallon. It has been the observation of the SPO that during most of the 1995-1996 season, Maine`s prices showed a direct correspondence with New England rack or wholesale prices. It appeared that they never fluctuated more than 3-4 cents from each other.
D.r. Rizzolo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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State Heating Oil and propane program. Final report, 1992--1993
1997Co-Authors: D.r. RizzoloAbstract:In cooperation with the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA) the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (DEPE), Office of Energy participated in an ongoing program to monitor retail prices of no. 2 Heating Oil and propane in New Jersey. According to program instructions, we conducted price surveys on a semi-monthly basis to obtain the necessary information from retail fuel merchants and propane dealers identified by the EIA. According to program instructions and at the discretion of the USDOE, we conducted four additional propane surveys on January 11 and 25, and April 5 and 19, 1993. The Heating Oil surveys began on October 5, 1992 and ended on March 15, 1993. The propane surveys began on October 5, 1992 and ended on April 19, 1993. We submitted data collected as of specified report dates to the EIA, within two working days of those dates.
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State Heating Oil and propane program. Final report, 1995--1996
1997Co-Authors: D.r. RizzoloAbstract:This reports documents the 1995-1996 United States Department of Energy (USDOE) program to monitor No. 2 Heating Oil and propane prices. Data reported encompass states that are heavily dependent on these products. Twelve surveys were conducted semimonthly to obtain the necessary price information from retail fuel merchants and propane dealers. Surveys began on October 2, 1995 and ended on March 18, 1996. Responses were analyzed to avoid questionable prices. Tables and graphs included in the report reflect the general activity of the prices furnished during the surveys. 3 figs., 2 tabs.
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State Heating Oil and propane program 1994--1995. Final report
1997Co-Authors: D.r. RizzoloAbstract:In cooperation with the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), the Board of Public Utilities (BPU), Division of Energy Planning and Conservation participated in an ongoing program to monitor retail prices of No. 2 Heating Oil and propane in New Jersey. According to program instructions, they conducted twelve price surveys on a semi-monthly basis to obtain the necessary price information from retail fuel merchants and propane dealers identified by the EIA. The surveys began on October 3, 1994 and ended on March 20, 1995. The authors submitted data collected as of specified report dates to the EIA, within two working days of those dates.
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State Heating Oil and propane program. Final report, 1993--1994
1997Co-Authors: D.r. RizzoloAbstract:In cooperation with the United States Department of Energy (USDOE), Energy Information Administration (EIA), the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy (DEPE), Office of Energy participated in an ongoing program to monitor retail prices of no. 2 Heating Oil and propane in New Jersey. According to program instructions, we conducted twelve price surveys on a semi-monthly basis to obtain the necessary information from retail fuel merchants and propane dealers identified by the EIA. According to program instructions and at the discretion of the USDOE, we conducted three additional propane surveys on January 31 and February 14 and 28, 1994. The surveys began on October 4, 1993 and ended on March 21, 1994. We submitted data collected as of specified report dates to the EIA, within two working days of those dates.
Bradley G. Kaufman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Testing the performance and compatibility of degummed soybean Heating Oil blends for use in residential furnaces
Fuel, 2010Co-Authors: Teshome Edae Jiru, Harry G. Gibson, Bradley G. Kaufman, Klein E. Ileleji, D. R. Ess, Dirk E. MaierAbstract:Degummed soybean Heating Oil (SHO) is a renewable energy resource, which can reduce dependence on foreign Oil and create a new market for the soybean industry. This study demonstrated that SHO 20 (20% degummed soybean Oil and 80% No. 2 fuel Oil) is suitable for application in residential furnaces without modification. The tests conducted were: fuel properties, seal compatibility, long-term storage, and laboratory and field combustion. The physical property tests showed that the kinematic viscosity (0.0346 cm
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Evaluation of Soybean Heating Oil Blends for Use in Residential Applications
2004 Ottawa Canada August 1 - 4 2004, 2004Co-Authors: Nicholas W. Vanlaningham, Harry G. Gibson, Bradley G. KaufmanAbstract:Soybean Heating Oil (SHO) has great potential to become a renewable component in residential Heating applications. Research at Purdue University has demonstrated SHO20, 20% degummed soybean Oil and 80% petroleum fuel, to be comparable to #2 petroleum fuel Oil. The kinematic viscosity of SHO20, 3.46 cSt at 100°F (37.8°C), was within the ASTM requirement for petroleum fuel Oil. The net Heating value of SHO20 was only 1-3% lower than pure petroleum fuel Oil on a volume basis. Laboratory combustion tests showed all blends tested produced less then 15 ppm SO2. Nitric oxide emissions at optimal furnace settings were similar for fuel Oil and SHO20 with values between 68 ppm and 130 ppm. Benefits of SHO include reduced dependence on foreign Oil and a new market for the soybean processing industry. Replacing just one quarter of the northeastern United States residential fuel Oil consumption with a 20% soybean Heating Oil blend would utilize nearly 5.7 million acres of soybeans. This mixture also reduces the amount of carbon introduced into the carbon cycle.
J. Mcbrien - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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No. 2 Heating Oil/propane program 1994--1995. Final report
1995Co-Authors: J. McbrienAbstract:During the 1994--95 Heating season, the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER) participated in a joint data collection program between several state energy offices and the federal Department of Energy`s (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). The purpose of the program was to collect and monitor retail and wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories from October 1994 through March 1995. This program augmented the existing Massachusetts data collection system and served several important functions. The information helped the federal and state governments respond to consumer, congressional and media inquiries regarding No. 2 Oil and propane. The information also provided policy decision-makers with timely, accurate and consistent data to monitor current Heating Oil and propane markets and develop appropriate state responses when necessary. In addition, the communication network between states and the DOE was strengthened through this program. This final report begins with an overview of the unique events that had an impact on the petroleum markets prior to and during the reporting period. Next, the report summarizes the results from residential Heating Oil and propane price surveys conducted by DOER over the 1994--95 Heating season. The report also incorporates the wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories collected by EIA and distributed to the states. Finally, the report outlines DOER`s use of the data.
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No. 2 Heating Oil/propane program. Final report, 1992/93
1993Co-Authors: J. McbrienAbstract:During the 1992--93 Heating season, the Massachusetts Division Energy Resources (DOER) participated in a joint data collection program between several state energy offices and the federal Department of Energy`s (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). The purpose of the program was to collect and monitor retail and wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories from October, 1992 through March, 1993. This final report begins with an overview of the unique events which had an impact on the petroleum markets prior to and during the reporting period. Next, the report summarizes the results from residential Heating Oil and propane price surveys conducted by DOER over the 1992--93 Heating season. The report also incorporates the wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories collected by the EIA and distributed to the states. Finally, the report outlines DOER`s use of the data.
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Number 2 Heating Oil/propane program. Final report, 1991/92
1992Co-Authors: J. McbrienAbstract:During the 1991--92 Heating season, the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER) participated in a joint data collection program between several state energy offices and the federal Department of Energy`s (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). The purpose of the program was to collect and monitor retail and wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories from October, 1991 through March, 1992. This final report begins with an overview of the unique events which had an impact on the reporting period. Next, the report summarizes the results from the residential Heating Oil and propane price surveys conducted by DOER over the 1991--1992 Heating season. The report also incorporates the wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories collected by the EIA and distributed to the states. Finally, the report outlines DOER`s use of the data and responses to the events which unfolded during the 1991--1992 Heating season.
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No. 2 Heating Oil/propane program
1991Co-Authors: J. McbrienAbstract:During the 1990/91 Heating season, the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER) participated in a joint data collection program between several state energy offices and the federal Department of Energy's (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). The purpose of the program was to collect and monitor retail and wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories from October 1990 through March 1991. This final report begins with an overview of the unique events which had an impact on the reporting period. Next, the report summarizes the results from the residential Heating Oil and propane price surveys conducted by DOER over the 1990/91 Heating season. The report also incorporates the wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories collected by the EIA and distributed to the states.
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No. 2 Heating Oil/propane program. Final report, 1990/91
1991Co-Authors: J. McbrienAbstract:During the 1990/91 Heating season, the Massachusetts Division of Energy Resources (DOER) participated in a joint data collection program between several state energy offices and the federal Department of Energy`s (DOE) Energy Information Administration (EIA). The purpose of the program was to collect and monitor retail and wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories from October 1990 through March 1991. This final report begins with an overview of the unique events which had an impact on the reporting period. Next, the report summarizes the results from the residential Heating Oil and propane price surveys conducted by DOER over the 1990/91 Heating season. The report also incorporates the wholesale Heating Oil and propane prices and inventories collected by the EIA and distributed to the states.