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Ramalingam Sathishkumar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating Herbal Product Authentication and Adulteration in India Using a Vouchered, DNA-Based Biological Reference Material Library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands. Objectives The goal of this project is to provide an initial assessment of Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in the marketplace in India by (1) developing a biological reference material (BRM) Herbal DNA library for Indian Herbal species using DNA barcode regions ( ITS2 and rbcL ) in order to facilitate accurate species resolution when testing the Herbal Products; and (2) assessing Herbal Product identification using our BRM library; and (3) comparing the use of our BRM library to identify Herbal Products with that of GenBank. Methods A BRM Herbal DNA library consisting of 187 Herbal species was prepared to authenticate the Herbal Products within India. Ninty-three Herbal Products representing ten different companies were procured from local stores located at Coimbatore, India. These samples were subjected to blind testing for authenticity using the DNA barcode regions rbcL and ITS2 . Results The results indicate that 40 % of the Products tested are authentic, and 60 % of the Products may be adulterated (i.e. contained species of plants not listed on the Product labels). The adulterated samples included contamination (50 %), substitution (10 %) and fillers (6 %). Our BRM library provided a 100 % Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match for all species, whereas the GenBank match was 64 %. Conclusions Our findings suggest that most Indian Herbal medicinal Products are essentially mixed with one or a few other herbs that could lessen the therapeutic activity of the main ingredients. We do not recommend the use of GenBank to identify Herbal Products because the use of this non-curated and/or vouchered database will result in inaccurate species identification. These DNA-based tools provide a scientific foundation for Herbal pharmacovigilance to ensure the safety and efficacy of natural drugs. This study provides curated BRMs that will underpin innovations in molecular diagnostic biotechnology, which will soon provide more robust estimates of adulteration and commercial tools that will strengthen due diligence in quality assurance within the Herbal industry.
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estimating Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in india using a vouchered dna based biological reference material library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands.
Dhivya Shanmughanandhan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating Herbal Product Authentication and Adulteration in India Using a Vouchered, DNA-Based Biological Reference Material Library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands. Objectives The goal of this project is to provide an initial assessment of Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in the marketplace in India by (1) developing a biological reference material (BRM) Herbal DNA library for Indian Herbal species using DNA barcode regions ( ITS2 and rbcL ) in order to facilitate accurate species resolution when testing the Herbal Products; and (2) assessing Herbal Product identification using our BRM library; and (3) comparing the use of our BRM library to identify Herbal Products with that of GenBank. Methods A BRM Herbal DNA library consisting of 187 Herbal species was prepared to authenticate the Herbal Products within India. Ninty-three Herbal Products representing ten different companies were procured from local stores located at Coimbatore, India. These samples were subjected to blind testing for authenticity using the DNA barcode regions rbcL and ITS2 . Results The results indicate that 40 % of the Products tested are authentic, and 60 % of the Products may be adulterated (i.e. contained species of plants not listed on the Product labels). The adulterated samples included contamination (50 %), substitution (10 %) and fillers (6 %). Our BRM library provided a 100 % Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match for all species, whereas the GenBank match was 64 %. Conclusions Our findings suggest that most Indian Herbal medicinal Products are essentially mixed with one or a few other herbs that could lessen the therapeutic activity of the main ingredients. We do not recommend the use of GenBank to identify Herbal Products because the use of this non-curated and/or vouchered database will result in inaccurate species identification. These DNA-based tools provide a scientific foundation for Herbal pharmacovigilance to ensure the safety and efficacy of natural drugs. This study provides curated BRMs that will underpin innovations in molecular diagnostic biotechnology, which will soon provide more robust estimates of adulteration and commercial tools that will strengthen due diligence in quality assurance within the Herbal industry.
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estimating Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in india using a vouchered dna based biological reference material library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands.
Yukihiro Goda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Identification and quantitation of JWH-213, a cannabimimetic indole, as a designer drug in a Herbal Product
Forensic Toxicology, 2013Co-Authors: Kazunaga Takahashi, Ruri Kikura-hanajiri, Tomohide Fukiwake, Masaaki Saijou, Yuji Motoki, Nahoko Uchiyama, Takashi Hasegawa, Yukihiro GodaAbstract:In our survey of designer drugs in the Japanese market, a cannabimimetic indole was identified as a new active compound in a Herbal Product. The structure of this compound was elucidated by liquid chromatography–photodiode array–mass spectrometry (LC–PDA–MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), high-resolution MS, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The compound was finally identified as (4-ethyl-1-naphthalenyl)(2-methyl-1-pentyl-1 H -indol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-213), an indole-based cannabinoid receptor ligand. To our knowledge, this is the first finding of JWH-213 as a designer drug in a Herbal Product. The quantitative LC–PDA analysis showed that the JWH-213 content in the Product was 252 mg/pack.
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Identification of a Novel Cannabimimetic Phenylacetylindole, Cannabipiperidiethanone, as a Designer Drug in a Herbal Product and Its Affinity for Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 Receptors
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2011Co-Authors: Nahoko Uchiyama, Ruri Kikura-hanajiri, Yukihiro GodaAbstract:A new cannabimimetic phenylacetylindole (cannabipiperidiethanone, 1) has been found as an adulterant in a Herbal Product which contains two other known synthetic cannabinoids, JWH-122 and JWH-081, and which is distributed illegally in Japan. The identification was based on analyses using GC-MS, LC-MS, high-resolution MS and NMR. Accurate mass spectrum measurement showed the protonated molecular ion peak of 1 at m/z 377.2233 [M+H]+ and the molecular formula of 1 was C24H29N2O2. Both mass and NMR spectrometric data revealed that 1 was 2-(2-methoxyphenyl)-1-{1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}ethanone. Compound 1 has a mixed structure of known cannabimimetic compounds: JWH-250 and AM-2233. Namely, the moiety of phenylacetyl indole and N-methylpiperidin-2-yl-methyl correspond to the structure of JWH-250 and AM-2233, respectively. However, no synthetic, chemical or biological information about 1 has been reported. A binding assay of compound 1 to cannabinoid receptors revealed that 1 has affinity for the CB1 and CB2 (IC50=591, 968 nM, respectively) receptors, and shows 2.3- and 9.4-fold lower affinities than those of JWH-250. This is the first report to identify cannabimimetic compound (1) as a designer drug and to show its binding affinity to cannabinoid receptors.
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Chemical constituents and DNA sequence analysis of a psychotropic Herbal Product
Forensic Toxicology, 2010Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Kikuchi, Ruri Kikura-hanajiri, Nahoko Uchiyama, Jun Ogata, Yukihiro GodaAbstract:In recent years, the distribution of a variety of psychotropic Products, especially “spice” and “Herbal blends,” which are advertised to have narcotic-like effects, has become more widespread in the Japanese illegal drug market. We recently found two synthetic annabinoids, cannabicyclohexanol and JWH-018, that serve as adulterants in Herbal Products purchased via the Internet. In this study, we focused on a Herbal Product being sold as incense, which showed unknown components by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The Product did not show any peak corresponding to the above synthetic cannabinoids, but seven other peaks were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and LC-MS. We identified them as N -methyltyramine ( 1 ), ( R )-normacromerine ( 2 ), ( R )-macromerine ( 3 ), ( S )-vasicine ( 4 ), mescaline ( 5 ), harmaline ( 6 ), and harmine ( 7 ) by polarimetry, LC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We also used DNA sequence analyses to identify the plant species of the Product. As a result of the sequencing of trnL-F , internal transcribed spacer (ITS), and rpl16 intron regions, three sequences derived from Coryphantha macromeris (Cactaceae), Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae), and Turnera diffusa (Turneraceae) were observed. Compounds 2 and 3 , both phenethylamines, were reported to cause hallucinogenic effects and are frequently found in Coryphantha genus (Cactaceae). Therefore, the plant source of these compounds was considered to be C. macromeris . Compound 5 is known to be a psychoactive phenethylamine found in peyote ( Lophophora williamsii ) and San Pedro cactus ( Trichocereus pachanoi ). The β-carboline alkaloids 6 and 7 are known to be found in the seeds of P. harmala . Therefore, there seems to be no contradiction between the chemical constituents and the plant species estimated by DNA analyses, except for compound 5 . This is the first report dealing with identification of the psychoactive cactus C. macromeris and its constituent compounds in a Herbal Product distributed in the illegal drug market.
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identification of a cannabinoid analog as a new type of designer drug in a Herbal Product
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 2009Co-Authors: Nahoko Uchiyama, Ruri Kikurahanajiri, Yuji Haishima, Nobuo Kawahara, Yukihiro GodaAbstract:A new type of designer drug, a cannabinoid analog (1), was found in a Herbal Product distributed on the illegal drug market in Japan in expectation of its narcotic effect. The structure of 1 was identified by LC-MS, GC-MS, high-resolution MS, and NMR analyses. Compound 1 showed a molecular weight of 332, and accurate mass measurement exhibited its elemental composition to be C22H36O2. Together, the mass and NMR spectrometric data revealed that 1 was (1RS,3SR)-3-[4-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol, which was first synthesized in 1979 by a group at Pfizer Inc. and reported as a potent cannabinoid analog possessing cannabinoid receptor binding activity and analgesic activity in the 1990s. This is the first report to identify a cannabinoid analog in an illegal drug.
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identification of a cannabimimetic indole as a designer drug in a Herbal Product
Forensic Toxicology, 2009Co-Authors: Nahoko Uchiyama, Ruri Kikurahanajiri, Nobuo Kawahara, Yukihiro GodaAbstract:A cannabimimetic indole has been identified as a new adulterant in a Herbal Product being sold illegally in Japan for its expected narcotic effect. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the Product contained two major compounds. One was identified as a cannabinoid analog (1RS,3SR)-3-[4-(1,1-dimethyloctyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]cyclohexan-1-ol (1) by direct comparison with the authentic compound, which we reported previously. The other compound (2) showed a molecular weight of 341 daltons, and accurate mass spectral measurements showed its elemental composition to be C24H23NO. Both mass and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometric data revealed that 2 was 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole [or naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone] being identical to JWH-018, which was synthesized by Wiley and coworkers in 1998. This compound was reported as a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist possessing a pharmacological cannabimimetic activity.
Steven G Newmaster - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating Herbal Product Authentication and Adulteration in India Using a Vouchered, DNA-Based Biological Reference Material Library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands. Objectives The goal of this project is to provide an initial assessment of Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in the marketplace in India by (1) developing a biological reference material (BRM) Herbal DNA library for Indian Herbal species using DNA barcode regions ( ITS2 and rbcL ) in order to facilitate accurate species resolution when testing the Herbal Products; and (2) assessing Herbal Product identification using our BRM library; and (3) comparing the use of our BRM library to identify Herbal Products with that of GenBank. Methods A BRM Herbal DNA library consisting of 187 Herbal species was prepared to authenticate the Herbal Products within India. Ninty-three Herbal Products representing ten different companies were procured from local stores located at Coimbatore, India. These samples were subjected to blind testing for authenticity using the DNA barcode regions rbcL and ITS2 . Results The results indicate that 40 % of the Products tested are authentic, and 60 % of the Products may be adulterated (i.e. contained species of plants not listed on the Product labels). The adulterated samples included contamination (50 %), substitution (10 %) and fillers (6 %). Our BRM library provided a 100 % Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match for all species, whereas the GenBank match was 64 %. Conclusions Our findings suggest that most Indian Herbal medicinal Products are essentially mixed with one or a few other herbs that could lessen the therapeutic activity of the main ingredients. We do not recommend the use of GenBank to identify Herbal Products because the use of this non-curated and/or vouchered database will result in inaccurate species identification. These DNA-based tools provide a scientific foundation for Herbal pharmacovigilance to ensure the safety and efficacy of natural drugs. This study provides curated BRMs that will underpin innovations in molecular diagnostic biotechnology, which will soon provide more robust estimates of adulteration and commercial tools that will strengthen due diligence in quality assurance within the Herbal industry.
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estimating Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in india using a vouchered dna based biological reference material library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands.
Subramanyam Ragupathy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating Herbal Product Authentication and Adulteration in India Using a Vouchered, DNA-Based Biological Reference Material Library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands. Objectives The goal of this project is to provide an initial assessment of Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in the marketplace in India by (1) developing a biological reference material (BRM) Herbal DNA library for Indian Herbal species using DNA barcode regions ( ITS2 and rbcL ) in order to facilitate accurate species resolution when testing the Herbal Products; and (2) assessing Herbal Product identification using our BRM library; and (3) comparing the use of our BRM library to identify Herbal Products with that of GenBank. Methods A BRM Herbal DNA library consisting of 187 Herbal species was prepared to authenticate the Herbal Products within India. Ninty-three Herbal Products representing ten different companies were procured from local stores located at Coimbatore, India. These samples were subjected to blind testing for authenticity using the DNA barcode regions rbcL and ITS2 . Results The results indicate that 40 % of the Products tested are authentic, and 60 % of the Products may be adulterated (i.e. contained species of plants not listed on the Product labels). The adulterated samples included contamination (50 %), substitution (10 %) and fillers (6 %). Our BRM library provided a 100 % Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) match for all species, whereas the GenBank match was 64 %. Conclusions Our findings suggest that most Indian Herbal medicinal Products are essentially mixed with one or a few other herbs that could lessen the therapeutic activity of the main ingredients. We do not recommend the use of GenBank to identify Herbal Products because the use of this non-curated and/or vouchered database will result in inaccurate species identification. These DNA-based tools provide a scientific foundation for Herbal pharmacovigilance to ensure the safety and efficacy of natural drugs. This study provides curated BRMs that will underpin innovations in molecular diagnostic biotechnology, which will soon provide more robust estimates of adulteration and commercial tools that will strengthen due diligence in quality assurance within the Herbal industry.
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estimating Herbal Product authentication and adulteration in india using a vouchered dna based biological reference material library
Drug Safety, 2016Co-Authors: Dhivya Shanmughanandhan, Subramanyam Ragupathy, Steven G Newmaster, Saravanan Mohanasundaram, Ramalingam SathishkumarAbstract:Introduction India is considered the ‘medicinal garden’ of the world, with 8000 medicinal plants of which 960 are commercial species that are traded nationally and globally. Although scientific studies estimate Herbal Product adulteration as 42–66 % in North America, India does not have any published marketplace studies and subsequent estimates of adulteration in an industry facing considerable supply demands.