The Experts below are selected from a list of 9039 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Nicole E. Basta - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Does education about local vaccination rates and the importance of Herd Immunity change US parents’ concern about measles?
Vaccine, 2020Co-Authors: Bridget Griffith, Angela K. Ulrich, Andy Becker, Dawn M. Nederhoff, Brandon Koch, Fareed A. Awan, Nicole E. BastaAbstract:Abstract It is unclear how broadly aware parents are of the concept of Herd Immunity and whether parents consider community benefits of vaccination when making decisions about their child’s vaccinations. We aimed to determine whether educating parents about community-level benefits of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination and local vaccination rates would impact concern about their child’s risk of measles and risk of a measles outbreak. We conducted an electronic survey among Minnesota parents of children aged 6–18 years in August 2016. We assessed baseline knowledge of Herd Immunity, asked participants to estimate MMR vaccination coverage in their county, and asked participants to estimate the minimum coverage needed to prevent measles outbreaks. We then delivered a short, educational intervention via the survey to inform participants about the benefits of Herd Immunity, the actual MMR vaccination coverage in their county, and that at least 95% MMR vaccination coverage is needed to prevent measles outbreaks. Pre- and post-intervention, participants were asked to report how concerned they were that their child might get measles. We used logistic regression models to assess factors associated with awareness of Herd Immunity, change in concern about one’s child’s measles risk, and overall concern for a measles outbreak. Among 493 participants, 67.8% were aware of Herd Immunity at baseline. Post-intervention, 40.2% (n = 198) of parents learned that MMR vaccination rates in their county were higher than they expected. All participants found out that their county MMR rates were lower than the measles Herd Immunity threshold of 95%. Overall, 27.0% (n = 133) of participants reported an increase in concern that their child might get measles after learning about local vaccination coverage and the coverage needed to achieve Herd Immunity. We found that our short, educational intervention aimed to increase awareness about Herd Immunity and local vaccination led to an increase in concern about disease risk among less than a third of parents.
-
‘What have you HEARD about the Herd?’ Does education about local influenza vaccination coverage and Herd Immunity affect willingness to vaccinate?
Vaccine, 2018Co-Authors: Jacqueline Logan, Bridget Griffith, Dawn M. Nederhoff, Brandon Koch, Fareed A. Awan, Julian Wolfson, Nicole E. BastaAbstract:Abstract Background Vaccination protects individuals directly and communities indirectly by reducing transmission. We aimed to determine whether information about Herd Immunity and local vaccination coverage could change an individual’s vaccination plans and concern about influenza. Methods We surveyed Minnesota residents ≥18 years during the 2016 Minnesota State Fair. Participants were asked to identify the definition of Herd Immunity, to report their history of and plans to receive influenza vaccine, to report their concern about influenza, and to estimate the reported influenza vaccination coverage in their county. After providing educational information about Herd Immunity and local vaccination rates, we reassessed vaccination plans and concerns. We used logistic regression to estimate predicted percentages for those willing to be vaccinated, for concern about influenza, and for changes in these outcomes after the intervention. We then compared those individuals with and without prior knowledge of Herd Immunity, accounting for other characteristics. Results Among 554 participants, the median age was 57 years; most were female (65.9%), white (91.0%), and non-Hispanic/Latino (93.9%). Overall, 37.2% of participants did not know about Herd Immunity and 75.6% thought that the influenza vaccination coverage in their county was higher than it was reported. Those not knowledgeable about Herd Immunity were significantly less likely than those knowledgeable about the concept to report plans to be vaccinated at baseline (67.8% versus 78.9%; p = 0.004). After learning about Herd Immunity and influenza vaccination coverage, the proportion of those not knowledgeable about Herd Immunity who were willing to be vaccinated increased significantly by 7.3 percentage points (p = 0.001). Educating participants eliminated the significant difference in the proportion planning to be vaccinated between these two groups (80.1% of those knowledgeable and 75.1% of those who were not initially knowledgeable became willing; p = 0.148). Conclusions Education about Herd Immunity and local vaccination coverage could be a useful tool for increasing willingness to vaccinate, generating benefits both to individuals and communities.
Pedro Plans-rubió - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
The vaccination coverage required to establish Herd Immunity against influenza viruses.
Preventive medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Pedro Plans-rubióAbstract:Objective 1) To determine the influenza vaccination coverage required to establish Herd Immunity, and 2) to assess whether the percentages of vaccination coverage proposed and those registered in the United States and Europe are sufficient to establish Herd Immunity. Methods The vaccination coverage required to establish Herd Immunity was determined by taking into account the number of secondary cases per infected case (R(o)) and the vaccine effectiveness. Results The required percentage that would have been required to establish Herd Immunity against previous influenza viruses ranged from 13% to 100% for the 1918-19, 1957-58, 1968-69 and 2009-10 pandemic viruses, and from 30% to 40% for the 2008-09 epidemic virus. The objectives of vaccination coverage proposed in the United States - 80% in healthy persons and 90% in high-risk persons - are sufficient to establish Herd Immunity, while those proposed in Europe - only 75% in elderly and high-risk persons - are not sufficient. The percentages of vaccination coverage registered in the United States and Europe are not sufficient to establish Herd Immunity. Conclusion The influenza vaccination coverage must be increased in the United States and Europe in order to establish Herd Immunity. It is necessary to develop new influenza prevention messages based on Herd Immunity.
-
Evaluation of the establishment of Herd Immunity in the population by means of serological surveys and vaccination coverage
Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 2012Co-Authors: Pedro Plans-rubióAbstract:The necessary Herd Immunity blocking the transmission of an infectious agent in the population is established when the prevalence of protected individuals is higher than a critical value, called the Herd Immunity threshold. The establishment of Herd Immunity in the population can be determined using the vaccination coverage and seroepidemiological surveys. The vaccination coverage associated with Herd Immunity (V(c)) can be determined from the Herd Immunity threshold and vaccine effectiveness. This method requires a vaccine-specific effectiveness evaluation, and it can be used only for the Herd Immunity assessment of vaccinated communities in which the infectious agent is not circulating. The prevalence of positive serological results associated with Herd Immunity can be determined from the Herd Immunity threshold, in terms of prevalence of antibodies (p(c)) and serological test performance. The Herd Immunity is established when the prevalence of antibodies is higher than pc. This method can be used to assess the establishment of Herd Immunity in different population groups, both when the infectious agent is circulating and when it is not possible to assess vaccine effectiveness. The Herd Immunity assessment in Catalonia, Spain, showed that the additional vaccination coverage required to establish Herd Immunity was 3-6% for measles, mump and varicella and 11% poliovirus type III in school children, 17-59% for diphtheria in youth and adults and 25-46% for persussis in school children, youth and adults.
Ulla K. Griffiths - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Inclusion of the value of Herd Immunity in economic evaluations of vaccines. A systematic review of methods used.
Vaccine, 2017Co-Authors: Liv S. Nymark, Tarang Sharma, Alexander Miller, Ulrika Enemark, Ulla K. GriffithsAbstract:The objectives of this review were to identify vaccine economic evaluations that include Herd Immunity and describe the methodological approaches used. We used Kim and Goldie's search strategy from a systematic review (1976-2007) of modelling approaches used in vaccine economic evaluations and additionally searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase for 2007-2015. Studies were classified according to modelling approach used. Methods for estimating Herd Immunity effects were described, in particular for the static models. We identified 625 economic evaluations of vaccines against human-transmissible diseases from 1976 to 2015. Of these, 172 (28%) included Herd Immunity. While 4% of studies included Herd Immunity in 2001, 53% of those published in 2015 did this. Pneumococcal, human papilloma and rotavirus vaccines represented the majority of studies (63%) considering Herd Immunity. Ninety-five of the 172 studies utilised a static model, 59 applied a dynamic model, eight a hybrid model and ten did not clearly state which method was used. Relatively crude methods and assumptions were used in the majority of the static model studies. The proportion of economic evaluations using a dynamic model has increased in recent years. However, 55% of the included studies used a static model for estimating Herd Immunity. Values from a static model can only be considered reliable if high quality surveillance data are incorporated into the analysis. Without this, the results are questionable and they should only be included in sensitivity analysis. Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
-
Inclusion of the value of Herd Immunity in economic evaluations of vaccines. A systematic review of methods used.
Vaccine, 2017Co-Authors: Liv S. Nymark, Tarang Sharma, Alexander Miller, Ulrika Enemark, Ulla K. GriffithsAbstract:Abstract Objective The objectives of this review were to identify vaccine economic evaluations that include Herd Immunity and describe the methodological approaches used. Methods We used Kim and Goldie’s search strategy from a systematic review (1976–2007) of modelling approaches used in vaccine economic evaluations and additionally searched PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase for 2007–2015. Studies were classified according to modelling approach used. Methods for estimating Herd Immunity effects were described, in particular for the static models. Results We identified 625 economic evaluations of vaccines against human-transmissible diseases from 1976 to 2015. Of these, 172 (28%) included Herd Immunity. While 4% of studies included Herd Immunity in 2001, 53% of those published in 2015 did this. Pneumococcal, human papilloma and rotavirus vaccines represented the majority of studies (63%) considering Herd Immunity. Ninety-five of the 172 studies utilised a static model, 59 applied a dynamic model, eight a hybrid model and ten did not clearly state which method was used. Relatively crude methods and assumptions were used in the majority of the static model studies. Conclusion The proportion of economic evaluations using a dynamic model has increased in recent years. However, 55% of the included studies used a static model for estimating Herd Immunity. Values from a static model can only be considered reliable if high quality surveillance data are incorporated into the analysis. Without this, the results are questionable and they should only be included in sensitivity analysis.
Bridget Griffith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Does education about local vaccination rates and the importance of Herd Immunity change US parents’ concern about measles?
Vaccine, 2020Co-Authors: Bridget Griffith, Angela K. Ulrich, Andy Becker, Dawn M. Nederhoff, Brandon Koch, Fareed A. Awan, Nicole E. BastaAbstract:Abstract It is unclear how broadly aware parents are of the concept of Herd Immunity and whether parents consider community benefits of vaccination when making decisions about their child’s vaccinations. We aimed to determine whether educating parents about community-level benefits of measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccination and local vaccination rates would impact concern about their child’s risk of measles and risk of a measles outbreak. We conducted an electronic survey among Minnesota parents of children aged 6–18 years in August 2016. We assessed baseline knowledge of Herd Immunity, asked participants to estimate MMR vaccination coverage in their county, and asked participants to estimate the minimum coverage needed to prevent measles outbreaks. We then delivered a short, educational intervention via the survey to inform participants about the benefits of Herd Immunity, the actual MMR vaccination coverage in their county, and that at least 95% MMR vaccination coverage is needed to prevent measles outbreaks. Pre- and post-intervention, participants were asked to report how concerned they were that their child might get measles. We used logistic regression models to assess factors associated with awareness of Herd Immunity, change in concern about one’s child’s measles risk, and overall concern for a measles outbreak. Among 493 participants, 67.8% were aware of Herd Immunity at baseline. Post-intervention, 40.2% (n = 198) of parents learned that MMR vaccination rates in their county were higher than they expected. All participants found out that their county MMR rates were lower than the measles Herd Immunity threshold of 95%. Overall, 27.0% (n = 133) of participants reported an increase in concern that their child might get measles after learning about local vaccination coverage and the coverage needed to achieve Herd Immunity. We found that our short, educational intervention aimed to increase awareness about Herd Immunity and local vaccination led to an increase in concern about disease risk among less than a third of parents.
-
‘What have you HEARD about the Herd?’ Does education about local influenza vaccination coverage and Herd Immunity affect willingness to vaccinate?
Vaccine, 2018Co-Authors: Jacqueline Logan, Bridget Griffith, Dawn M. Nederhoff, Brandon Koch, Fareed A. Awan, Julian Wolfson, Nicole E. BastaAbstract:Abstract Background Vaccination protects individuals directly and communities indirectly by reducing transmission. We aimed to determine whether information about Herd Immunity and local vaccination coverage could change an individual’s vaccination plans and concern about influenza. Methods We surveyed Minnesota residents ≥18 years during the 2016 Minnesota State Fair. Participants were asked to identify the definition of Herd Immunity, to report their history of and plans to receive influenza vaccine, to report their concern about influenza, and to estimate the reported influenza vaccination coverage in their county. After providing educational information about Herd Immunity and local vaccination rates, we reassessed vaccination plans and concerns. We used logistic regression to estimate predicted percentages for those willing to be vaccinated, for concern about influenza, and for changes in these outcomes after the intervention. We then compared those individuals with and without prior knowledge of Herd Immunity, accounting for other characteristics. Results Among 554 participants, the median age was 57 years; most were female (65.9%), white (91.0%), and non-Hispanic/Latino (93.9%). Overall, 37.2% of participants did not know about Herd Immunity and 75.6% thought that the influenza vaccination coverage in their county was higher than it was reported. Those not knowledgeable about Herd Immunity were significantly less likely than those knowledgeable about the concept to report plans to be vaccinated at baseline (67.8% versus 78.9%; p = 0.004). After learning about Herd Immunity and influenza vaccination coverage, the proportion of those not knowledgeable about Herd Immunity who were willing to be vaccinated increased significantly by 7.3 percentage points (p = 0.001). Educating participants eliminated the significant difference in the proportion planning to be vaccinated between these two groups (80.1% of those knowledgeable and 75.1% of those who were not initially knowledgeable became willing; p = 0.148). Conclusions Education about Herd Immunity and local vaccination coverage could be a useful tool for increasing willingness to vaccinate, generating benefits both to individuals and communities.
Martin Michaelis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Herd Immunity to Ebolaviruses Is Not a Realistic Target for Current Vaccination Strategies.
Frontiers in immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Stuart G Masterson, Leslie Lobel, Miles W. Carroll, Mark N. Wass, Martin MichaelisAbstract:The recent West African Ebola virus pandemic, which affected >28,000 individuals increased interest in anti-Ebolavirus vaccination programs. Here, we systematically analyzed the requirements for a prophylactic vaccination program based on the basic reproductive number (R0, i.e., the number of secondary cases that result from an individual infection). Published R0 values were determined by systematic literature research and ranged from 0.37 to 20. R0s ≥ 4 realistically reflected the critical early outbreak phases and superspreading events. Based on the R0, the Herd Immunity threshold (Ic) was calculated using the equation Ic = 1 - (1/R0). The critical vaccination coverage (Vc) needed to provide Herd Immunity was determined by including the vaccine effectiveness (E) using the equation Vc = Ic/E. At an R0 of 4, the Ic is 75% and at an E of 90%, more than 80% of a population need to be vaccinated to establish Herd Immunity. Such vaccination rates are currently unrealistic because of resistance against vaccinations, financial/logistical challenges, and a lack of vaccines that provide long-term protection against all human-pathogenic Ebolaviruses. Hence, outbreak management will for the foreseeable future depend on surveillance and case isolation. Clinical vaccine candidates are only available for Ebola viruses. Their use will need to be focused on health-care workers, potentially in combination with ring vaccination approaches.
-
Herd Immunity TO EBOLAVIRUSES IS NOT A REALISTIC TARGET FOR CURRENT VACCINATION STRATEGIES
2018Co-Authors: Stuart G Masterson, Leslie Lobel, Miles W. Carroll, Mark N. Wass, Martin MichaelisAbstract:The recent West African Ebola virus pandemic, which affected >28,000 individuals increased interest in anti-Ebolavirus vaccination programs. Here, we systematically analyzed the requirements for a prophylactic vaccination program based on the basic reproductive number (R0, i.e. the number of secondary cases that result from an individual infection). Published R0 values were determined by a systematic literature research and ranged from 0.37 to 20. R0s higher than 4 realistically reflected the critical early outbreak phases and superspreading events. Based on the R0, the Herd Immunity threshold (Ic) was calculated using the equation Ic=1-(1/R0). The critical vaccination coverage (Vc) needed to provide Herd Immunity was determined by including the vaccine effectiveness (E) using the equation Vc=Ic/E. At an R0 of 4, the Ic is 75% and at an E of 90%, more than 80% of a population need to be vaccinated to establish Herd Immunity. Such vaccination rates are currently unrealistic because of resistance against vaccinations, financial/ logistical challenges, and a lack of vaccines that provide long-term protection against all human-pathogenic Ebolaviruses. Hence, outbreak management will for the foreseeable future depend on surveillance and case isolation. Clinical vaccine candidates are only available for Ebola viruses. Their use will need to be focused on health care workers, potentially in combination with ring vaccination approaches.