The Experts below are selected from a list of 150 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Julian Bogousslavsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Paolo Mazzarello - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Vincenzo Malacarne (1744–1816) and the First Description of the Human Cerebellum
    The Cerebellum, 2018
    Co-Authors: Alberto Zanatta, Céline Cherici, Alessandro Bargoni, Serena Buzzi, Valentina Cani, Paolo Mazzarello, Fabio Zampieri
    Abstract:

    Vincenzo Malacarne, professor of medicine, surgery, and obstetrics in Turin, Pavia, and Padua, Italy, represented a perfect example of an eighteenth century “letterato”, combining interests in humanities, sciences, and politics, embodying the ideal of an encyclopedic and universal culture. He made important contributions in anatomy and surgery, teratology, obstetrics, Neurology, and History of medicine, adopting a interdisciplinary approach based on the correlation between anatomy, surgery, and clinics. He deserves a special place in the History of Neurology because of the first complete description of the human cerebellum. He quantified the units of the cerebellar internal structures, the lamellae being numbered for a systematic description of the human cerebellum. He thought the mental faculties depended on their number, considering a relation between the number of cerebellar lamellae and the expression of intellectual faculties. In this way, he made first statistics on human faculties. He advanced the concept that the number of cerebellar folia was influenced by the environment, thus providing the first nature-nurture hypothesis made on the basis of observations, and the concept of neuroplasticity in the scientific literature. Finally, he also contributed to the emergence of a new science, namely electrophysiology, because he laid down experimental foundations of a project on the recording of brain electricity, comparing the structure of the human brain with Volta’s galvanic pillar.

  • Chapter 44: History of Neurology in Italy.
    Handbook of clinical neurology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Marina Bentivoglio, Paolo Mazzarello
    Abstract:

    Abstract The chapter starts from the Renaissance (although the origins of Italian Neurology can be traced back to the Middle Ages), when treatises of nervous system physiopathology still followed Hippocratic and Galenic “humoral” theories. In Italy, as elsewhere in Europe, the concepts of humoral pathology were abandoned in the 18th century, when Neurology was influenced by novel trends. Neurology acquired the status of clinical discipline (as “clinic of mental diseases”) after national reunification (declared in 1861 but completed much later). At the end of the 19th and first decades of the 20th century, eminent Italian “neuropsychiatrists” (including, among many others, Ugo Cerletti, who introduced electroconvulsive shock therapy in 1938) stimulated novel knowledge and approaches, “centers of excellence” flourished, and “Neurological Institutes” were founded. In the first half of the 20th century, the History of Italian Neurology was dominated by World Wars I and II (which stimulated studies on the wounded) and the fascist regime in-between the Wars (when the flow of information was instead very limited). Italy became a republic in 1946, and modern Neurology and its distinction from psychiatry were finally promoted. The chapter also provides detailed accounts of scientific societies and journals dedicated to the neurological sciences in Italy.

Paul Foley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • following charcot a forgotten History of Neurology and psychiatry frontiers of Neurology and neuroscience 29 by j bogousslavsky ed
    Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2014
    Co-Authors: Paul Foley
    Abstract:

    Charcot continues to dominate the historiography of French Neurology, almost to the exclusion of other contributors; despite criticism of his alleged shortcomings with respect to showmanship and cr...

  • Chapter 48: History of Neurology in Australia and New Zealand.
    Handbook of clinical neurology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Paul Foley, Catherine E Storey
    Abstract:

    In comparison with most Western countries, Neurology as a recognized medical specialty has a relatively brief History in Australia: the national body for neurologists, the Australian (since 2006: and New Zealand) Association of Neurologists, was founded only in 1950. The development of Neurology in both countries was heavily influenced by British Neurology, and until recently a period in the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London was regarded as essential to specialist training in Neurology. Nevertheless, Australians have made significant contributions to international Neurology since the early 20th century, commencing with the neuroanatomical research of the colorful expatriate Grafton Elliot Smith (1871-1937). Other Australian physicians who attracted early international attention through their work in clinical neuroscience included William John Adie (1886-1935), the anatomist John Irvine Hunter (1898-1924) and the surgeon Norman Royle (1888-1944). The first Australian physician to unambiguously commit himself to Neurology was Alfred Walter Campbell (1868-1938), a remarkable personality who established an imposing reputation as neurocytologist and neuropathologist. The chapter provides a concise overview of the development of Neurology as a clinical and academic specialty in Australia and New Zealand.

Frank W. Stahnisch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Putting Experimental Dynamics into the Field: The German ‘Ostfeldzug' and the Creation of Emergency Care Chains in Military Neurology and Neurological Surgery, 1941-1945
    European neurology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Frank W. Stahnisch
    Abstract:

    Background: The interconnections between the History of Neurology and neurological surgery with the development of modern, technological warfare are a vastly unde

  • three 20th century multiauthored handbooks serving as vital catalyzers of an emerging specialization a case study from the History of Neurology and psychiatry
    Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 2012
    Co-Authors: Frank W. Stahnisch, Peter J Koehler
    Abstract:

    Originating in the late 19th century, psychiatry and Neurology emerged during a period of several decades as two distinct fields of medical inquiry, separate from the study and practice of internal medicine. Around 1900, the German-speaking countries in Europe played an important role in this development. In this article, the publication of three influential multivolume and multiauthor handbooks are studied. All available volumes of Max Lewandowsky's Handbuch der Neurologie (1910-1914) and the Handbuch der Neurologie (1935-1937) of Oswald Bumke and Otfrid Foerster are analyzed. The handbooks are compared with Pierre Vinken and George Bruyn's Handbook of Clinical Neurology (1968-2002). This article is particularly timely in that it helps to reveal some of the origins of the disciplinary split-even at a moment when "brain psychiatry" (Wilhelm Griesinger), "neuropsychiatry" (Kurt Goldstein), and the German notion of Nervenheilkunde all acknowledged the interdisciplinary nature of both psychiatry and Neurology. Particular emphasis is placed on the preeminent role that Jewish clinical neurologists assumed in the editing of the respective handbooks, leading to the extraordinary breadth and wealth of these publications. A great number of doyens in the fields of Neurology and psychiatry-among them numerous Nobel Prize laureates-were involved in the dissemination of contemporary knowledge, including diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, which testifies to the fundamental status that these handbooks held for training purposes for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. Finally, the volumes analyzed in this article (between 1911 and 2002) are representative of a shift in the dominant scientific language, from German to English, since the 1930s and the 1940s, as well as the change in geographical distribution of the leading scientific authors, from Central Europe (Germany, Austria, Holland, France, Italy, and Scandinavia) to North America (the United States).

  • Chapter 11: on the use of animal experimentation in the History of Neurology.
    Handbook of clinical neurology, 2010
    Co-Authors: Frank W. Stahnisch
    Abstract:

    Publisher Summary This chapter gives an overview of the use of wild and laboratory animals in the History of Neurology. This overview covers several landmark experiments, and, in doing so, it pays particular attention to the transfer of knowledge derived from animal experimentation to human physiology and clinical phenomena in Neurology. Additionally, various social backgrounds of the Western research endeavor in biomedicine, such as the influence of conflicting religious and cultural beliefs held by neuroscientists or the public, will be touched upon to illustrate the complex efforts of different historical contexts. In Greek medical culture, the unifying concepts of form and function in living animals merged with broader ideas on the nerves as the seat of bodily formae, that is, the coordinated functioning and essential integration of the physical body through the dynamic structure of the soul. Animals that displayed certain anatomical resemblances to humans were likewise seen to possess the same formae and suffer from diseases similar to those found in man.

Shrikant Mishra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • History of Neurology in Bangladesh (P1.300)
    Neurology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Nasheed Jamal, Shrikant Mishra, Bhavesh Trikamji
    Abstract:

    OBJECTIVE: To trace the History of Neurology in Bangladesh from its origins to its present form. BACKGROUND: The History of Neurology in modern-day Bangladesh begins in ancient India. Rooted in the connection between spirituality and health, the medical system of Ayurveda surfaced in the Indian subcontinent between 4500 BC and 1600 BC, detailing the basis and treatments of neurological diseases with respect to both the mind and body. In Bengal, prominent Ayurvedic schools, including the Chittagong and Khandarapara institutions focusing on the treatment of "insanity," dominated medical thought until the establishment of Calcutta Medical College in 1835. With the support of the British governor-general of India, Western (allopathic) medicine thus began to supplant Ayurveda as the prevailing system for diagnosing and treating neurological disorders. Mitford Hospital and Dhaka Medical School (now Sir Salimullah Medical College) were subsequently founded in 1854 and 1875, respectively, in the eastern part of undivided Bengal. Since then, 14 more government sponsored and 26 private allopathic medical colleges have been created in present-day Bangladesh. Established in 2000, the Society of Neurologists in Bangladesh was organized with the eventual goal of founding a National Institute of Neurosciences. This mission was realized in 2012 with the opening of the 300-bed National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospital in Dhaka. DESIGN/METHODS: Historical data was collected by searching Pubmed, Banglapedia, textbooks, and the webpages of various Bengali medical institutions. RESULTS: Eighteen medical colleges in Bangladesh have independent Neurology departments. Two of these medical colleges offer post-graduate training in Neurology. Currently, approximately 60 neurologists practice in Bangladesh. CONCLUSIONS: Neurology in Bangladesh initially developed within the system of Ayurveda and then transitioned to its current allopathic form. At present, Bangladesh has a shortage of neurologists. However, given the establishment of new medical colleges and most recently the National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospital, the future of Neurology in Bangladesh seems promising. Disclosure: Dr. Mishra has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trikamji has nothing to disclose.

  • History of Neurology in India (P04.007)
    Neurology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Justin Cheongsiatmoy, Shrikant Mishra
    Abstract:

    Objective: To chronicle the History of Neurology in India with focus on its establishment and evolution. Background The History of Neurology in India is divided into two periods: ancient and modern. The ancient period dates back to the mid-second millennium BCE during the creation of the Ayurveda Indian system of Medicine which detailed descriptions of neurological disorders called Vata Vyadhi (Mishra, et al 2001). The early 20 th century witnessed the birth of Indian modern medicine with the onset of formal physician training at the nation9s first allopathic medical colleges located in Madras (1835), Calcutta (1835), and Mumbai (1848). Prior to India9s independence from Britain in 1947, only 25 medical schools existed in the entire country. Today, there are over 312. In 1951, physicians across the field of Neurology and neurosurgery united to create the Neurological Society of India (NSI). Four decades later in 1991, neurologists branched out to establish a separate organization called the Indian Academy of Neurology (IAN). Design/Methods: Information was gathered through literature review using PubMed, MD Consult, OVID, primary texts, and research at various academic institutions in India. Results: Neurological disorders were first described in ancient India under Ayurveda. The transition to modern medicine occurred more recently through formal training at medical schools beginning in the 19309s. Early pioneers include Dr. Jacob Chandy, Dr. B. Ramamurthi, Dr. S.T. Narasimhan and Dr. Baldev Singh who created the Neurological Society of India. Later, Dr. J.S. Chopra, a prominent neurologist and visionary, recognized the need for primary centers of collaboration and subsequently established the Indian Academy of Neurology. Conclusions: As a result of structural and organizational evolution, the future of Neurology in India is bright. Nationwide, there are 32 Neurology post-graduate training centers and over 500 practicing neurologists. These numbers are poised to grow significantly moving forward. Detailed information with pictures will be presented. Disclosure: Dr. Cheongsiatmoy has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mishra has nothing to disclose.