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Geoff Eley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a crooked line from cultural History to the History of Society
The History Teacher, 2005Co-Authors: Geoff EleyAbstract:A first-hand account of the genealogy of the discipline, and of the rise of a new era of social History, by one of the leading historians of a generation Using his own intellectual biography as a narrative device, Geoff Eley tracks the evolution of historical understanding in our time from social History through the so-called "cultural turn," and back again to a broad History of Society. A gifted writer, Eley carefully winnows unique experiences from the universal, and uses the interplay of the two to draw the reader toward an organic understanding of how historical thinking (particularly the work of European historians) has evolved under the influence of new ideas. His work situates History within History, and offers students, scholars, and general readers alike a richly detailed, readable guide to the enduring value of historical ideas
Mark Edele - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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soviet Society social structure and everyday life major frameworks reconsidered
Kritika, 2007Co-Authors: Mark EdeleAbstract:This is a good time to be a social historian. The linguistic turn has thoroughly discredited any attempt to see politics and culture as mere surface phenomena of deeper social transformations and thus freed social History from unnecessary reductionism. As a result of the sometimes harsh postmodern critique, historians are keenly aware of the complexities of the historical phenomena they deal with and the epistemological problems of their craft. It is time to move beyond these criticisms and reconstruct the project of writing a History of Society. (1) Such a reconstruction of social History would see the linguistic turn as a constructive critique of older approaches, rather than as an all-encompassing paradigm shift. (2) One major effect of the critique of social History on our own field is a reluctance to theorize social structure and social stratification in the Soviet context. (3) By the mid- 990s, even labor historians felt compelled to theorize "class" as an "imagined community" rather than as an objective structure of differentiated access to life chances. (4) Where class is encountered, it is deconstructed as a category of state engineering. (5) It is as if the critique of vulgar Marxist class analysis (with all its assumptions about base and superstructure, historical progress, and consciousness) has de-legitimized the study of stratification per se. (6) It may be time to remember that the major classical theorist of social hierarchy was not Karl Marx, but Max Weber. (7) A second major effect is that the study of "Society" was replaced with the study of "everyday life." (8) In what amounts to a social History with the structure left out, historians focus on everyday practices rather than on large-scale structures such as classes or Society at large, as the "old" social History had done. The one over-arching structure left in such analyses is the state. Not only in the cities, but even in the under-governed countryside, Sheila Fitzpatrick, for example, focuses on interactions with the state as the essence of the Soviet everyday. (9) Similarly, for Stephen Kotkin the "grand strategies of the state" define the field of action in which the "little tactics of the habitat" play out. (10) It is as if the everyday has replaced "Society" in the old dichotomy of state vs. Society which informed much of social History in the Soviet context. Again, it might be time to remember one of the major propositions of classical sociology: that the state is only one element of the larger social organization that forms the context for everyday life and is in turn reproduced by it. (11) The goal of this article is to recover some of these insights of classical sociology in order to reconstruct a theoretical framework for a History of Soviet Society. Rather than develop one coherent theoretical model, this article explores the general conceptual frames that lie at the base of several attempts to think about Society and everyday life in the Soviet context. I start with the too often neglected Harvard Interview Project, which is most directly influenced by classical sociology. I contend that a re-appropriation of the general outlook of this approach is an essential step in a reconstruction of a History of Soviet Society. I then contrast the Harvard Project's conceptual approach with several major alternatives: the political economy of state socialism, social History in a state/Society framework, and the History of everyday life a la Kotkin. Rather than replacing the conceptual work of Alex Inkeles, Raymond Bauer, and Clyde Kluckhohn, I argue that these approaches add specific complications to the original framework. Rather than stressing shifts between generations of researchers, this article thus assumes that different approaches have developed different aspects of a larger whole. Instead of stressing the differences between successive paradigms, I suggest we think of the historiographical development as the unfolding of a larger research agenda: the attempt to understand the socio-cultural complexity of Soviet Society. …
Finamor, João Nercimar Scalvenzi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Microgeração de energia com uso de eletrólitos compostos de substratos orgânicos
2018Co-Authors: Finamor, João Nercimar ScalvenziAbstract:A busca por fontes de energia é algo inerente à história da sociedade. O impacto da revolução industrial e a evolução da produção manufaturada, forçaram a um crescimento do uso dos combustíveis fósseis. Crises do petróleo, crescimento populacional, tratados ambientais e o reconhecimento da influência das atividades humanas nos fenômenos de mudanças climáticas levaram ao aprofundamento das pesquisas e aplicações em Energias Renováveis e fontes menos poluentes. Dentre essas diversas pesquisas destaca-se o desenvolvimento de células eletroquímicas, que em muitas vezes, estão relacionadas à problemas de poluição ambiental. Células eletroquímicas são dispositivos capazes de gerar e acumular energia através de reações químicas e bioquímicas. Estudos nessa área são importantes, visto que muitas vezes existem dúvidas de ordem técnica para suas aplicações no design de produtos eletroeletrônicos, que buscam reduzir seu impacto, principalmente, no descarte final. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa buscou contribuir com dados técnico-científicos orientadores para a geração da microenergia, a partir da utilização de materiais naturais para fabricação da célula bioquímica. Diante desse objetivo, foram selecionados materiais naturais dentre um conjunto de folhas de espécies comuns no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com possível potencial para atuarem como eletrólito na microgeração de energia de corrente contínua. Após os ensaios de caracterização, foram montados sistemas de células eletroquímicas composta por eletrodos de Cobre e Zinco e os materiais selecionados como eletrólito. Os resultados apontaram que as folhas de limão, de bergamota, e de laranja apresentam um potencial para geração de energia. Com base na pesquisa, verificou-se que existem boas possibilidades para microgeração de energia utilizando eletrólitos com matérias naturais.The search for energy sources is something inherent in the History of Society. The impact of the industrial revolution and the evolution of manufactured production forced the use of fossil fuels to grow. Oil crises, population growth, environmental treaties and the recognition of the influence of human activities on the phenomena of climate change have led to the deepening of research and applications in Renewable Energies and less polluting sources. Among these several types of research the development of electrochemical cells, which in many cases, are related to the problems of environmental pollution, stands out. Electrochemical cells are devices capable of generating and accumulating energy through chemical and biochemical reactions. Studies in this area are important since there are often technical doubts for their applications in the design of electrical and electronic products, which seek to reduce their impact, mainly in the final disposal. In this sense, the present research sought to contribute to technical-scientific data guiding for the generation of micro-energy, from the use of natural materials to manufacture the biochemical cell. In view of this objective, natural materials were selected from a set of leaves of common species in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a potential to act as an electrolyte in the micro energy generation of direct current. After the characterization tests, electrochemical cell systems composed of Copper and Zinc electrodes and the materials selected as electrolyte were assembled. The results indicated that lemon, bergamot, and orange leaves have a potential for energy generation. Based on the research, it was verified that there are good possibilities for microgeneration of energy using electrolytes with natural materials
Sbriccoli Mario - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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História do Direito e História da Sociedade: Questões de Método e Problemas de Pesquisa
2019Co-Authors: Sbriccoli MarioAbstract:This is a conference held in April 1985 in the context of the discussions on relationships between History and social sciences promoted by the so-called Annales school. How can we build bridges between legal History and History of Society in terms of research methods and problems? Understanding law as the juridical dimension of social phenomena, Sbriccoli argues that law cannot be subsidiary in certain research on social practices and that legal historians cannot isolate themselves, they should desdisciplinarize themselves, while maintaining the autonomy of the area, in order to dialogue with History of Society, so that an effective exchange can take place. In short, “it is necessary to become bilingual to live and operate in a world that is structurally bilingual”.Conferência pronunciada em abril de 1985 no contexto das discussões em torno das relações entre história e ciências sociais promovida pela chamada escola dos Annales. Como construir pontes entre a história do direito e a história da sociedade em termos de métodos e problemas de pesquisa? Entendendo o direito como a dimensão jurídica de fenômenos sociais, Sbriccoli defende que o direito não pode ser algo subsidiário em certas pesquisas sobre práticas sociais e que os historiadores do direito não podem se isolar, desdisciplinarizando-se, embora mantendo a autonomia da área, para dialogar com a história da sociedade, de modo que possa acontecer um efetivo intercâmbio. Em suma, “é preciso se tornar bilíngue para viver e operar em um mundo que é estruturalmente bilíngue”
Lima, Rejane Borges Aguiar De Oliveira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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O sistema de cotas raciais no Brasil : uma concretização do princípio da dignidade da pessoa humana
2020Co-Authors: Lima, Rejane Borges Aguiar De OliveiraAbstract:A figura do Estado, embora recente na história da sociedade, tem evoluído a partir de diversas influências no campo do pensamento do homem. Para além das diversas circunstâncias que o cercam ou mesmo em decorrência de todas estas variáveis, o Estado moderno tem sido fortemente influenciado por aquele que tem sido o grande diferencial da sociedade contemporânea: o reconhecimento da dignidade da pessoa humana. A partir deste princípio, sobretudo nos séculos XIX e XX, o Estado tem redirecionado seu propósito, reconhecendo o valor da pessoa humana e agindo em função do próprio indivíduo. Com este fim, o Estado tem adotado medidas e políticas visando proporcionar uma existência digna a cada indivíduo, afastando ou mesmo suprindo as diferenças sociais, a fim de que cada um possa desfrutar de iguais oportunidades. Em meio a tantas políticas, alguns países tem adotado medidas chamadas afirmativas, dentre elas o “sistema de cotas raciais”, a fim de oferecer ao indivíduo acesso diferenciado às vagas em universidades (graduação e pós graduação) ou mesmo a cargos públicos, justificando-se, em geral, que a adoção das medidas contemplam o princípio da igualdade. Ainda assim, e por estas medidas estarem fundadas e serem realizadas a partir de critérios ou atributos pessoais, intrínsecos e imutáveis, já que estabelecidas com base na cor da pele, revela-se imperioso o confronto destas políticas com a atual concepção da dignidade da pessoa humana, segundo a qual o indivíduo não pode ser tratado, tampouco discriminado, a partir de elementos, características ou atributos pessoais que independem de sua vontade, como a “raça”, a etnia, a cor da pele, o sexo ou a orientação sexual. Toda esta investigação no campo dos critérios utilizados na política de cotas raciais, sobretudo na realidade brasileira, envolvendo seus diversos argumentos de sustentação, tem como propósito precípuo discernir aquilo que é mais essencial ao indivíduo: a concretização da dignidade da pessoa humana.The figure of the State, although recent in the History of Society, has evolved from various influences dealing with human thought. Apart of them various circumstances surrounding it or even as a result of all these variables, the modern State has been strongly influenced by what has been the great differential of contemporary Society: the recognition of the dignity of the human person. From this principle, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the State has redirected its purpose, recognizing the value of the human person and acting in function of the individual himself. To this end, the State has adopted measures and policies aimed at providing a dignified existence for each individual, removing or even supplying social differences, so that each one can enjoy equal opportunities. Amidst so many policies, some nations have adopted affirmative actions, among them the racial quota system, in order to offer the individual different access to vacancies in universities (undergraduate and postgraduate) or even to public positions, justifying, in general, that adoption measures take account of the principle of equality. Still, and because these measures are founded and are based on personal, intrinsic and immutable features or attributes, since established based on the color of the skin, it is imperative to confront these policies with the current conception of the dignity of the human person, according to which the individual can not be treated, nor discriminated, from elements of race, sex, color, ethnicity, etc. All this investigation dealing with the criteria used in the policy of racial quotas, especially in the Brazilian reality, involving its various arguments of support, has as its primary purpose to discern what is most essential to the individual: the realization of the dignity of the human person