The Experts below are selected from a list of 1125 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Thaddeus G. Golos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy.
Frontiers in immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Leticia Reyes, Thaddeus G. GolosAbstract:Hofbauer Cells are placental villous macrophages of fetal origin that are present throughout pregnancy. Although Hofbauer Cell populations are antigenically and morphologically heterogeneous, their epigenetic, antigenic, and functional profiles most closely resemble alternatively activated macrophages or what are referred to as M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d polarity subtypes. Consistent with an M2-like profile, these Cells play an important role in placental development including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. During placental inflammation Hofbauer Cells may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines or mediators that damage the villous Cell barrier, and induce fibrotic responses within the villi as a continuum of chronic inflammation. However, to date, there is no evidence that Hofbauer Cells become classically activated or adopt an M1 polarity phenotype that is able to kill microbes. To the contrary, their predominant M2 like qualities may be why these Cells are ineffective in controlling most TORCH infections. Moreover, Hofbauer Cells may contribute to vertical transmission of various pathogens to the fetus since they can harbor live virus and serve as reservoirs within the placenta. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the role of Hofbauer Cells in normal and complicated pregnancies that involve immunologic disorders, inflammation, and/or infection.
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Data_Sheet_1_Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy.docx
2018Co-Authors: Leticia Reyes, Thaddeus G. GolosAbstract:Hofbauer Cells are placental villous macrophages of fetal origin that are present throughout pregnancy. Although Hofbauer Cell populations are antigenically and morphologically heterogeneous, their epigenetic, antigenic, and functional profiles most closely resemble alternatively activated macrophages or what are referred to as M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d polarity subtypes. Consistent with an M2-like profile, these Cells play an important role in placental development including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. During placental inflammation Hofbauer Cells may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines or mediators that damage the villous Cell barrier, and induce fibrotic responses within the villi as a continuum of chronic inflammation. However, to date, there is no evidence that Hofbauer Cells become classically activated or adopt an M1 polarity phenotype that is able to kill microbes. To the contrary, their predominant M2 like qualities may be why these Cells are ineffective in controlling most TORCH infections. Moreover, Hofbauer Cells may contribute to vertical transmission of various pathogens to the fetus since they can harbor live virus and serve as reservoirs within the placenta. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the role of Hofbauer Cells in normal and complicated pregnancies that involve immunologic disorders, inflammation, and/or infection.
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Hofbauer Cells: Placental Macrophages of Fetal Origin.
Results and problems in cell differentiation, 2017Co-Authors: Leticia Reyes, Bryce Wolfe, Thaddeus G. GolosAbstract:Pregnancy complications such as preterm birth, miscarriage, maternal and/or neonatal morbidities, and mortality can be manifestations of underlying placental pathology. Hofbauer Cells refer to a heterogeneous population of fetal macrophages that reside within the functional unit of the placenta known as the chorionic villus. Hofbauer Cells can be detected within the connective tissue matrix of the placenta as early as 4 weeks post-conception and are present throughout pregnancy. These Cells are implicated in a wide array of functions important for a successful pregnancy including placental morphogenesis, immune regulation, control of stromal water content, and the transfer of ions and serum proteins across the maternal–fetal barrier. Derangements in Hofbauer Cell homeostasis are associated with placental pathologies involving infection, inflammation, and inadequate placental development. Despite a growing body of evidence that these Cells are important, our knowledge about Hofbauer Cell function in both normal and dysfunctional pregnancy is rudimentary. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of what is known about Hofbauer Cell origins and their potential roles in normal and complicated pregnancy. We also review established and emerging methodologies available for the study of Hofbauer Cells during in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Leticia Reyes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy.
Frontiers in immunology, 2018Co-Authors: Leticia Reyes, Thaddeus G. GolosAbstract:Hofbauer Cells are placental villous macrophages of fetal origin that are present throughout pregnancy. Although Hofbauer Cell populations are antigenically and morphologically heterogeneous, their epigenetic, antigenic, and functional profiles most closely resemble alternatively activated macrophages or what are referred to as M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d polarity subtypes. Consistent with an M2-like profile, these Cells play an important role in placental development including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. During placental inflammation Hofbauer Cells may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines or mediators that damage the villous Cell barrier, and induce fibrotic responses within the villi as a continuum of chronic inflammation. However, to date, there is no evidence that Hofbauer Cells become classically activated or adopt an M1 polarity phenotype that is able to kill microbes. To the contrary, their predominant M2 like qualities may be why these Cells are ineffective in controlling most TORCH infections. Moreover, Hofbauer Cells may contribute to vertical transmission of various pathogens to the fetus since they can harbor live virus and serve as reservoirs within the placenta. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the role of Hofbauer Cells in normal and complicated pregnancies that involve immunologic disorders, inflammation, and/or infection.
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Data_Sheet_1_Hofbauer Cells: Their Role in Healthy and Complicated Pregnancy.docx
2018Co-Authors: Leticia Reyes, Thaddeus G. GolosAbstract:Hofbauer Cells are placental villous macrophages of fetal origin that are present throughout pregnancy. Although Hofbauer Cell populations are antigenically and morphologically heterogeneous, their epigenetic, antigenic, and functional profiles most closely resemble alternatively activated macrophages or what are referred to as M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d polarity subtypes. Consistent with an M2-like profile, these Cells play an important role in placental development including vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. During placental inflammation Hofbauer Cells may produce pro-inflammatory cytokines or mediators that damage the villous Cell barrier, and induce fibrotic responses within the villi as a continuum of chronic inflammation. However, to date, there is no evidence that Hofbauer Cells become classically activated or adopt an M1 polarity phenotype that is able to kill microbes. To the contrary, their predominant M2 like qualities may be why these Cells are ineffective in controlling most TORCH infections. Moreover, Hofbauer Cells may contribute to vertical transmission of various pathogens to the fetus since they can harbor live virus and serve as reservoirs within the placenta. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known about the role of Hofbauer Cells in normal and complicated pregnancies that involve immunologic disorders, inflammation, and/or infection.
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Hofbauer Cells: Placental Macrophages of Fetal Origin.
Results and problems in cell differentiation, 2017Co-Authors: Leticia Reyes, Bryce Wolfe, Thaddeus G. GolosAbstract:Pregnancy complications such as preterm birth, miscarriage, maternal and/or neonatal morbidities, and mortality can be manifestations of underlying placental pathology. Hofbauer Cells refer to a heterogeneous population of fetal macrophages that reside within the functional unit of the placenta known as the chorionic villus. Hofbauer Cells can be detected within the connective tissue matrix of the placenta as early as 4 weeks post-conception and are present throughout pregnancy. These Cells are implicated in a wide array of functions important for a successful pregnancy including placental morphogenesis, immune regulation, control of stromal water content, and the transfer of ions and serum proteins across the maternal–fetal barrier. Derangements in Hofbauer Cell homeostasis are associated with placental pathologies involving infection, inflammation, and inadequate placental development. Despite a growing body of evidence that these Cells are important, our knowledge about Hofbauer Cell function in both normal and dysfunctional pregnancy is rudimentary. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of what is known about Hofbauer Cell origins and their potential roles in normal and complicated pregnancy. We also review established and emerging methodologies available for the study of Hofbauer Cells during in vitro and in vivo conditions.
Clive M. Gray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Elusive Role of Placental Macrophages: The Hofbauer Cell.
Journal of innate immunity, 2019Co-Authors: Michael Z. Zulu, Fernando O. Martinez, Siamon Gordon, Clive M. GrayAbstract:In this review, we discuss the often overlooked tissue-resident fetal macrophages, Hofbauer Cells, which are found within the chorionic villi of the human placenta. Hofbauer Cells have been shown to have a phenotype associated with regulatory and anti-inflammatory functions. They are thought to play a crucial role in the regulation of pregnancy and in the maintenance of a homeostatic environment that is crucial for fetal development. Even though the numbers of these macrophages are some of the most abundant immune Cells in the human placenta, which are sustained throughout pregnancy, there are very few studies that have identified their origin, their phenotype, and functions and why they are maintained throughout gestation. It is not yet understood how Hofbauer Cells may change in function throughout normal pregnancy, and especially in those complicated by maternal gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and viral infections, such as Zika, cytomegalovirus, and human immunodeficiency virus. We review what is known about the origin of these macrophages and explore how common complications of pregnancy dysregulate these Cells leading to adverse birth outcomes in humans. Our synthesis sheds light on areas for human studies that can further define these innate regulatory Cells.
Ikuo Sato - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hofbauer Cell activation and its increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in second trimester-spontaneous abortion: an ultrastructural dual staining enzyme-cytochemical study.
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York N.Y. : 1989), 2003Co-Authors: Shigeki Matsubara, Ikuo Sato, Takeshi Takayama, Tetsuo Yamada, Rie Usui, Akio Izumi, Takashi Watanabe, Akihide Ohkuchi, Hiroaki Shibahara, Mitsuaki SuzukiAbstract:PROBLEM: While activated/phagocytosing phagocytes infiltrating to the chorioamnion are considered to be one of the causal agents of preterm labor onset, whether placental villous macrophages (Hofbauer Cells) are activated/phagocytosing in this condition is not known. METHOD OF STUDY: We concomitantly localized two important phagocytosis-related enzymes, acid phosphatase (ACP) and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), in Hofbauer Cells in second trimester placental villi, and compared them with those from infection-related second trimester-spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) placentas. RESULTS: There were two types of Hofbauer Cells. The first Cells exhibited ACP stainings confined to the lysosomes, suggesting that they are dormant/non-activated Cells. Approximately two-thirds of these Cells showed weak G6PD labeling on the cytosolic side of endoplasmic reticula, and G6PD labeling was hardly recognizable in the remaining one-third. The second Cells, possessing large phagosomes, showed marked ACP labeling in the phagosomes, suggesting that they are activated/phagocytosing Cells. All these Cells exhibited G6PD labeling, and in ‘bursting Cells’ (possibly hyperactivated Cells) G6PD deposits were marked. The percentage of activated Cells in miscarriage placentas was significantly higher (44.8 ± 6.0%) than that in gestational age-matched controls (17.4 ± 5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicated that (1) G6PD activity increased in activated/phagocytosing Hofbauer Cells, and (2) the percentage of phagocytosing Cells increased in infection-related miscarriage placentas. Hofbauer activation and G6PD may play an role in the pathogenesis/pathophysiology of preterm labor onset.
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Enzyme-cytochemically Detectable Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Human Villous Macrophages (Hofbauer Cells)
Placenta, 2001Co-Authors: Shigeki Matsubara, T. Takayama, R. Iwasaki, Norio Komatsu, D. Matsubara, Takami Takizawa, Ikuo SatoAbstract:Though various tissue macrophages possess high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, which plays an important role in their phagocytosis/bactericidal function, the presence of this enzyme in human placental villous macrophages (Hofbauer Cells) has not been determined. We examined the ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Hofbauer Cells in first and second trimester placental villi, using a newly developed enzyme-cytochemistry (copper-ferrocyanide) method. Electron-dense deposits indicative of G6PD activity were clearly visible in the cytoplasm and on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum of Hofbauer Cells. Positive and negative cytochemical controls ensured specific detection of enzyme activity. These observations indicated that Hofbauer Cells abundantly possessed enzyme-cytochemically detectable G6PD activity. Hofbauer Cell G6PD may play a role in placental defense, by supplying NADPH-dependent enzymes (i.e. nitric oxide synthase or NADPH oxidase) with NADPH. This enzyme may also fuel Hofbauer Cells with ribose 5-phosphate during their Cell proliferation and Cell division.
Shigeki Matsubara - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Hofbauer Cell activation and its increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in second trimester-spontaneous abortion: an ultrastructural dual staining enzyme-cytochemical study.
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York N.Y. : 1989), 2003Co-Authors: Shigeki Matsubara, Ikuo Sato, Takeshi Takayama, Tetsuo Yamada, Rie Usui, Akio Izumi, Takashi Watanabe, Akihide Ohkuchi, Hiroaki Shibahara, Mitsuaki SuzukiAbstract:PROBLEM: While activated/phagocytosing phagocytes infiltrating to the chorioamnion are considered to be one of the causal agents of preterm labor onset, whether placental villous macrophages (Hofbauer Cells) are activated/phagocytosing in this condition is not known. METHOD OF STUDY: We concomitantly localized two important phagocytosis-related enzymes, acid phosphatase (ACP) and glucose- 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), in Hofbauer Cells in second trimester placental villi, and compared them with those from infection-related second trimester-spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) placentas. RESULTS: There were two types of Hofbauer Cells. The first Cells exhibited ACP stainings confined to the lysosomes, suggesting that they are dormant/non-activated Cells. Approximately two-thirds of these Cells showed weak G6PD labeling on the cytosolic side of endoplasmic reticula, and G6PD labeling was hardly recognizable in the remaining one-third. The second Cells, possessing large phagosomes, showed marked ACP labeling in the phagosomes, suggesting that they are activated/phagocytosing Cells. All these Cells exhibited G6PD labeling, and in ‘bursting Cells’ (possibly hyperactivated Cells) G6PD deposits were marked. The percentage of activated Cells in miscarriage placentas was significantly higher (44.8 ± 6.0%) than that in gestational age-matched controls (17.4 ± 5.3%). CONCLUSIONS: These observations indicated that (1) G6PD activity increased in activated/phagocytosing Hofbauer Cells, and (2) the percentage of phagocytosing Cells increased in infection-related miscarriage placentas. Hofbauer activation and G6PD may play an role in the pathogenesis/pathophysiology of preterm labor onset.
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Enzyme-cytochemically Detectable Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase in Human Villous Macrophages (Hofbauer Cells)
Placenta, 2001Co-Authors: Shigeki Matsubara, T. Takayama, R. Iwasaki, Norio Komatsu, D. Matsubara, Takami Takizawa, Ikuo SatoAbstract:Though various tissue macrophages possess high glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity, which plays an important role in their phagocytosis/bactericidal function, the presence of this enzyme in human placental villous macrophages (Hofbauer Cells) has not been determined. We examined the ultrastructural localization of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Hofbauer Cells in first and second trimester placental villi, using a newly developed enzyme-cytochemistry (copper-ferrocyanide) method. Electron-dense deposits indicative of G6PD activity were clearly visible in the cytoplasm and on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum of Hofbauer Cells. Positive and negative cytochemical controls ensured specific detection of enzyme activity. These observations indicated that Hofbauer Cells abundantly possessed enzyme-cytochemically detectable G6PD activity. Hofbauer Cell G6PD may play a role in placental defense, by supplying NADPH-dependent enzymes (i.e. nitric oxide synthase or NADPH oxidase) with NADPH. This enzyme may also fuel Hofbauer Cells with ribose 5-phosphate during their Cell proliferation and Cell division.