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Harold Marcuse - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Holocaust memorials the emergence of a genre
The American Historical Review, 2010Co-Authors: Harold MarcuseAbstract:AHR Forum Holocaust Memorials: The Emergence of a Genre HAROLD MARCUSE in: American Historical Review, 115(Feb. 2010), 53-89 T HE EVENT WE NOW KNOW as the Holocaust has been widely represented in a variety of media, from autobiographical and scholarly books; to literature, photography, and film; to art, music, and museums. 1 There has even been an extensive discussion about whether it can be represented at all: Saul Friedlander has described it as being “at the limits of representation.” 2 Even before the event itself was defined, however, it was being commemorated in monuments and memorials. Today there are many thousands of memorials marking sites of Nazi persecution and mass murder, and dozens more in cities around the world, with additional monuments being erected each year. 3 In order to investigate how the Holocaust has been memorialized, we must first delimit what we mean by the term. Not until the 1970s did “Holocaust” become the most widely used word to denote the Nazi program to systematically exterminate all Jews; since the 1990s, it has expanded to include Nazi programs to decimate or eradicate other groups as well. 4 In fact, an awareness of Nazi genocide as a program 1 The works of Lawrence Langer on Holocaust literature and testimony are standard-setting: Langer, The Holocaust and the Literary Imagination (New Haven, Conn., 1975); Langer, Holocaust Tes- timonies: The Ruins of Memory (New Haven, Conn., 1991). See also James E. Young, Writing and Re- writing the Holocaust: Narrative and the Consequences of Interpretation (Bloomington, Ind., 1988). For art, music, and museums, see, for example, Philip Rosen and Nina Apfelbaum, Bearing Witness: A Re- source Guide to Literature, Poetry, Art, Music, and Videos by Holocaust Survivors (Westport, Conn., 2002). 2 Saul Friedlander, ed., Probing the Limits of Representation: Nazism and the “Final Solution” (Cam- bridge, Mass., 1992), 3. Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel has been one of the most outspoken proponents of the view that the Holocaust cannot be adequately portrayed. 3 See Ulrike Puvogel, Gedenksta ¨tten fu ¨ r die Opfer des Nationalsozialismus: Eine Dokumentation, 2 vols. (Bonn, 1995). Puvogel’s location indexes list more than 3,000 sites for Germany alone. The equiv- alent publication for Poland, Council for the Preservation of Monuments to Resistance and Martyrdom, Scenes of Fighting and Martyrdom Guide: War Years in Poland, 1939–1945 (Warsaw, 1966), lists more than 1,200 sites. Similar books have been compiled for Austria and the Netherlands: Erich Fein, Die Steine Reden: Gedenksta ¨tten des o ¨sterreichischen Freiheitskampfes, Mahnmale fu ¨ r die Opfer des Faschismus, eine Dokumentation (Vienna, 1975); Wim Ramaker, Sta een Ogenblik Stil . . . : Monumentenboek, 1940–1945 (Kampen, 1980). A front-page New York Times article from January 29, 2008, “Germany Confronts Holocaust Legacy Anew,” lists seven major projects in progress for Germany alone. I do not distinguish rigidly between “monuments” and “memorials,” although the choice of terms can be used to reflect objects that may be more heroic versus those that are more contemplative, as in the Washington Monument versus the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. 4 See Jon Petrie, “The Secular Word ‘Holocaust’: Scholarly Myths, History, and 20th Century Mean- ings,” Journal of Genocide Research 2, no. 1 (2000): 31–63. See also David Engel, “What Is The Ho- locaust?” in Gordon Martel, ed., A Companion to Europe, 1900–1945 (Malden, Mass., 2006), 472– 486. Peter Novick discusses the emergence of an awareness of the Holocaust in the United States in The Holocaust in American Life (Boston, 1999), 133–134.
Peter Davies - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Translating Holocaust Lives
2017Co-Authors: Jean Boase-beier, Peter Davies, Andrea Hammel, Marion WintersAbstract:For readers in the English-speaking world, almost all Holocaust writing is translated writing. Translation is indispensable for our understanding of the Holocaust because there is a need to tell others what happened in a way that makes events and experiences accessible – if not, perhaps, comprehensible – to other communities. Yet what this means is only beginning to be explored by Translation Studies scholars. This book aims to bring together the insights of Translation Studies and Holocaust Studies in order to show what a critical understanding of translation in practice and context can contribute to our knowledge of the legacy of the Holocaust. The role translation plays is not just as a facilitator of a semi-transparent transfer of information. Holocaust writing involves questions about language, truth and ethics, and a theoretically informed understanding of translation adds to these questions by drawing attention to processes of mediation and reception in cultural and historical context. It is important to examine how writing by Holocaust victims, which is closely tied to a specific language and reflects on the relationship between language, experience and thought, can (or cannot) be translated. This volume brings the disciplines of Holocaust and Translation Studies into an encounter with each other in order to explore the effects of translation on Holocaust writing. The individual pieces by Holocaust scholars explore general, theoretical questions and individual case studies, and are accompanied by commentaries by translation scholars.
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Translation and Holocaust Testimonies: a Matter for Holocaust Studies or Translation Studies?
Literary Translation, 2014Co-Authors: Peter DaviesAbstract:Processes of translation are so intimately involved in the formulation, mediation and preservation of knowledge about the Holocaust that drawing attention to translation and its effects might threaten to call into question many of the structuring assumptions of the disciplines that are loosely grouped together under the label Holocaust studies. I will argue here that much of the current discussion of the translation of Holocaust testimonies serves to reaffirm these assumptions, rather than testing or challenging them by opening up new methodological approaches: instead of developing a descriptive methodology that helps us to understand the processes at work in the translation of Holocaust testimonies, scholars employ a range of ideas developed in the theoretical discussion of testimonies — for example, theories of secondary witnessing, textual trauma or generic innovation — that assume the uniqueness of these texts and make proscriptive, critical judgements about translations. Discussion of translation is very often a displaced discussion about something else entirely: the ethics of reading, the status of the Holocaust and the victim, the uniqueness or otherwise of testimonies as texts, or the propriety of particular approaches to understanding the Holocaust.
Stephens Carmelle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Holocaust and the Maternal Body: An Exploration of the Diverse Deployment of the Symbolic Maternal Body as a Discursive Trope in Holocaust Literature and its Impact on the Construction and Proliferation of Collective Memory.
'University of Sheffield Conference Proceedings', 2018Co-Authors: Stephens CarmelleAbstract:This thesis explores the significance of maternal symbolism in the examination of Holocaust literature. The majority of the existing research surrounding motherhood and the Holocaust approaches maternity from a specific sociological or cultural standpoint, with the aim of providing further insight into previously marginalised testimony. By way of a departure from this approach, I intend to analyse the significance of maternity as a psychodynamic construct. Whilst I do not go so far as to argue that psychodynamic theory offers a universally applicable maternal archetype, I do argue that a discussion of the maternal influenced by the broadly Lacanian theoretical position that the mother plays a pivotal role in the evolution of subjectivity, lays at the foundation of many of the religious and sociological manifestations of the mother figure that have previously informed analysis of Holocaust literature. Over the course of four chapters I build upon the initial observation that psychodynamic maternal symbolism makes a frequent appearance across multiple genres of Holocaust literature. Using various theoretical models of maternal attachment and identification, I attempt to emphasise the importance of maternal symbolism to the confrontation of many of the over-arcing epistemological and ethical dilemmas that accompany contemporary efforts to confront the traumatic cultural legacy of the Holocaust. The opening chapter explores the use of idealised maternal imagery as a discursive trope in Holocaust memoir. Chapter two examines intergenerational Holocaust memory in terms established by Julia Kristeva’s theory of the maternal abject and its appearance in Bernhard Schlink’s controversial novel The Reader. The third chapter looks at contemporary engagement with the Holocaust using the discursive framework of projective identification. Binjamin Wilkomirski’s Fragments and Sarah Kofman’s Rue Ordener, Rue Labat are analysed using Melanie Klein’s discussion of the mother’s breast as a primary object of attachment. Finally, chapter four uses Melvin Bukiet’s short story ‘The Library of Moloch’ and Norma Rosen’s 1969 novel Touching Evil to examine the metaphysical connection between the archive and the body. Having introduced and established this relationship using ‘The Library of Moloch,’Touching Evil will be discussed in terms its specific deployment of the maternal body as an archetypal memorial vessel. Ultimately I conclude that many of the issues that arise in attempting to confront the Holocaust (on an individual or collective level,) fundamentally arise from discourse surrounding the politics of identity. I posit that the frequent manifestation of the symbolic maternal in Holocaust writing can be attributed to the thematic resonance that exists between these two subjects. The Holocaust is characterised by the disruption of established cultural social and philosophical paradigms, causing us to question the extant assumptions that influence our conception of who we are and what makes us human. The psychodynamic theory that situates the maternal as a master paradigm that sits at the primal origins of the self, renders it uniquely situated as a rhetorical framework to explore many of the problematic issues that surround the continued presence of the Holocaust as a traumatic subtext in western culture
Zehavit Gross - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Between Involuntary and Voluntary Memories: A Case Study of Holocaust Education in Israel
As the Witnesses Fall Silent: 21st Century Holocaust Education in Curriculum Policy and Practice, 2015Co-Authors: Zehavit GrossAbstract:The Holocaust is a primary component of Jewish identity and contributes significantly to Jewish Israelis’ sense of belonging to the Jewish people. Despite the facts that the Holocaust is a central event in Jewish history and that Holocaust education is mandatory in the state education system in Israel, research on the impact of Holocaust education is limited and the field has not yet been conceptualised systematically. This chapter attempts to organise the existing knowledge on the subject through a review of the foundations and basic premises of Holocaust education in Israel and to provide a meta-analysis of the best studies in the area. Using a personal story that locates the author’s experience and perspective on the issue, this review posits a distinction between involuntary and voluntary memories and provides a conceptual framework that organises by period the changing Israeli attitudes toward the Holocaust in general and Holocaust education in particular. The chapter then describes the development of Holocaust education over the years, and finally analyses its major dilemmas and challenges.
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Introduction to the Open File
PROSPECTS, 2010Co-Authors: Zehavit Gross, E. Doyle StevickAbstract:Sixty-five years after the liberation of Auschwitz, Holocaust education is at a critical juncture. Societies including Germany and Israel have moved through several discrete stages both in their relationships to the Holocaust, and in education about it. Those shifts will surely continue as the generation of survivors is progressively lost to the passage of time, taking with them our most powerful links to history, memory, and understanding. This special issue explores Holocaust education research, and locates it within our evolving understanding of the Holocaust itself, particularly in light of what is being learned within Central and Eastern Europe, where so many of the atrocities were committed. This introduction considers the potential of Holocaust education as well as its limitations, and the risks of its failure. It also considers the contexts in which Holocaust education takes place, and the meanings that are at work in those contexts. While many goals and visions animate Holocaust education, here we explore the notion of a culture of peace and remembrance. We close with a review of the contributions to this issue.
Ralph Erber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Understanding Genocide: The Social Psychology of the Holocaust - Understanding genocide : the social psychology of the Holocaust
2002Co-Authors: Leonard S. Newman, Ralph ErberAbstract:Foreword Part I: Becoming a Perpetrator 1. The Psychology of Bystanders, Perpetrators, and Heroic Helpers 2. What is a 'Social-Psychological' Account of Perpetrator Behaviour? The Person Versus the Situation in Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners 3. Authoritarianism and the Holocaust: Some Cognitive and Affective Implications 4. Perpetrator Behaviour as Destructive Obedience: An Evaluation of Stanley Milgram's Perspective, the Most Influential Social-Psychological Approach to the Holocaust Part II: Beyond the Individual: Groups and Collectives 5. Sacrifice Lambs Dressed in Wolves' Clothing: Envious Prejudice, Ideology, and the Scapegoating of Jews 6. Group Processes and the Holocaust 7. Examining the Implications of Cultural Frames on Social Movements and Group Action 8. Population and Predators: Preconditions for the Holocaust from a Control-Theoretical Perspective 9. The Zoomorphism of Human Collective Violence Part III: Dealing with Evil 10. The Holocaust and the Four Roots of Evil 11. Instigators of Genocide: Examining Hitler from a Social Psychological Perspective 12. Perpetrators with a Clear Conscience: Lying Self-Deception and Belief Change 13. Explaining the Holocaust: Does Social Psychology Exonerate the Perpetrators? 14. Epilogue: Social Psychologists Confront the Holocaust
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understanding genocide the social psychology of the Holocaust
2002Co-Authors: Leonard S. Newman, Ralph ErberAbstract:Foreword Part I: Becoming a Perpetrator 1. The Psychology of Bystanders, Perpetrators, and Heroic Helpers 2. What is a 'Social-Psychological' Account of Perpetrator Behaviour? The Person Versus the Situation in Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners 3. Authoritarianism and the Holocaust: Some Cognitive and Affective Implications 4. Perpetrator Behaviour as Destructive Obedience: An Evaluation of Stanley Milgram's Perspective, the Most Influential Social-Psychological Approach to the Holocaust Part II: Beyond the Individual: Groups and Collectives 5. Sacrifice Lambs Dressed in Wolves' Clothing: Envious Prejudice, Ideology, and the Scapegoating of Jews 6. Group Processes and the Holocaust 7. Examining the Implications of Cultural Frames on Social Movements and Group Action 8. Population and Predators: Preconditions for the Holocaust from a Control-Theoretical Perspective 9. The Zoomorphism of Human Collective Violence Part III: Dealing with Evil 10. The Holocaust and the Four Roots of Evil 11. Instigators of Genocide: Examining Hitler from a Social Psychological Perspective 12. Perpetrators with a Clear Conscience: Lying Self-Deception and Belief Change 13. Explaining the Holocaust: Does Social Psychology Exonerate the Perpetrators? 14. Epilogue: Social Psychologists Confront the Holocaust
