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Fernando L. Cônsoli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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beyond Host Regulation changes in gut microbiome of permissive and non permissive Hosts following parasitization by the wasp cotesia flavipes
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2020Co-Authors: Nathalia Cavichiolli De Oliveira, Fernando L. CônsoliAbstract:Koinobiont parasitoids regulate the physiology of their Hosts, possibly interfering with the Host gut microbiota and ultimately impacting parasitoid development. We used the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes to investigate if the Regulation of the Host would also affect the Host gut microbiota. We also wondered if the effects of parasitization on the gut microbiota would depend on the Host-parasitoid association by testing the permissive Diatraea saccharalis and the non-permissive Spodoptera frugiperda Hosts. We determined the structure and potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota of the fore-midgut and hindgut of the Hosts at different stages of development of the immature parasitoid. The abundance and diversity of operational taxonomic units of the anteromedial (fore-midgut) gut and posterior (hindgut) region from larvae of the analyzed Hosts were affected by parasitization. Changes in the gut microbiota induced by parasitization altered the potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota associated with both Hosts. Our data also indicated that the mechanism by which C. flavipes interferes with the gut microbiota of the Host does not require a Host-parasitoid coevolutionary history. Changes observed in the potential contribution of the gut microbiota of parasitized Hosts impact the Host's nutritional quality, and could favor Host exploitation by C. flavipes.
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Regulation of the larval transcriptome of diatraea saccharalis lepidoptera crambidae by maternal and other factors of the parasitoid cotesia flavipes hymenoptera braconidae
Frontiers in Physiology, 2019Co-Authors: Bruna Lais Merlin, Fernando L. CônsoliAbstract:Koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps regulate the Host’s physiology to their own benefit during their growth and development, using maternal, immature and/or derived-tissue weaponry. The tools used to subdue the wasps’ Hosts interfere directly with Host transcription activity. The broad range of Host tissues and pathways affected impedes our overall understanding of the Host-Regulation process during parasitoid development. Next-generation sequencing and de novo transcriptomes are helpful approaches to broad questions, including in non-model organisms. In the present study, we used Illumina sequencing to assemble a de novo reference transcriptome of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, to investigate the Regulation of Host gene expression by the larval endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes. We obtained 174,809,358 reads and assembled 144,116 transcripts, of which 44,325 were putatively identified as lepidopteran genes and represented a substantial number of pathways that are well described in other lepidopteran species. Comparative transcriptome analyses of unparasitized versus parasitized larvae identified 1,432 transcripts of D. saccharalis that were up-regulated under parasitization by C. flavipes, while 1,027 transcripts were down-regulated. Comparison of the transcriptomes of unparasitized and pseudoparasitized D. saccharalis larvae led to the identification of 1,253 up-regulated transcripts and 972 down-regulated transcripts in the pseudoparasitized larvae. Analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts showed that C. flavipes regulated several pathways, including the Ca+2 transduction signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, chitin metabolism, and hormone biosynthesis and degradation, as well as the immune system, allowing us to identify key target genes involved in the metabolism and development of D. saccharalis.
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changes in the hemolymph and fat body metabolites of diatraea saccharalis fabricius lepidoptera crambidae parasitized by cotesia flavipes cameron hymenoptera braconidae
Biological Control, 2008Co-Authors: Gabriela Salvador, Fernando L. CônsoliAbstract:Abstract The koinobiont Cotesia flavipes responds to and is influenced by biochemical changes in the Host hemolymph composition, Diatraea saccharalis. Changes in the composition of macronutrients may occur due to the Hosts own development or by changes induced after parasitization. These changes occur to facilitate parasitoid invasion and to make the Host internal environment suitable to parasitoid immature development. Therefore, changes in the availability of stored and circulating nutrients may correlate with the nutritional requirements of specific parasitoid immature stages. In here, we describe changes in the biochemical composition of parasitized and control larvae at different stages of parasitoid development to gain information on C. flavipes Host Regulation and on its quantitative immature nutritional requirements. Total proteins, lipids and carbohydrates free in the hemolymph or stored in Host fat bodies, and the SDS–PAGE protein profile of the hemolymph were evaluated in control and parasitized 6th instar during the whole parasitoid development. Changes in the total protein available in the Host hemolymph were detected soon after parasitization, but carbohydrate and lipids were observed to differ only towards parasitoid larvae egression. Although C. flavipes affected the availability of all macronutrients observed in the Host hemolymph, lipids and proteins stored in the Host fat bodies were unaffected. However, carbohydrate concentration at the end of parasitoid larval development was much lower in parasitized than in control larvae at the same stage of development. SDS–PAGE analysis indicated C. flavipes up-regulated two Host proteins (125 and 48 kDa) and released two parasitism-specific proteins towards the end of parasitoid larval development. We provide a discussion on the role these changes may have on the process of Host Regulation and their possible requirement to sustain parasitoid development.
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Host Regulation and release of parasitism-specific proteins in the system Toxoneuron nigriceps–Heliothis virescens
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 2005Co-Authors: Fernando L. Cônsoli, S.l. Brandt, T.a. Coudron, S. B. VinsonAbstract:Abstract The braconid wasp Toxoneuron nigriceps induced qualitative and quantitative changes in the protein composition of the moth Heliothis virescens Host hemolymph. Total protein concentration was found to be higher in parasitized Host 4 days after parasitism as compared to control Hosts, mainly due to changes in a particular group of proteins. Host proteins with a molecular mass of 173 and 72 kDa were found in higher levels in the hemolymph of parasitized larvae as control Hosts approached pupation, while an 80 kDa peptide was found in reduced concentration in the hemolymph of parasitized Hosts. Levels of these three peptides were maintained throughout parasitoid development, while two of them (173 and 72 kDa) were cleared from the Host hemolymph close to pupation. Besides the Regulation of Host proteins, three parasitism-specific proteins (PSPs) were released into the Host hemolymph. Two of them (PSP1-MW = 116 kDa, p I = 6.3; PSP2-MW = 114 kDa, p I = 6.2) first appeared in the hemolymph of parasitized Hosts soon after pupation of control Host and increased in concentration as the parasitoid developed. The third PSP (PSP3-MW = 56 kDa, p I = 5.8) was produced towards the end of parasitoid larval development, close to parasitoid egression. Database searches based on the amino acid composition and amino terminal sequence of PSP1 and PSP2 did not produce any significant matches, while PSP3 was identified as a putative chitinase. Incubation of Host derived tissues, parasitoid larvae and teratocytes in 35 S conditioned media suggested PSPs were a product of teratocytes. The role of the Regulation of Host proteins and release of PSPs by teratocytes for the successful development of T. nigriceps are discussed.
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Host Regulation and the embryonic development of the endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B, 2004Co-Authors: Fernando L. Cônsoli, S. Bradleigh VinsonAbstract:Insect endoparasitoids modulate the Host physiology through the injection of maternal-derived substances into the Host, inducing physiological and hormonal changes in the Host's internal environment to benefit parasitoid development. These changes are direct to control Host development and regulate nutrient availability to the developing parasitoid, and they are synchronized with parasitoid development. Eggs of some of these parasitoids have low yolk content and require nutrients from the Host hemolymph to initiate and complete embryogenesis. We report changes in the amino acid composition and protein profile of the Host hemolymph of the endoparasitoid Toxoneuron nigriceps, and improved the in vitro culture of pre-germ band stage eggs. The protein profile of parasitized larvae was similar to controls throughout the embryonic development, but total amino acid concentration decreased in the first 2 h after parasitization, significantly increasing in the following hours up to 8 h. Amino acid levels were higher in parasitized larvae from 16 to 28 h after parasitization. Comparison of single amino acids indicated amino acids involved in energy metabolism (Krebs cycle) followed a trend during parasitoid embryogenesis, and their changes were correlated with embryonic development. Improvement in the in vitro development of 6 h-old eggs of T. nigriceps was obtained by adding factors released by the Host fat body to the artificial medium, while a cell lysate stimulated embryogenesis and allowed the full development of newly laid eggs in vitro.
Francesco Pennacchio - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Applications of Parasitoid Virus and Venom Research in Agriculture
Parasitoid Viruses, 2020Co-Authors: Francesco Pennacchio, Barbara GiordanaAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the applications of parasitoid virus and venom research in agriculture. Parasitoids and associated polydnaviruses are an under-exploited source of valuable biomolecules of relevant interest for insect control. The many different virulence and Host Regulation factors used to impair Host immunity and redirect its physiology in favor of the developing wasp progeny represents one of the largest reservoirs of molecular biodiversity of natural molecules with bioinsecticide activity. The in-depth analysis of their mechanism of action is essential to evaluate the potential benefits and problems associated with their environmental delivery, which has to be effective and targeted. Most of the biological delivery vectors, or the direct application of the recombinant bioinsecticides on crops, require that the molecules used are orally active. Because most of the receptors of the parasitoid-derived bioinsecticides are expected to be located behind the gut wall, in the hemocoel, often at intracellular level, it is crucial to develop new strategies of delivery to overcome these barriers.
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Aphid Parasitoid Venom and its Role in Host Regulation
Parasitoid Viruses, 2020Co-Authors: Francesco Pennacchio, Donato ManciniAbstract:Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the aphid parasitoid venom and its role in Host Regulation. The venom of aphid parasitoids is one of the major Host Regulation factors involved in the Host castration process. The bioactive component triggering the apoptosis of the germaria in the upper part of the ovarioles is a dimeric protein with γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (Ae-γGT), which prevents the development of new aphid embryos. How the selective targeting of ovaries is achieved remains to be elucidated. The analysis of Host proteins interacting with Ae-γGT in vivo is needed to understand its mechanism of action, likely mediated by the selective anchoring on the surface of specific Host tissues. Current research efforts focusing on the transcriptome and proteome of the venom gland of the model species A. ervi will shed light on unknown roles of aphid parasitoid venom. The presence of putative immunosuppressive factors offers new tools for studying the functional details of the aphid immune system, which show a peculiar reduction of molecular barriers, compared to other insect species.
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Host Regulation by the ectophagous parasitoid wasp Bracon nigricans.
Journal of Insect Physiology, 2017Co-Authors: Andrea Becchimanzi, Maddalena Avolio, Ilaria Di Lelio, Adriana Marinelli, P. Varricchio, Annalisa Grimaldi, Magda De Eguileor, Francesco Pennacchio, Silvia CacciaAbstract:Abstract The Host Regulation process has been widely investigated in endophagous parasitoid wasps, which in most cases finely interact with living Hosts (i.e. koinobiont parasitoids). In contrast, only very limited information is available for ectophagous parasitoids that permanently paralyze and rapidly suppress their victims (i.e. idiobiont parasitoids). Here we try to fill this research gap by investigating the Host Regulation by Bracon nigricans, an ectophagous idiobiont wasp species. Parasitism, mainly by venom action, is able to redirect Host metabolism in order to enhance its nutritional suitability for the developing parasitoid larvae and to provide the required metabolic support to Host tissues. The observed alterations of the Host titers of haemolymph proteins, carbohydrates and acylglycerols are associated with a parasitoid-induced mobilization of nutrients stored in the fat body. This tissue undergoes a controlled degradation mediated by a close surface interaction with haemocytes, where a cathepsin L activity is localized, as demonstrated by immunolocalization, biochemical and transcriptional data. B. nigricans parasitism does not markedly influence the survival of haemocytes, even though a persistent suppression of the immune competence is observed in parasitized Hosts, which show a reduced capacity to encapsulate and melanize non-self objects. These immune alterations likely allow a more efficient food uptake and use by the ectophagous larvae. The obtained results indicate that the Host Regulation process in basal lineages of parasitic Hymenoptera is more complex than expected and shares functional similarities with adaptive strategies occurring in derived koinobiont species.
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Host Regulation and nutritional exploitation by parasitic wasps
Current opinion in insect science, 2014Co-Authors: Francesco Pennacchio, Silvia Caccia, Maria Cristina DigilioAbstract:The physiological alterations observed in naturally parasitized Hosts are characterized by a number of reproductive and developmental changes. Some of these changes are also associated with alterations in Host physiology that benefit the nutrition and development of wasp offspring. Here we review the breadth of Host–parasitoid nutritional interactions, and discuss current understanding of underlying mechanisms. We also discuss priorities for future studies that could enhance understanding of basic questions about the parasitoid lifestyle and provide insights of value for insect control.
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Toxoneuron nigriceps parasitization delays midgut replacement in fifth-instar Heliothis virescens larvae
Cell and Tissue Research, 2008Co-Authors: Gianluca Tettamanti, Annalisa Grimaldi, Francesco Pennacchio, Magda De EguileorAbstract:We have analyzed the effects of Toxoneuron nigriceps parasitization on the midgut development of its Host Heliothis virescens. In parasitized H. virescens larvae, the midgut epithelium undergoes a complete replacement, which is qualitatively not different to that observed in synchronous unparasitized larvae, with similar temporal profiles of cell death and metabolic activity. However, the whole gut replacement process is significantly delayed in parasitized larvae, with complete differentiation of the new gut epithelium being observed 4 days later than in unparasitized controls. The administration of juvenile hormone before commitment and of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) after commitment delays and fosters, respectively, the replacement process of the midgut epithelium; moreover, the injection of 20E into developmentally arrested and 20E-deficient Host last-instar larvae parasitized by T. nigriceps immediately triggers regular gut development. These hormone-based experiments suggest that endocrine alterations in the larval Host, induced by T. nigriceps parasitism, are responsible for the temporal alterations in the gut replacement process. The role of this parasitoid-induced developmental change in the Host Regulation process is discussed.
Dawn E. Gundersen-rindal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Quantitation of a Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus gene expressed in parasitized Host, Lymantria dispar, by real-time quantitative RT-PCR
Journal of Virological Methods, 2003Co-Authors: Yanping Chen, J A Higgins, Dawn E. Gundersen-rindalAbstract:Glyptapanteles indiensis is a polydnavirus-carrying wasp that parasitizes early instar gypsy moth larvae. During oviposition, the wasp injects calyx fluid containing polydnavirus along with its eggs into the Host. Within the Host, expression of polydnavirus genes triggers a set of changes in Host physiology, which are of critical importance for the survival of the wasp. In the present study, a G. indiensis polydnavirus (GiPDV) gene, represented by cDNA clone GiPDV 1.1, was selected for expression analysis in the parasitized Host. The GiPDV 1.1 gene transcript was detected in Host hemolymph 30 min post-parasitization (pp) and continued to be detected for six days. The level of GiPDV 1.1 expression varied in different Host tissues and expression in the brain was lower than in the hemolymph. The findings suggest that GiPDV 1.1 could be involved in early protection of parasitoid eggs from Host cellular encapsulation. The temporal and spatial variations in PDV gene expression in different Host tissues post-parasitization affirm their specific Host Regulation mechanism.
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Quantitation of a Glyptapanteles indiensis polydnavirus gene expressed in parasitized Host, Lymantria dispar, by real-time quantitative RT-PCR
Journal of Virological Methods, 2003Co-Authors: Y P Chen, J A Higgins, Dawn E. Gundersen-rindalAbstract:Glyptapanteles indiensis is a polydnavirus-carrying wasp that parasitizes early instar gypsy moth larvae. During oviposition, the wasp injects calyx fluid containing polydnavirus along with its eggs into the Host. Within the Host, expression of polydnavirus genes triggers a set of changes in Host physiology, which are of critical importance for the survival of the wasp. In the present study, a G. indiensis polydnavirus (GiPDV) gene, represented by cDNA clone GiPDV 1.1, was selected for expression analysis in the parasitized Host. The GiPDV 1.1 gene transcript was detected in Host hemolymph 30min post-parasitization (pp) and continued to be detected for six days. The level of GiPDV 1.1 expression varied in different Host tissues and expression in the brain was lower than in the hemolymph. The findings suggest that GiPDV 1.1 could be involved in early protection of parasitoid eggs from Host cellular encapsulation. The temporal and spatial variations in PDV gene expression in different Host tissues post-parasitization affirm their specific Host Regulation mechanism. © 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Nathalia Cavichiolli De Oliveira - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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beyond Host Regulation changes in gut microbiome of permissive and non permissive Hosts following parasitization by the wasp cotesia flavipes
FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2020Co-Authors: Nathalia Cavichiolli De Oliveira, Fernando L. CônsoliAbstract:Koinobiont parasitoids regulate the physiology of their Hosts, possibly interfering with the Host gut microbiota and ultimately impacting parasitoid development. We used the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes to investigate if the Regulation of the Host would also affect the Host gut microbiota. We also wondered if the effects of parasitization on the gut microbiota would depend on the Host-parasitoid association by testing the permissive Diatraea saccharalis and the non-permissive Spodoptera frugiperda Hosts. We determined the structure and potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota of the fore-midgut and hindgut of the Hosts at different stages of development of the immature parasitoid. The abundance and diversity of operational taxonomic units of the anteromedial (fore-midgut) gut and posterior (hindgut) region from larvae of the analyzed Hosts were affected by parasitization. Changes in the gut microbiota induced by parasitization altered the potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota associated with both Hosts. Our data also indicated that the mechanism by which C. flavipes interferes with the gut microbiota of the Host does not require a Host-parasitoid coevolutionary history. Changes observed in the potential contribution of the gut microbiota of parasitized Hosts impact the Host's nutritional quality, and could favor Host exploitation by C. flavipes.
Bruna Lais Merlin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Regulation of the larval transcriptome of diatraea saccharalis lepidoptera crambidae by maternal and other factors of the parasitoid cotesia flavipes hymenoptera braconidae
Frontiers in Physiology, 2019Co-Authors: Bruna Lais Merlin, Fernando L. CônsoliAbstract:Koinobiont endoparasitoid wasps regulate the Host’s physiology to their own benefit during their growth and development, using maternal, immature and/or derived-tissue weaponry. The tools used to subdue the wasps’ Hosts interfere directly with Host transcription activity. The broad range of Host tissues and pathways affected impedes our overall understanding of the Host-Regulation process during parasitoid development. Next-generation sequencing and de novo transcriptomes are helpful approaches to broad questions, including in non-model organisms. In the present study, we used Illumina sequencing to assemble a de novo reference transcriptome of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis, to investigate the Regulation of Host gene expression by the larval endoparasitoid Cotesia flavipes. We obtained 174,809,358 reads and assembled 144,116 transcripts, of which 44,325 were putatively identified as lepidopteran genes and represented a substantial number of pathways that are well described in other lepidopteran species. Comparative transcriptome analyses of unparasitized versus parasitized larvae identified 1,432 transcripts of D. saccharalis that were up-regulated under parasitization by C. flavipes, while 1,027 transcripts were down-regulated. Comparison of the transcriptomes of unparasitized and pseudoparasitized D. saccharalis larvae led to the identification of 1,253 up-regulated transcripts and 972 down-regulated transcripts in the pseudoparasitized larvae. Analysis of the differentially expressed transcripts showed that C. flavipes regulated several pathways, including the Ca+2 transduction signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, chitin metabolism, and hormone biosynthesis and degradation, as well as the immune system, allowing us to identify key target genes involved in the metabolism and development of D. saccharalis.